Bank of Columbia v. Lawrence, 26 U.S. 578 (1828)

Syllabus

U.S. Supreme Court

Bank of Columbia v. Lawrence, 26 U.S. 1 Pet. 578 578 (1828)

Bank of Columbia v. Lawrence

26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 578

Syllabus

A promissory, note was made at Georgetown, payable at the Bank of Columbia in that town, the defendant, the endorser of the note living in the County of Alexandria within the District of Columbia, and having what was alleged to be a place of business in the City of Washington, and the notice of the nonpayment of the note, enclosed in a letter and superscribed with his name, was put into the post office at Georgetown addressed to him at that place. Held that this notice was sufficient.

In cases where the party entitled to notice resides in the country, unless notice sent by the mail is sufficient, a special messenger must be employed for the purpose of sending it; but this case is not one which required such a duty.

If the defendant had a place of business in the City of Washington, and the notice served there would be good, yet it by no means follows that service at his place of residence in another place would not be equally good. Parties may be and frequently are so situate that notice may well be given at either of several places.

That is not properly a place of business in the commercial understanding of the terms which has no public notoriety as such, no open or public business carried on at it by the party, but only occasional employment by him there two or three times a week in a house occupied by another person, the party only engaged in settling up his old business.

The general rule is that the party whose duty it is to give notice of the dishonor of a bill or note is bound to use due diligence in communicating the same. But it is not required of him to see that the notice is brought home to the party. He may employ the usual and ordinary modes of conveyance, and whether the notice reaches the party or not, the holder has done all that the law requires of him.

It seems to be well settled that when the facts are ascertained and undisputed, what shall constitute due diligence is a question of law.

The rules relative to diligence ought to be reasonable and founded in general convenience, and with a view to clog as little as possible, consistently with the safety of the parties, the circulation of paper of this description.

When a person has a dwelling house, and a counting room in the same city or town, a notice sent to either place is sufficient; if parties live in different post towns, notice through the post office is sufficient. Notice, to a party living at another place than the holder, sent by mail to the nearest post office, is good under common circumstances, and in such cases where notice is sent by mail, it is distance alone, or the usual course of receiving letters, which must determine the sufficiency of the notice.

Some countenance has lately been given in England to the practice of sending a notice by a special messenger in extraordinary cases by allowing the holder to recover of the endorser the expenses of serving the notice in this manner. The holder is not bound to use the mail for the purpose of sending the notice. He may employ a special messenger if he pleases, but it has not been decided that he must. To compel the holder to the expense of a special messenger would be unreasonable.

Page 26 U. S. 579

The plaintiffs in error instituted a suit on a promissory note against the defendant in error, who was the endorser thereon, and which was discounted at the Bank of Columbia and protested for nonpayment. The note was dated at Georgetown, where the banking house of the plaintiff at that time was located, and was payable at the Bank of Columbia. The evidence on the part of the plaintiffs established all the facts relative to the note which were proper to be proved except the notice of nonpayment to the defendant, the endorser, and the bill of exceptions tendered by the plaintiffs presented the evidence at length, upon which the question arose whether due notice of the dishonor of the note had been given and due diligence had been used by the plaintiffs to convey such notice to the defendants.

The opinion of the Court as delivered by MR. JUSTICE THOMPSON contains a full exhibition of all the evidence from which the conclusions of the County were drawn.

Page 26 U. S. 580


Opinions

U.S. Supreme Court

Bank of Columbia v. Lawrence, 26 U.S. 1 Pet. 578 578 (1828) Bank of Columbia v. Lawrence

26 U.S. (1 Pet.) 578

ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE

UNITED STATES FOR THE COUNTY OF WASHINGTON

Syllabus

A promissory, note was made at Georgetown, payable at the Bank of Columbia in that town, the defendant, the endorser of the note living in the County of Alexandria within the District of Columbia, and having what was alleged to be a place of business in the City of Washington, and the notice of the nonpayment of the note, enclosed in a letter and superscribed with his name, was put into the post office at Georgetown addressed to him at that place. Held that this notice was sufficient.

In cases where the party entitled to notice resides in the country, unless notice sent by the mail is sufficient, a special messenger must be employed for the purpose of sending it; but this case is not one which required such a duty.

If the defendant had a place of business in the City of Washington, and the notice served there would be good, yet it by no means follows that service at his place of residence in another place would not be equally good. Parties may be and frequently are so situate that notice may well be given at either of several places.

That is not properly a place of business in the commercial understanding of the terms which has no public notoriety as such, no open or public business carried on at it by the party, but only occasional employment by him there two or three times a week in a house occupied by another person, the party only engaged in settling up his old business.

The general rule is that the party whose duty it is to give notice of the dishonor of a bill or note is bound to use due diligence in communicating the same. But it is not required of him to see that the notice is brought home to the party. He may employ the usual and ordinary modes of conveyance, and whether the notice reaches the party or not, the holder has done all that the law requires of him.

