A policy of insurance contained a stipulation that if the
insured then had or thereafter should have any other insurance upon
the same property, notice thereof should be given to the company
and the same endorsed upon the policy, or otherwise acknowledged by
the company in writing, in default of which the policy should
cease.
A bill was filed in equity by the insured alleging that notice
was given to the insurance company and praying that the company
might be compelled to endorse the notice upon the policy, or
otherwise acknowledge the same in writing.
When the answer of the company, sworn to by the then president,
denies the reception of the notice to the best of his knowledge and
belief, the question becomes one of fact and of law -- of fact
whether the evidence offered by the complainant is sufficient to
sustain the allegation, and of law whether, if so, this Court can
compel the company to acknowledge it.
The answer being responsive to the bill and denying the
allegation under oath, the general rule is that the allegation must
be proved not only by the testimony of one witness, but by some
additional evidence.
Several qualifications and limitations of this rule
examined.
The circumstances of this case are such that the general rule
applies.
Two witnesses are produced by the complainant to prove the
notice, but neither of them swears positively to it, and the
circumstances of the case do not strengthen their testimony.
The rues by which parties are sometimes allowed to introduce
parol evidence with reference to a written contract do not apply to
this case, where the parol proof is offered by the complainant,
seeking to show a fact which, if true, would establish a breach of
duty to the defendants, happening after the original contract was
made.
The question of law which would arise if the notice were
sufficiently proved by the complainant need not be decided in this
case.
Page 45 U. S. 186
The bill was filed by Carpenter against the insurance company,
and referred to an action at law which he brought against said
company in 1839, and which was brought by writ of error to the
Supreme Court of the United States. It is reported in
41 U. S. 16 Pet.
495. The opinion of the Court sets forth the facts in the case, and
they need not be repeated.
The present bill averred that the Providence Washington
Insurance Company did receive notice of the existence of an
insurance made at the office of the American Insurance Company,
which said notice was given under the terms of the policy, and that
it was the duty of said Providence Washington Insurance Company to
have endorsed said notice upon said policy at their office or
otherwise acknowledged the same in writing, by reason of which
neglect the complainant lost his right at common law to claim the
amount of the insurance,
viz., fifteen thousand dollars.
It then prayed for a decree to compel the said company to endorse
said notice on said policy, or otherwise acknowledge the same in
writing, according to the terms of their policy, as they long since
ought to have done, and further to compel the said company to pay
the said sum of fifteen thousand dollars, with interest,
&c.
By referring to the record in the former suit, it will be seen
that Carpenter and his assignors obtained policies of insurance
from two companies, as follows:
Providence Wash. Ins. Co.
1835. September 27.
1836. September 20.
1837. September 27.
1838. September 27.
American Insurance Co.
1836. December 12.
1837. December 14.
1838. December 11.
Prior to the policy of December 12, 1836, the then owner of the
property insured made an erroneous representation of the value of
the property proposed to be insured, which vitiated the policy, and
a suit brought upon it was abandoned.
The policy of September 27, 1838, upon which the suit at law and
the present proceeding in chancery were founded, contained, amongst
other provisions, the following:
"And if the said insured, or their assigns, shall hereafter make
any other insurance on the same property, and shall not, with all
reasonable diligence, give notice thereof to this corporation, and
have the same endorsed on this instrument, or otherwise
acknowledged by them in writing, this policy shall cases and be of
no further effect."
"And provided further, that in case the insured shall have
already any other insurance against loss by fire on the property
hereby insured, not notified to this corporation, nor mentioned in
nor endorsed upon this policy, then this insurance shall be void
and of no effect. "
Page 45 U. S. 187
Annexed to the policy were the proposals and conditions on which
the policy was asserted to be made, one of which was as
follows.
"V. Notice of all previous insurances upon property insured by
this company shall be given to them, and endorsed on this policy,
or otherwise acknowledged by the company in writing, at or before
the time of their making insurance thereon; otherwise the policy
made by this company shall be of no effect. And in case of
subsequent insurances on property insured by this company, notice
thereof must also, with all reasonable diligence, be given to them,
to the end that such subsequent insurance may be endorsed on the
policy made by this company, or otherwise acknowledged in writing;
in default whereof, such policy shall thenceforth cease and be of
no effect. And in case of loss, this company shall be liable for
such ratable proportion of loss or damage happening to the subject
insured, as the amount insured by this company shall bear to the
whole amount insured thereon, without reference to the dates of the
different policies."
