Yates v. Jones National Bank, 206 U.S. 158 (1907)

U.S. Supreme Court

Yates v. Jones National Bank, 206 U.S. 158 (1907) Yates v. Jones National Bank

No. 230

Argued March 8, 11, 1907

Decided May 13, 1907

206 U.S. 158

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE STATE OF NEBRASKA

Syllabus

If one of the plaintiffs in error does not furnish a cost bond, appear by counsel, or file any brief in this Court, he will be presumed to have abandoned the prosecution of the writ and it will be dismissed as to him.

Where, in the trial and appellate courts, an immunity was claimed under 5239, Rev.Stat., as to the rule of liability to be applied to directors of a national bank and such immunity was denied, this Court has jurisdiction to review the judgment under section 709, Rev.Stat., even if in other respects it might not have jurisdiction.

Where a statute creates a duty and prescribes a penalty for its nonperformance, the rule prescribed by the statute is the exclusive test of liability.

The National Banking Act, as embodied in 5239, Rev.Stat., affords the exclusive rule by which to measure the right to recover damages from directors based upon a loss resulting solely from their violation of a duty expressly imposed upon them by a provision of the act, and that liability cannot be measured by a higher standard than that imposed by the act.

Where, by a statute, a responsibility is made to arise from its violation knowingly, proof of something more than negligence is required, and that the violation was in effect intentional.

105 N.W. Rep. 287, reversed.

The facts are stated in the opinion.

Page 206 U. S. 162

MR. JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

This writ of error is prosecuted to secure the reversal of a judgment of the Supreme Court of the State of Nebraska

Page 206 U. S. 163

affirming one entered by a court of Seward County, in that state, upon a verdict of a jury awarding damages against the defendants below, plaintiffs in error here, because of certain acts charged to have been done by them as officers and directors of the Capital National Bank of Lincoln, Nebraska.

We briefly summarize a statement contained in the opinion of the court below concerning a prior action between the same parties. That action, and three others of like character, brought by different plaintiffs, were begun in a county different from that in which the present one was commenced, and recovery was sought, with one exception, from those who were defendants below in this case, of the sum of a loss occasioned by the insolvency and suspension of the Capital National Bank, a corporation organized under the National Bank Act. The actions referred to were removed into a circuit court of the United States, and in each a motion to remand was overruled, and in one of the cases (brought by Thomas Bailey), the circuit court sustained a demurrer to the petition and dismissed the cause, and the judgment so doing was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals. 63 F. 488. The plaintiffs in the other cases thereupon dismissed their actions and commenced new ones, as also did Bailey, in Seward County, of which the case before us is one. The same persons who were impleaded in the prior actions were made defendants, and in two of the actions one Thompson, a director of the bank, who had not been previously sued, was joined as a defendant. The defendants were sought to be made liable for acts done as officers and directors of the Capital National Bank, although it was not expressly alleged that the bank was organized under the National Bank Act. Reliance in each action was placed upon alleged untrue written and oral statements and representations of the financial condition of the bank, alleged to have been made and published by the defendants, which were fully set out in various forms of expression, but in none of the averments was it specifically asserted that the acts in question were done in consequence of and in compliance

Page 206 U. S. 164

with the provisions of the National Bank Act, although the exhibits attached to the petition disclosed the character of the written reports, which were in part relied upon. The state court overruled an application to remove, and, a transcript of the record having been filed in the circuit court, on motion the action was by that court remanded to the state court upon the ground that the petition was "clearly based not upon the provisions of the National Banking Act, but upon the liability claimed to arise under the principles of the common law." See Bailey v. Mosher, 74 F. 15.

An amended petition was filed changing somewhat the averments originally made and supplementing the same by new allegations. After a considerable lapse of time, a second amended petition was filed. This latter enumerated many acts of negligence and mismanagement in the conduct of the affairs of the failed bank charged to have caused its insolvency, in addition to the averments which had been made in the original petition. The defendants demurred on the ground of want of jurisdiction, because the result of the pleading as amended was to demonstrate that the whole cause of action relied upon was based upon the violation by the defendants of provisions of the National Bank Act, and because, under that act, no cause of action in favor of the plaintiff was stated. The day the demurrer was filed, the action was removed by the defendants to the circuit court of the United States. That court overruled a motion to remand (see Bailey v. Mosher, 95 F. 223), and subsequently the court sustained the demurrer and dismissed the action. Reviewing the action of the circuit court, however, the circuit court of appeals held that, in any event, the removal had been made too late, "and that the judgment of the lower court dismissing the plaintiff's case was rendered without lawful jurisdiction over the case." 107 F. 561. As a result, the case went back to the state court, and in that court the demurrer to the second amended petition was argued and overruled.