It seems to be well settled that when the facts are ascertained and undisputed, what shall constitute due diligence is a question of law.

The rules relative to diligence ought to be reasonable and founded in general convenience, and with a view to clog as little as possible, consistently with the safety of the parties, the circulation of paper of this description.

When a person has a dwelling house, and a counting room in the same city or town, a notice sent to either place is sufficient; if parties live in different post towns, notice through the post office is sufficient. Notice, to a party living at another place than the holder, sent by mail to the nearest post office, is good under common circumstances, and in such cases where notice is sent by mail, it is distance alone, or the usual course of receiving letters, which must determine the sufficiency of the notice.

Some countenance has lately been given in England to the practice of sending a notice by a special messenger in extraordinary cases by allowing the holder to recover of the endorser the expenses of serving the notice in this manner. The holder is not bound to use the mail for the purpose of sending the notice. He may employ a special messenger if he pleases, but it has not been decided that he must. To compel the holder to the expense of a special messenger would be unreasonable.

Page 26 U. S. 579

The plaintiffs in error instituted a suit on a promissory note against the defendant in error, who was the endorser thereon, and which was discounted at the Bank of Columbia and protested for nonpayment. The note was dated at Georgetown, where the banking house of the plaintiff at that time was located, and was payable at the Bank of Columbia. The evidence on the part of the plaintiffs established all the facts relative to the note which were proper to be proved except the notice of nonpayment to the defendant, the endorser, and the bill of exceptions tendered by the plaintiffs presented the evidence at length, upon which the question arose whether due notice of the dishonor of the note had been given and due diligence had been used by the plaintiffs to convey such notice to the defendants.

The opinion of the Court as delivered by MR. JUSTICE THOMPSON contains a full exhibition of all the evidence from which the conclusions of the County were drawn.

Page 26 U. S. 580

MR. JUSTICE THOMPSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

Page 26 U. S. 581

The defendant was sued as endorser of a promissory note for $5,000, made by Joseph Mulligan, bearing date 15 July, 1819, and payable sixty days after date at the Bank of Columbia. The making and endorsing the note and the demand of payment were duly proved, and the only question upon the trial was touching the manner in which notice of nonpayment was given to the endorser, no objection being made to the sufficiency of the notice in point of time.

The material facts before the court upon this part of the case as shown by the bill of exceptions were that the banking house of the plaintiffs was in Georgetown, at which place the note appears to be dated. That sometime before the note fell due, the defendant had lived in the City of Washington and carried on the business of a morocco leather dresser, keeping a shop and living in a house of his own in the said city. That about the year 1818, he sold his shop and stock in trade and relinquished his business, and removed with his family to a farm in Alexandria County, within the District of Columbia and about two or three miles from Georgetown. That the Georgetown post office was the nearest post office to his place of residence and the one at which he usually received his letters.

The notice of nonpayment was put into the post office at Georgetown, addressed to the defendant at that place. It was proved on the part of the defendant that at the time of his removal into the country and from that time until after the note in question fell due, he continued to be the owner of the house in Washington where he formerly lived and which was occupied by his sister-in-law, Mrs. Harbaugh. That he came frequently and regularly every week, and as often as two or three times a week, to this house, where he was employed in winding up his former business and settling his accounts, and where he kept his books of account, and where his bank notices, such as were usually served by the runner of the bank on parties who were to pay notes, were sometimes left, and sometimes at a shop opposite to his house, and where also his newspapers and foreign letters were left. That his coming to town and so employing himself was generally known to persons having business with him. That his residence in the country was known to the cashier of the bank. That there was a regular daily mail from Georgetown to the City of Washington, and that the defendant's house was situated in Washington, less than a quarter of a mile from Georgetown.

There was also some evidence given on the part of the plaintiffs tending to show that the usage of the bank in serving notices in similar cases was conformably to the one here pursued, and that the defendant was apprised of such usage. But

Page 26 U. S. 582

that testimony may be laid out of view, as this Court does not found its opinion in any measure upon that part of the case. Upon this evidence, the plaintiffs prayed the court to instruct the jury that it was not incumbent on them to have left the notice of the nonpayment of the note at the house occupied by Mrs. Harbaugh, as stated in the evidence, but that it was sufficient under the circumstances stated to leave the notice at the post office in Georgetown, which instructions the court refused to give, but instructed the jury that its verdict must be governed according to its opinion and finding on the subject of usage which had been given in evidence.

The jury found a verdict for the defendant.

From this statement of the case it appears that the note was made at Georgetown, payable at the Bank of Columbia in that town. That the defendant, when he endorsed the note, lived in the County of Alexandria, within the District of Columbia, and having what is alleged to have been a place of business in the City of Washington, and the notice of nonpayment was put into the Georgetown post office addressed to the defendant at that place, by which it is understood that the notice was either enclosed in a letter or the notice itself sealed and superscribed with the name of the defendant, with the direction "Georgetown" upon it, and whether this notice is sufficient is the question to be decided.