In the suit at law, the court decided:
1. That the circumstance of the early policies being held by
mortgagees did not, of itself, dispense with the necessity of a
notice by Carpenter.
2. That the misrepresentation to the American Insurance Company
did not, of itself, make the policy absolutely void, so as to
dispense with the necessity of notice.
3. That, at law, whatever might be the case in equity, mere
parol notice of the insurance made in the American Insurance
Company was not of itself sufficient to comply with the
requirements of the policy declared on, but that it was necessary,
in case of any such prior policy, that the same should not only be
notified to the company, but should be mentioned in or endorsed
upon the policy; otherwise the insurance was to be void and of no
effect.
Under this decision, the plaintiff, Carpenter, having lost his
suit, filed a bill on the equity side of the court, averring that
in December, 1836, and December, 1837, and at divers other times,
the Providence Washington Insurance Company had notice from Wheeler
& Co. of the insurance at the office of the American Insurance
Company, and that said notices were given for the purpose of having
the same endorsed on the policy at the office of the Providence
Washington Insurance Company, or otherwise acknowledged by them in
writing. The bill further averred that it was the duty of said
insurance company to have endorsed said notice upon said policy at
their office, or to have otherwise acknowledged the same in
writing. The prayer of the bill is recited in the commencement of
this statement.
The defendants filed an answer and an amended answer. In the
amended answer, they deny that said policies of insurance, or
Page 45 U. S. 188
either of them, executed by the said American Insurance Company,
and bearing date 12 December, A.D. 1836, 14 December, A.D. 1837,
and 11 December, A.D. 1838, were notified to these defendants in
any form, or that these defendants had any knowledge or suspicion
of the existence of said policies, or either of them, until long
after the execution, by these defendants, of the policy of 27
September, A.D. 1838.
They then aver that they executed said policy of 27 September,
A.D. 1838, in entire ignorance of all said policies at the said
American Insurance Office, and in the full belief that the said
policy by these defendants was all the insurance which the said
plaintiff had on the property insured.
They object to the admission of any evidence that said policies
by the said American Insurance Company, of 12 December, A.D. 1836,
and 14 December, A.D. 1837, were notified to these defendants,
except the mention of said policies in the policy executed by these
defendants, or the endorsement of the same thereon, and also object
to the admission of any evidence that said policy executed by the
said American Insurance Company on 11 December, A.D. 1838, was
notified to these defendants, except the endorsement of said notice
on said policy of 27 September, A.D. 1838, or an acknowledgment by
these defendants in writing of such policy.
The answer then sets out specifically the misrepresentation
under which the American Insurance Company had executed the
policies of 1836, 1837, and 1838, and claims the benefit of it,
alleging that if notice had been given to the defendants of these
policies, their existence, coupled with the representations which
had been made, would have led the defendants to believe that both
policies would have left a sufficient proportion of the property at
the risk of the owner, and consequently they would have had no
objection to executing the policy of 27 September, 1838, or to
endorsing a notice of the policy of December 11, 1838, upon their
policy.
The answer then pleads the former verdict and judgment in
bar.
Amongst other evidence taken in the cause were the depositions
of Samuel G. Wheeler, a former owner of half the mill, Allen O.
Peck secretary of the American Insurance Company, and Warren S.
Greene the secretary of the Providence Washington Insurance Company
from October, 1836, to that time.
Wheeler deposed that he caused insurance to be effected upon the
property in December, 1836, at the American Office in Providence;
that there was a preexisting policy in the office of the Providence
Washington Insurance Company; that he gave notice, by letter, to
the late president of the latter company, Mr. Jackson, of the
insurance effected in the former about the time when it
Page 45 U. S. 189
was done,
viz., in December, 1836; that he had no copy
of the letter; that the recollection was distinctly on his mind
that he did write such a letter; that he was an agent for the
Providence Washington Office, and well acquainted with the terms
and conditions of a policy of insurance, and of the necessity of
giving notice.