There was judgment against Stuart, one of the defendants,

Page 206 U. S. 165

for failure to answer the original petition, and this judgment was affirmed by the Supreme Court of Nebraska. Stuart v. Bank of Staplehurst, 57 Neb. 570. A separate answer to the second amended petition was filed on behalf of the defendant Thompson, and a joint answer on behalf of the defendants Yates and Hamer. In the answer of Thompson, it was averred that, while a stockholder, he was not a director of the Capital National Bank at the time the plaintiff made its various deposits; it was denied that any of the reports set out and referred to in the petition were signed or attested by Thompson, and specifically for himself he denied

"all alleged misconduct and mismanagement of said bank on his part, and all of the alleged neglect of duty and the causing of the insolvency of said bank, as charged in the said amended petition."

The following paragraph was also set up in the answer:

"This defendant further says that the cause of action set out in the plaintiff's amended petition, if it have any, is founded upon alleged facts which, if true, constitute a violation by this defendant, as a director or stockholder, of his duties as such director or stockholder, as laid down and defined in the national banking laws of the United States above referred to, concerning the government and management of national banks. And this defendant alleges that, if any liability attaches to him as a director or stockholder of said bank for any act done or duty neglected as set forth in said amended petition or otherwise, that such liability is determined and controlled by the National Banking Act, concerning the management of national banks, and that, in determining the liability of this defendant, there is necessarily involved the construction of said National Banking Act relating to the duties of directors and stockholders of national banks. That a federal question is involved in determining the liability of this defendant by reason of the alleged mismanagement of said bank and the alleged neglect of duty on the part of this defendant."

Matter alleged to constitute an estoppel against the further prosecution of the action and to operate as a bar to recovery

Page 206 U. S. 166

was set up in special defenses which need not, however, be further noticed.

The answers of Yates and Hamer were similar in effect to that of Thompson, except as to the allegation that Thompson was not a director when the plaintiff made his deposits.

The cause was put at issue. Before the trial, three of the defendants -- Walsh, Hamer, and Phillips -- died, and the action was revived against the administrator of Walsh and Hamer, but was not prosecuted further against the estate of Phillips. The companion actions brought by different plaintiffs were tried with the case at bar by a jury, and there was verdict against all the defendants then before the court, upon which judgment was entered except as to the administrator of Walsh, in whose favor judgment was entered by the court upon special findings as to him made by the jury. After the correction of an error in the amount of the judgment, the case was taken to the Supreme Court of Nebraska, where the judgment was affirmed. 105 N.W. 287. This writ of error was then sued out, apparently on behalf of all the defendants. We assume, however, that Charles W. Mosher and R. C. Outcalt, two of the defendants below, have abandoned the prosecution of the writ. We so assume because no cost bond appears to have been furnished by either; because neither has appeared at the bar by counsel and no brief in their behalf has been filed, and, on the contrary, in the brief of the defendants in error it is stated that the persons named did not prosecute error, which we take to mean that the parties referred to have abandoned in this Court the prosecution of the writ of error which was sued out in their names, and because the bill of exceptions does not contain the answers of those defendants nor the evidence relating to their case, which would be pertinent to consider if we were called upon to determine whether prejudicial error was committed as to them. None of the remaining plaintiffs in error were officers of the bank, and they were sued simply for acts done as directors thereof.