If it should be admitted that the defendant had what is usually called a place of business in the City of Washington, and that notice served there would have been good, it by no means follows that service at his place of residence, in a different place, would not be equally good. Parties may be and frequently are so situated that notice may well be given at either of several places. But the evidence does not show that the defendant had a place of business in the City of Washington according to the usual commercial understanding of a place of business. There was no public notoriety of any description given to it as such. No open or public business of any kind carried on, but merely occasional employment there, two or three times a week, in a house occupied by another person, and the defendant only engaged in settling up his old business. In this view of the case, the inquiry is narrowed down to the single point whether notice through the post office at George town was good, the defendant residing in the country two or three miles distant from that place in the County of Alexandria.

The general rule is that the party whose duty it is to give notice in such cases is bound to use due diligence in communicating such notice. But it is not required of him to see that the notice is brought home to the party. He may employ the

Page 26 U. S. 583

usual and ordinary mode of conveyance, and whether the notice reaches the party or not, the holder has done all that the law requires of him.

It seems at this day to be well settled that when the facts are ascertained and undisputed, what shall constitute due diligence is a question of law. This is certainly best calculated to have fixed on uniform rules on the subject, and is highly important for the safety of holders of commercial paper.

And these rules ought to be reasonable and founded in general convenience, and with a view to clog as little as possible, consistently with the safety of parties, the circulation of paper of this description, and the rules which have been settled on this subject have had in view these objects. Thus, when a party entitled to notice has in the same city or town a dwelling house and counting house or place of business within the compact part of such city or town, a notice delivered at either place is sufficient, and if his dwelling and place of business be within the district of a letter carrier, a letter containing such notice addressed to the party and left at the post office would also be sufficient. All these are usual and ordinary modes of communication and such as afford reasonable ground for presuming that the notice will be brought home to the party without unreasonable delay. So when the holder and endorser live in different post towns, notice sent by the mail is sufficient whether it reaches the endorser or not. And this for the same reason, that the mail being a usual channel of communication, notice sent by it is evidence of due diligence. And for the sake of general convenience, it has been found necessary to enlarge this rule. And it is accordingly held that when the party to be affected by the notice resides in a different place from the holder, the notice may be sent by the mail to the post office nearest to the party entitled to such notice. It has not been thought advisable, nor is it believed that it would comport with practical convenience, to fix any precise distance from the post office within which the party must reside in order to make this a good service of the notice. Nor would we be understood as laying it down as a universal rule that the notice must be sent to the post office nearest to the residence of the party to whom it is addressed. If he was in the habit of receiving his letters through a more distant post office and that circumstance was known to the holder or party giving the notice, that might be the more proper channel of communication, because he would be most likely to receive it in that way, and it would be the ordinary mode of communicating information to him, and therefore evidence of due diligence.

In cases of this description, where notice is sent by mail to a party living in the country, it is distance alone or the usual

Page 26 U. S. 584

course of receiving letters which must determine the sufficiency of the notice. The residence of the defendant therefore being in the County of Alexandria cannot affect the question. It was in proof that the post office in Georgetown was the one nearest his residence, and only two or three miles distant, and through which he usually received his letters. The letter containing the notice, it is true, was directed to him at Georgetown. But there is nothing showing that this occasioned any mistake or misapprehension with respect to the person intended, or any delay in receiving the notice. And as the letter was there to be delivered to the defendant, and not to be forwarded to any other post office, the address was unimportant, and could mislead no one.

No cases have fallen under the notice of the Court which have suggested any limits to the distance from the post office within which a party must reside in order to make the service of the notice in this manner good. Cases however, have occurred where the distance was much greater than in the one now before the Court and the notice held sufficient. 16 John. 218. In cases where the party entitled to notice resides in the country, unless notice sent by mail is sufficient, a special messenger must be employed for the purpose of serving it. And we think that the present case is clearly one which does not impose upon the plaintiffs such duty. We do not mean to say no such cases can arise, but they will seldom, if ever, occur, and at all events such a course ought not to be required of a holder except under very special circumstances. Some countenance has lately been given to this practice in England in extraordinary cases by allowing the holder to recover of the endorser the expenses of serving notice by a special messenger. The case of Pearson v. Crallan, 2 Smith 404. Chitty, 222 note, is one of this description. But in that case the court did not say that it was necessary to send a special messenger, and it was left to the jury to decide whether it was done wantonly or not. The holder is not bound to use the mail for the purpose of sending notice. He may employ a special messenger if he pleases, but no case has been found where the English courts have directly decided that he must. To compel the holder to incur such expense would be unreasonable, and the policy of adopting a rule that will throw such an increased charge upon commercial paper on the party bound to pay is at least very questionable.

We are accordingly of opinion that the notice of nonpayment was duly served upon the defendant, and that the court erred in refusing so to instruct the jury.

Judgment reversed and a venire facias de novo awarded.