On his cross-examination, he stated the contents of the letter
to be a notice of the insurance of $6,000 at the American Office,
with a request that the necessary entry should be made on the books
of the company; that he could find no letter from Mr. Jackson, in
reply; that he had not any distinct recollection of having received
a reply; that he had no business of his own which required a clerk,
and therefore employed none for himself; that his impression was
that he put the letter into the post office, but could not say
positively, and in reply to an interrogatory why he did not take a
copy of the letter to Mr. Jackson, answered as follows.
"
Answer. The first reason is, which may have operated
on my mind, that I did not at that time know that it was necessary
to get from the office an acknowledgment in writing that notice had
been received. I supposed it only necessary to make the
communication in the usual way. And the other was that after I
removed to New Jersey, my correspondence was so limited, that I did
not always take copies; sometimes they were copied by members of my
family, sometimes I copied minutes only, and sometimes didn't copy
at all."
Allen O. Peck being sworn, and shown the letter from Samuel G.
Wheeler to him, dated December 13, 1837, and a copy of his reply,
dated December 14, 1837 (above referred to), testified, that it was
the common practice to carry letters of this nature to the
Washington Office; that he recollected distinctly having an
interview with Mr. Jackson, president of the Washington Insurance
Company, upon the subject, at the Washington Office, and that he
had no doubt that he did carry the letter from Samuel G. Wheeler,
of December 13, 1837, to the Washington Office, and show the same
to Mr. Jackson; but he had no recollection of so carrying said
letter or handing it to Mr. Jackson; that his impression that he
did carry said letter and present it to Mr. Jackson, is derived
from the fact that it was his custom to communicate such
information in that way; that whatever communication was made, was
made to Mr. Jackson; that the representation referred to in the
first letter of Samuel G. Wheeler to the American Office, as being
in the Washington Office, was obtained by him from the Washington
Office for examination; that whatever communications were made by
him were made to Mr. Jackson, he being the active organ of the
company; that he had no doubt he did show the letter aforesaid to
Mr. Jackson, but that he had no recollection of having
Page 45 U. S. 190
done so, and that the statement he now makes that he did so is
founded on the fact that such was his practice in similar cases;
that Mr. Jackson died in April, 1838.
Warren S. Greene deposed that there was no record, memorandum,
or notice on the books, records, or papers of the Providence
Washington Insurance Company of insurance on the Glencoe Mill by
the American Insurance Company; that Mr. Jackson, late president of
the office, died on 18 April, 1838, having been confined to his
house by sickness between two and three weeks; that he was not
confined so as to keep him away from his business till his last
sickness.
The complainant took the depositions of Joseph Strong, Richard
A. Reading, Edward W. Laight, and Lewis Phillips of the City of New
York, and Joseph Balch and Charles W. Cartwright, of Boston, as to
the usage and practice of insurance companies, who testified that
it was not the practice of their or other offices, after notice of
a policy upon the same property at another office, to require
notice of the renewal of such policy at such other office. To
cross-interrogatories these deponents replied that notice should be
given in the manner prescribed in the policy, and that where such
notices were verbal they were not sufficient, unless some
memorandum of them was made on the books of the company; that the
practice of not requiring notice of the renewal of other insurance
was confined to cases where the original notice was given in the
mode prescribed in the policy.
At November term, 1843, the cause came on for hearing upon bill,
answer, and the testimony, when the court decreed that the bill
should be dismissed, with costs.
From this decree, an appeal brought the case up to this
Court.
Page 45 U. S. 216
MR. JUSTICE WOODBURY delivered the opinion of the Court.
This was a bill in equity on a policy of insurance made by the
defendants. The original policy, executed September 27, 1835, for
one year, and annually renewed till September, 1838, contained the
following clauses:
"And provided further that in case the insured shall have
already any other insurance against loss by fire on the property
hereby insured, not notified to this corporation, and mentioned in
or endorsed upon this policy, then this insurance shall be void and
of no effect. And if the said insured, or their assigns, shall
hereafter make any other insurance on the same property, and shall
not, with all reasonable diligence, give notice thereof to this
corporation, and have the same
endorsed on this instrument, or
otherwise acknowledged by them in writing, this policy shall cease
and be of no further effect."
A loss having occurred on 9 April, 1839, an action at law was
instituted to recover the amount of the defendants, on which final
judgment was rendered in their favor in this Court at the January
term, 1841.