Page 206 U. S. 167

A motion to dismiss first requires attention. The asserted want of jurisdiction in this Court in based upon the contention that no federal question was raised in or decided by the state court. But, as will hereafter appear, the record plainly shows that both in the trial and appellate courts an immunity was claimed under section 5239 of the Revised Statutes, at least in respect to the rule of liability applied below, and such immunity was expressly denied by the state court, and there is therefore jurisdiction, even if, in other respects, jurisdiction might not be exercised, as to which we are not called upon to decide. Schlemmer v. Buffalo, R. & P. R. Co., 205 U. S. 1; Tullock v. Mulvane, 184 U. S. 497; Metropolitan National Bank v. Claggett, 141 U. S. 520; Logan County National Bank v. Townsend, 139 U. S. 67.

To dispose of the controversy presented by the record before us, we need only consider the following assignments of error:

"7. The court has erred in deciding that the fact that those plaintiffs in error who were directors were without knowledge of any falsity of the reports attested by them or some of them, mentioned in the petition, was immaterial, and that such directors or any of them were liable under the proofs showing that they were without knowledge of the falsity of such reports; the said decision is in violation of the provisions of section 5239 of the Revised Statutes of the United States, which makes liability of the directors dependent upon the fact that they knowingly violated or knowingly permitted the violation of the provisions of the National Banking Act, and participated in or assented to such violation."

"8. The court has erred in deciding that a common law action of deceit based upon reports of the Capital National Bank made to the Comptroller of the Currency and attested by the directors of such bank can be maintained against such directors, without knowledge of any false statements in such reports, and without any participation in or assent to any violation of the National Banking Act as essential elements

Page 206 U. S. 168

of the cause of action as required by section 5239 of the Revised Statutes of the United States."

The basis for these assignments is found not only in instruction given by the trial court, but in refusals to give instructions asked by the defendants. The instructions given, which are pertinent to the assignments, and which were duly excepted to below, read as follows:

"Bank officers and directors who make or participate in a published report of the financial condition of the banks of which they are such officers and directors may become liable for damages sustained by one depositing money in such bank in reliance upon the false representation of the condition of the bank contained in the report, even though such director of officer did not know that his report so published was in fact false or untrue."

"The director of a bank who publishes or participates in the publication of a report of its condition, by such act asserts that the statements contained in such report are substantially true, and he cannot rely upon his ignorance of the true condition of the bank as a defense to an action when he, in such published reports, represents the bank to be solvent if in truth it is not solvent and its assets are fictitious or worthless or its liabilities so much greater than its assets as to render the bank insolvent."

"A director or executive of a national bank is responsible for the making and publication of a false report of its financial condition, though he did not personally make and publish such statement, if he in any manner participated in the making or publication thereof. A director of a national bank is presumed to know its true condition, and that the law requires a true statement of its affairs to be made and published by the bank from time to time, and if one has been a director or executive officer of such a bank for a long period of time, he is presumed to have knowledge of the making and publishing of the statements of its condition, and the burden is cast upon him to overcome this presumption by competent evidence. "

Page 206 U. S. 169

"The jury are instructed that, inasmuch as the law required that all reports made by a national bank to the Comptroller of the Currency shall be published at the expense of the bank, in a newspaper at the place where the bank is established, you have a right to consider such published reports as have been introduced in evidence in this action, purporting to have been signed and whose names appear in such published reports as having been authorized by such defendants so appearing to have signed the same."

Of the instructions refused, to which exceptions was taken, we need only quote the following:

"The jury are instructed that if you find from the evidence introduced in reference to any one of the directors named in any one of the said cases that such director did not knowingly violate any of the requirements of the National Banking Act under which he was acting as such director, but acted in good faith, trusting and confiding in the officers, agents of the bank, having no reason to suspect the integrity and honesty of any one of such officers and agents, then you are instructed that your verdict should be in favor of such defendant."

Concerning the cause of action and the proof required to justify a recovery, the Supreme Court of Nebraska said:

"The petitions show misfeasance and mismanagement on the part of the defendants, as officers of the bank, and that the bank thereby sustained damages, but they show more than that. They show that the defendants made and published false and misleading statements concerning the financial condition of the bank, whereby the plaintiffs were induced to become and remain its creditors, to their damage. In short, whatever other allegation may be contained in the petition, they also contain sufficient to constitute a common law action for deceit. That the party upon whom the deceit or imposition was practiced by the officers of a national bank may maintain an action against them in his own name and behalf for damages resulting to him therefrom, and that his right of

Page 206 U. S. 170

action does not rest on the federal statutes, but the common law, is no longer an open question."