See Carpenter v. Providence
Washington Ins. Co., 16 Pet. 495. This was chiefly
on the ground, that another policy had been effected on the same
property at another insurance office, in December, 1836, and
renewed yearly till December, 1838, but which had not been
"mentioned in or endorsed on this policy," "or otherwise
acknowledged by them (the defendants) in writing."
For various other particulars connected with the case, reference
can be had to the above case, and the statement which precedes this
opinion. Under these circumstances, the complainant next resorted
to the bill now in consideration, and alleged, that
"In the month of December, A.D. 1836, and in the month of
December, A.D. 1837, and at divers other times, the said Providence
Washington Insurance Company had notice from the said H. M. Wheeler
& Co. of the said insurance at the office of said American
Insurance Company, in Providence, and said notices, so given, were
given for the purpose of having the same endorsed on the policy at
the office of said Providence Washington Insurance Company, or
otherwise acknowledged by them in writing. And your orator supposed
that the said Providence Washington Insurance Company had performed
their part of said contract in this behalf, as in equity and good
conscience they were bound to do."
He then added:
"Wherefore, inasmuch as your orator is
Page 45 U. S. 217
remediless at and by the strict rules of the common law, he
prays your honors to issue a decree compelling said Providence
Washington Insurance Company to endorse said notice on said policy,
or otherwise acknowledge the same in writing, according to the
terms of their policy, as they long since ought to have done, and
to compel said Providence Washington Insurance Company to pay your
orator said sum of fifteen thousand dollars, with interest from the
time of said loss, and his costs."
The defendants, in their answer, deny that they ever had notice
in any form of the additional insurance, or not till long after the
execution of the policy now in question, and object to the
admission of any evidence on the subject, except such as is in
writing, according to the stipulation in the policy itself. And
they further deny,
"that the plaintiff has any equity to compel these defendants to
endorse a notice of such previous or subsequent insurance on said
policy, or to acknowledge the same in writing."
They then aver, that if the additional policy had been
communicated to them, and the present insurance still continued, it
would have been void, because false representations, material to
the risk in respect to the value of the whole property, were made,
affecting the additional policy, and that the probability is, the
present one would not have been continued on seeing the additional
policy, as that is for $6,000, and the present one $15,000, making
an aggregate insurance of $21,000, when, in the original statement
to the defendants, the whole property was valued at only $19,000,
and when it is not the custom of insurance companies to take risks
on this kind of property beyond three-fourths of its value, in
order to keep the insured still interested to the extent of the
other fourth, and thus likely to use greater precautions against
fire, and lessen the risk of the insurers, compared with what it
would be if an additional insurance was obtained covering the whole
value.
It will be seen, by this state of the case, that important
questions, both of fact and law, are involved in it -- of fact,
whether the additional policy was ever made known to the defendants
for the purpose of being acknowledged in writing, and of law,
whether, in that event, it was their duty so to have acknowledged
it, and, not doing so, whether this Court can now compel them to do
it. There are other considerations which arise in the course of the
inquiry that will receive attention, but are incidental, rather
than raised directly through the pleadings. The testimony in
support of the leading allegation in the bill is not very
complicated. But how much of evidence should be required to prove
that allegation, under the principles applicable to the
circumstances of this case, is one of some difficulty, and is first
to be settled. Where an answer is responsive to a bill, and, like
this, denies a fact unequivocally and under oath, it must in most
cases be proved not only by the testimony of one witness, so as to
neutralize that denial
Page 45 U. S. 218
and oath, but by some additional evidence, in order to turn the
scales for the plaintiff.
Daniel v. Mitchell, 1 Story 188;
Higbie v. Hopkins, 1 Wash.C.C. 230;
Union Bank
of Georgetown v. Geary, 5 Pet. 99. The additional
evidence must be a second witness, or very strong circumstances. 1
Wash.C.C. 230;
Hughes v. Blake, 1 Mason C.C. 514; 3 Gill
& Johns. 425; 1 Paige 239; 3 Wend. 532; 2 Johns.Ch. 92.
Clark's Ex's v. Van
Riemsdyk, 9 Cranch 153, says, "with pregnant
circumstances."
Neale v. Hagthrop, 3 Bland's Ch. 567; 2
Gill & Johns. 208.
But a part of the cases on this subject introduce some
qualifications or limitations to the general rule, which are urged
as diminishing the quantity of evidence necessary here. Thus, in
13 U. S. 9
Cranch 160, the grounds of the rule are explained, and it is
thought proper there that something should be detracted from the
weight given to an answer, if from the nature of things the
respondent could not know the truth of the matter sworn to. So if
the answer do not deny the allegation, but only express ignorance
of the fact, it has been adjudged that one positive witness to it
may suffice. 1 J.J.Marshall 178. So if the answer be evasive or
equivocal. 4 J.J.Marshall 213; 1 Dana 174; 4 Bibb 358. Or if it do
not in some way deny what is alleged.
Knickerbacker v.
Harris, 1 Paige 212. But if the answer, as here, explicitly
denies the material allegation, and the respondent, though not
personally conusant to all the particulars, swears to his disbelief
in the allegations and assigns reasons for it, the complainant has
in several instances been required to sustain his allegation by
more than the testimony of one witness. 3 Mason C.C. 294. In
Coale v. Chase, 1 Bland 136, such an answer and oath by an
administrator was held to be sufficient to dissolve an injunction
for matters alleged against his testator. So is it sufficient for
that purpose if a corporation deny the allegation under seal,
though without oath,
Haigh v. Morris Aqueduct, 4 Wash.C.C.
601; and an administrator denying it under oath, founded on his
disbelief, from information communicated to him, will throw the
burden of proof on the plaintiff beyond the testimony of one
witness, though not so much beyond as if he swore to matters within
his personal knowledge. 3 Bland Ch. 567, note; 1 Gill & Johns.
270;
Pennington v. Gittings, 2 Gill & Johns. 208. But
what seems to go further than is necessary for this case, it has
been adjudged in
Salmon v. Clagett, 3 Bland 141, 165, that
the answer of a corporation, if called for by a bill, and it is
responsive to the call, though made by a "corporation aggregate
under its seal, without oath," is competent evidence, and "cannot
be overturned by the testimony of one witness alone." We do not go
to this extent, but see no reason why such an answer, by a
corporation, under its seal and sworn to by the proper officer,
with some means of knowledge on the subject,
Page 45 U. S. 219
should not generally impose an obligation on the complainant to
prove the fact by more than one witness.
30 U. S. 5 Pet.
111; 4 Wash.C.C. 601. Here the denial by the corporation is
explicit and responsive to the bill, and its truth sworn to by its
president, "according to the best of his knowledge and belief." The
only difficulty is in respect to the extent of that knowledge. He
was not the president of the company at the time the information of
the second insurance is alleged to have been given. Nor is it
relied on in argument that he was then a member and lived near, or
was for any reason likely to be consulted when such notices were
received. But he has since had access to all the files and records,
in his official capacity, so as to know if any letter on this
subject appears to have been received, and therefore testifies with
some means of knowledge. And though it is admitted, that the
certainty is not so great against the reception of the notice as if
Jackson himself was alive and testified against it, yet, in the
nature of the case and by the precedents, the denial is strongly
enough made and supported to impose on the complainant the proof of
his allegation by something more than the testimony of one witness,
though not so much more, it is conceded, as the "pregnant
circumstances" before alluded to.
The next inquiry is whether the material allegation in this case
is thus proved? On an examination of the evidence, it will be found
that not even one witness swears positively to it; and whatever is
sworn in support of it is much impaired by other proof.
The allegation, it will be remembered, is that in December,
1836, and divers other times, the defendants had notice from the
insured of the second insurance, given for the purpose of being
endorsed on the policy, or acknowledged in writing.
There is no attempt to prove any such notice except on two
occasions -- one in 1836 and one in 1837. The only witness called
to support the first is Mr. Wheeler. He testifies, that about the
time of the second insurance, in December, 1836, he wrote a letter
to the president of the Providence Washington Company, stating that
such an insurance had been effected, and thinks he put the letter
in the post office. This is all on that point in behalf of the
complainant concerning this notice.
It is to be observed that the testimony of Wheeler, in its full
extent, does not prove the fact that information of the second
insurance ever actually reached the defendants for the purpose of
being endorsed or acknowledged, but merely that a letter was
written for that purpose, and probably put in the post office.