"* * * *"

"It was incumbent on the plaintiffs to establish by a preponderance of the evidence: (1) that the defendants published the statements purporting to show the financial condition of the Capital National Bank or participated in the publication thereof; (2) that such statements were false; (3) that the plaintiffs severally relied upon such statements and believed them to be true, and were thereby misled, to their injury. As to the first proposition, the evidence shows that none of the statements was actually made by all of the defendants, but that each defendant participated in making some of them. It is urged on behalf of the defendant Thompson that he participated in making but one of them. That is a mistake; the evidence is conclusive that he signed and participated in making at least four of them, the first being that made and published December 28, 1886, the last, that made and published July 9, 1891. The mistake arises, perhaps, from the construction which the defendants seem to place on the petitions. The petitions set out two of the statements at length, but it is also alleged that at divers other times and dates, between the 28th day of December, 1886, and the 21st day of January, 1893, the defendants made and published other false and misleading reports purporting to show the condition of the bank which were relied upon by the plaintiff. The defendants appear to take the position that plaintiffs should be restricted to the two reports set out at length. We do not think so. The allegations of the petitions are sufficiently broad to admit proof of any and all statements made on and between the dates just mentioned. If definiteness and certainty required all such statements to be set out at length, the remedy was by motion."

It is not to be doubted that, although the plaintiff alleged the making of false verbal and written statements, there was no attempt to establish any verbal misrepresentations. It is

Page 206 U. S. 171

also certain, even if it be conceded arguendo that there was some evidence tending to show the making of alleged written representations other than those contained in the official reports made by the association to the Comptroller of the Currency and published in conformity to the National Bank Act, that such latter statements were counted upon in the amended petition, and were, if not exclusively, certainly principally, the grounds of the alleged false representations covered by the proof. Under this state of the record, irrespective of the nature and extent of the proof required to maintain an action of deceit at common law, the question is: did the Supreme Court of Nebraska rightfully decide that the plaintiff was entitled to recover against the defendant directors upon proof merely of the following facts:

"(1) that the defendants published the statements purporting to show the financial condition of the Capital National Bank or participated in the publication thereof; (2) that such statements were false; (3) that the plaintiffs severally relied upon such statements and believed them to be true, and were thereby misled, to their injury?"

And the exact import of the propositions which were thus stated by the court below and were made the test of the right of the plaintiff to recover is plainly shown by an opinion of the Nebraska court cited in its opinion in this case -- viz., Gerner v. Mosher, 58 Neb. 135, which involved the liability of the directors of the very same national bank with whose failure this record is concerned. The court said:

"The defendants in the present suit, who, as directors, attested the reports made by the Capital National Bank to the Comptroller of the Currency, by such act vouched for, or certified to, the absolute truthfulness of the statements therein contained, and not that the report was correct so far as the directors knew or had been advised by the proper performance of their duties as directors. The means of information, this record shows, were accessible to them. It was their duty to know whether the reports were correct or not."

"* * * *"

Page 206 U. S. 172

"In our view, whether the attesting directors possessed knowledge of the falsity of their reports is wholly immaterial. They were in fact false and untrue, and those who deposited money with the bank, or who purchased stock of the corporation, in reliance upon the truthfulness of the contents of those reports, were as much deceived and damaged thereby as though the directors, when they signed the reports, knew them to be false. That they were innocent of the true situation or condition of the affairs of the bank is wholly an unimportant consideration, since proof of a scienter is not necessary to a recovery. This Court has frequently asserted that, to maintain an action for false representations, it is not essential that it be shown that they were intentionally or knowingly made by the defendant. This is the rule in ordinary causes, and no valid reason can be suggested or pointed out why the same principle should not apply in actions for deceit against the directors of a banking corporation. Certainly no case has come under out observation which has made an exception in their favor."

The proper solution of the question above propounded necessitates a consideration of the legislation of Congress respecting national banks.