Though such evidence, standing alone, in the case of notice of
nonpayment of bills of exchange and promissory notes, is
sufficient, under mercantile usage, to raise a presumption that the
holder had used due diligence, yet even in such cases it is not
held to prove the actual receipt of notice.
Bank
of Columbia v. Lawrence, 1
Page 45 U. S. 220
Pet. 582, and
Dickins v.
Beal, 10 Pet. 581. Much less can it prove the
receipt of it where no such usage exists, as in the case of
policies of insurance.
When we look for any other proof to sustain or strengthen
Wheeler's evidence, thus defective, it will appear to be weakened
rather than strengthened by the other testimony and circumstances.
Because, first, such a letter, if ever received, would probably be
preserved on the files of the office. So would it probably be
answered, as that was not only the usage in respect to all letters
on official business, but it is shown specially to have been the
custom of the office to act forthwith and officially on letters
like these when received, and to send a reply in conformity to the
decision of the company upon them. Yet no answer is stated ever to
have been received concerning this, nor is any trace of an answer,
or of the original, found in the office, either in the recollection
of other officers or in any files, books, records, or even
memoranda.
Again, the insured, if conscious that such a letter had been
sent and reached its destination without being answered, would
naturally have written, or called to ascertain, why information of
the second insurance was not acknowledged in writing, apprized as
the insured must be, both by the published terms of insurance and
the policy itself, that the latter was void and ceased to operate
without such an acknowledgment, and that it was the duty and
interest of the insured to see to this acknowledgment being made.
Nor is it a sufficient answer to the last objection, that he might
rest quiet without a reply, supposing the acknowledgment had been
endorsed on the policy, because the policy was in the possession of
the insured, and not of the insurers, and hence it was well known
to the insured that no such endorsement had been made on that.
It is difficult, likewise, to discover any adequate motive for
not replying to the letter, if it was ever received, unless it be
one resting on a gross fraud. If the company, or its president, on
a receipt of it, should not choose to continue the policy, as would
probably be the case, for reasons before mentioned, they would feel
no reluctance to state the fact to the insured, and thus end a risk
where the insurance exceeded the value of the property, and
differed so much from their usual prudent terms of underwriting.
But if they did choose to continue it, they would be likely soon to
reply, stating that fact, because, without such a reply, they knew
the insured would probably consider the policy terminated, in
conformity with the stipulations in it, and would insure elsewhere,
and they lose a premium which they had decided it was expedient for
the company to retain.
This is all which it is considered necessary to say in respect
to the evidence of the notice supposed by the plaintiff to have
been given by Wheeler in 1836.
Page 45 U. S. 221
But it is urged, beside this that another notice of the
additional insurance at the Providence American Company was given
the ensuing year, in December, 1837, through Mr. Peck. It is
manifest, however, that this last notice, like the other, must
stand or fall by itself, as they are distinct or disconnected in
time and circumstances -- not parts of one transaction -- and are
attempted to be sustained by testimony not cumulative but entirely
different. What is proved on this matter by Mr. Peck? Merely that a
letter, written to him for another purpose, contained a statement
of the existence of the second insurance, and his impression that
he showed the letter to the president of this company for the other
purpose. It will be seen that his testimony is rather argumentative
from his usual habits of business, than positive, that he showed
the letter at all to the president; but if he did, it is conceded
that the object was to communicate merely the other fact -- "the
change of owners in the property" (
see Wheeler's letter).
And if he carried the letter in his hands, which contained other
matter, mentioning an insurance at the American Office, he was not
desired, as appears by the letter itself, to communicate that part
of it, nor does he say, in his written reply, that he had
communicated that part, but only "notified the Providence
Washington Insurance Company, that Mr. Wheeler had disposed of his
interest to you, of which they had made record."
Beside this, and against any such notice having been given or
intended for the purpose set up in this bill, there are most of the
collateral considerations which have been enumerated in opposition
to the other notice, alleged to have been given the previous
year.
It must also be recollected, that a letter was written to the
president by Wheeler on the same day he wrote to Peck saying
nothing in it concerning any second insurance; and the president
promptly answered it, saying nothing in reply concerning that
subject, but all which was expected as to the other. On this, it
will occur immediately to ask, if Peck had given such notice or
been requested to do it, or even if Wheeler had before given it,
why Wheeler did not at once write again, stating that an answer had
been received as to the notice of a change of property, but none as
to the second insurance. In short, a convincing proof that nothing
was communicated but the change of owners in the property is that
nothing more seems intended to have been communicated; that nothing
more was contained in the letter to the president, and nothing more
wished to be stated by Peck and no witness testifies that the other
information was actually read by, or named to, the president, and
no collateral fact renders the last circumstance probable. This is
the whole evidence in the case, on this point, that is essential.
To show more fully that under it none of the material questions of
law arise or can be considered, which might otherwise be presented,
it may not be unimportant to discriminate
Page 45 U. S. 222
and examine briefly what those questions are, and what must be
proved in order to raise them.
Several precedents exist where respondents in equity are
allowed, by way of defense, to prove, by parol, that the written
contract relied on does not contain all the original terms agreed,
and in this way entitle themselves to be exonerated under the terms
proved by parol.
Woollam v. Hearn, 7 Ves. 211; 2 Story's
Eq. Jurisp. § 770; and Sugden on Vendors 125 to 140, and cases
cited. Others exist, of this kind of proof being at times permitted
to complainants in relation to separate subsequent terms of
agreement modifying the prior ones, and on those subsequent terms
being proved by parol, a recovery be allowed. 4 Bro.Ch. R. 514; 1
ibid. 92. There are other precedents of complainants
seeking to show by parol a portion of a contract existing when the
original was made, but which was omitted from it by accident, and
against doing which some of the authorities seem to decide. 7
Ves.Jr. 211; 15
ibid. 518; Story's Eq. Jurisp. § 770, and
note. On the contrary, some decide for it. 2 Ves.Sr. 375; 1
ibid. 456; 1 Starkie on Ev. 1015-1018. But neither of
these classes of cases can be claimed as embracing this. Here the
parol proof is offered by a complainant, rather than by way of
defense, and it is not pretended that any omission has happened of
a part of the original contract, or that there has been any new
separate contract modifying that.
On the contrary, in the most natural aspect of the case, it is
one of a complainant attempting to show, by parol, a fact, which,
if true, is supposed to establish a neglect or wrong in the
defendants -- a breach of official duty happening sometime after
the contract of insurance was made -- by not acknowledging then in
writing the receipt of information that another policy had been
obtained on the property, and saying in reply, under these new
circumstances, that the first contract should either continue or
terminate.
This presents, it will be seen, a question somewhat novel --
namely whether the specific performance of a duty in private life,
not of a contract, can be enforced by courts of equity, and a party
compelled, by a sort of mandamus, to acknowledge in writing what he
had never promised so to acknowledge.
That question, however, need not now be decided, as such a duty
is not claimed to exist except where a notice of the second
insurance is actually received. And to prove such a receipt here,
the evidence offered is certainly insufficient, whether requiring
only one positive witness, unimpaired, or something more than
one.
But there is another aspect of the case, which would present a
different question of law, if it was set out specially in the bill,
and was supported by any stronger proof as to the material fact. It
is that the respondent should be considered as barred or
estopped
Page 45 U. S. 223
from setting up the want of an acknowledgment in writing, if
that want was the result of his own neglect of duty. In that view,
both the receipt of the information, and a consequent obligation to
make an acknowledgment of it in writing, must be satisfactorily
established before any neglect of duty can be imputed. But, as
already shown, the first fact, the receipt of the information, is
not established in that manner, and if it were some difficulty
might exist as to the second point, in considering a mere omission
to reply as a wrong, and such a wrong as to estop the insurers from
making an objection expressly provided for and allowed in the
policy. Because it is not the insurer, but the insured, on whom the
obligation seems to be imposed to have the notice of the further
insurance reduced to writing, as a condition precedent to a
recovery. It is the insured who by that further insurance increases
the risk of the former insurers, and who ought, therefore, to have
it both communicated and acknowledged in the manner stipulated, in
order to render it sure that a continuance of the first risk is
assented to. And though an omission to answer a letter from the
insured might incommode him, and be a breach of comity, it is not
easy to discover any engagement or promise which it violates.
Supposing, however, the bill to be broad enough in its
allegations, and the sending of notice of the second insurance
proved, and the duty to acknowledge it, if received, to be clear,
we might, in most cases like this, enforce a discovery of the
receipt of it, if coming to hand, and might enjoin the insurers
against using, by way of defense, a circumstance caused by their
own misconduct.
Baker v. Biddle, 1 Bald.C.C. 405. But
whether we could go further and enforce a recovery for the loss on
the equity side of this Court, when an action had been brought for
it on the law side and failed, and other remedies there may still
exist for any wrong done, is a question open to doubt and need not,
for the reasons before stated, be now decided.
Le Guen v.
Gouverneur, 1 Johns.Cas. 436;
Simpson v. Hart, 1
Johns.Ch. R. 91;
Gordon v. Hobart, 2 Sumner's C.C.
401.
Finally, it is urged, that a fraud has been perpetrated here,
and that frauds constitute at all times a distinct and sufficient
ground for a recovery in chancery. The fraud, if existing here,
would not be in failing to answer the receipt of information of the
second policy, stating frankly, as convenience and a spirit of
courtesy required, whether the original insurance would be
continued longer or not; but in omitting to give full explanations
on the subject when the insured applied for a renewal of the
policy, and in proceeding then to take a further premium, with a
covert design to defeat the insurance on account of the second
policy, provided any loss should happen.
The rule of equity is very broad to prevent a fraud, which would
exist if one was permitted "to derive a benefit from his
Page 45 U. S. 224
own breach of duty and obligation." 2 Story's Eq.Jurisp. § 781.
And it has been laid down that "if by fraud or misrepresentation
one prevents acts from being done, equity treats the case as if it
were done." 1
ibid. § 439; 11 Ves. 638.
In the bill, there is an averment of fraud, and, at the close, a
general prayer for any suitable relief, and it seems plausible,
that we might, if satisfied of the existence of fraud, estop the
party guilty of it from profiting through his own wrong, by
preventing him from setting up, as a defense, the want of an
acknowledgment in writing, when such want was the result or the
instrument of his own misbehavior. But there is still a difficulty
in this view of the case, from the circumstance that redress has
been and still is open to the plaintiff, at law, for any fraud, and
the Judiciary Act provides, that "suits in equity shall not be
sustained in either of the courts of the United States in any case
where plain, adequate, and complete remedy may be had at law." Act
of September 29, 1789, § 16; 1 Story 59. And also from another
reason, which has affected the previous points -- a want of
satisfactory evidence of the facts alleged. The first step in
proving a fraud fails. Neither a neglect nor wrong is shown by the
positive testimony of anyone witness, and whatever is sworn to by
anyone in behalf of the complainant is counteracted by opposing
circumstances, rather than strengthened, as it should be, after a
sworn denial in the bill, and in so grave a charge as fraud, by
very satisfactory auxiliaries, though not perhaps by so strong
evidence as is necessary in reforming contracts; that is, by
evidence which is "irrefragable," and not open "to opposing
presumptions." 1 Bro.Ch. 347;
6
U. S. 2 Cranch 419; 1 Ves.Sr. 317; 6 Ves. 332;
21 U. S. 8
Wheat. 211;
26 U. S. 1 Pet.
13; 2 Johns.Ch. 595, 630.
It is a matter of regret that so great a loss, which the
plaintiff and those under whom he claims intended to guard against
by insurance, should happen entirely without indemnity. But it is
to be remembered that the defendants gave abundant and repeated
notice to him in writing and print in the policy itself, as well as
other ways, that they would not take any risks on property where it
was insured beyond a certain ratio of its full value, unless the
circumstances were made known to them, and the additional policy
recognized in writing, so as to avoid any mistake, or accident, or
want of deliberate attention to the subject.
If the plaintiff, after all this, omitted to comply with so
substantial a provision in the contract itself, as we are bound to
believe on the evidence now offered, we see no way, equitably or
legally, to prevent the consequences from falling on himself,
rather than others, being the result either of his own neglect, or
that of some of the agents he employed.
An adherence to such important rules is peculiarly necessary for
the protection of absent stockholders, often interested
extensively
Page 45 U. S. 225
in insurance companies, and so far from its being
unconscientious to enforce them, when their existence is well
known, and when the risk has been increased without conforming to
them, it is the only and just safeguard of all concerned in such
institutions
Let the judgment below be affirmed.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE TANEY, being sick, did not sit in this
cause.