By section 24 of the National Bank Act of February 25, 1863, ch. 58, 12 Stat. 665, 671, each association was required to make and forward to the Comptroller of the Currency quarterly reports, containing "a true statement of the condition of the association making such report," in respect to enumerated items, and it was provided that such report

"shall be verified by the oath or affirmation of the president and cashier, and all willful false swearing in respect to such report shall be perjury, and subject to the punishment prescribed by law for such offense."

It was made the duty of the Comptroller to publish full abstracts of such reports, as to specified items, in newspapers printed in the Cities of Washington and New York, "and a separated report of each association" was required to be published, at the expense of the association, in a newspaper

Page 206 U. S. 173

published in the place where such association was established. Associations located in a number of the leading cities were also required to publish, in a newspaper published where the association was located, a statement, under the oath of the president or cashier, of the condition of the association, showing the average amount of loans and discounts, specie, deposits, and circulation. By section 45, the cashier of each association was required after each dividend to make, under oath, "a full, clear, and accurate statement of the condition of the association," enumerating specified particulars, which statement was to be forthwith transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency. The National Bank Act of June 3, 1864, ch. 106, 13 Stat. 109, substantially reenacted, in a much condensed form, the requirements as to quarterly reports of the financial condition of each association. The abstract of such reports was required, however, to be published by the Comptroller only in the City of Washington, and every association was required to make a monthly statement of its condition under the oath of the president or cashier. For each day after five days' delay in making a report, each bank was made liable to a penalty of $100. The act of 1864 did not contain a requirement for the making and transmittal to the Comptroller of a statement following the declaration of a dividend.

By an Act approved March 3, 1869, ch. 130, 15 Stat. 326, in lieu of the reports required by the National Bank Act of 1864, it was made the duty of each association, on the requisition of the Comptroller, to make not less than five reports in each year. These reports were not only required to be verified "by the oath or affirmation of the president or cashier of such association," but to be "attested by the signature of at least three of the directors." Publication of such reports was required to be made in a newspaper published in the place where the association was established, and a penalty of $100 for each day's delay after a specified time in making and transmitting the report was authorized to be retained by the Treasurer of the United States out of interest due the association.

Page 206 U. S. 174

Each association was also required to make a report, attested by the oath of its president or cashier, within ten days after the declaration of a dividend, stating the amount of each dividend and the amount of net earnings in excess of such dividends.

As embodied in the Revised Statutes, the provision became section 5211, and is copied in the margin. [Footnote 1]

By section 39 of the act of 1863, as well as by section 9 of the act of 1864, a director of a national bank was required, inter alia, as he is now required by section 5147, Rev.Stat., to "take an oath that he will, so far as the duty devolves on him, diligently and honestly administer the affairs of such association, and will not knowingly violate, or willingly permit to be violated, any of the provisions of this title." In the acts of 1863 and 1864, the concluding word used was not "title," but "act."

Sections 50 and 52 of the act of 1863, 12 Stat. 679, 680, were practically identical, and sections 53 and 55 of the act of 1864, 13 Stat. 116, were also substantially alike, and by those sections civil and criminal liabilities were authorized to be assessed against and imposed upon directors of banking associations in certain contingencies. Section 52 of the act of 1863

Page 206 U. S. 175

and section 55 of the act of 1864 -- as supplemented by the Act of April 6, 1869, ch. 11, 16 Stat. 7, construed in the Act of July 8, 1870, ch. 226, 16 Stat.195, making it an offense to aid or abet an officer or agent of any association in doing the acts prohibited in section 55 of the act 1864, with intent to defraud or deceive -- became section 5209 of the Revised Statutes. It is copied in the margin. [Footnote 2]

Section 50 of the act of 1863 and section 53 of the act of 1864 became section 5239 of the Revised Statutes, reading as follows:

"SEC. 5239. If the directors of any national banking association shall knowingly violate, or knowingly permit any of the officers, agents, or servants of the association to violate, any of the provisions of this title, all the rights, privileges, and franchises of the association shall be thereby forfeited. Such violation shall, however, be determined and adjudged by a proper circuit, district, or territorial court of the United States, in a suit brought for that purpose by the Comptroller of the Currency, in his own name, before the association shall be declared dissolved. And in cases of such violation, every director who participated in or assented to the same shall be held liable in his personal and individual capacity for all damages which the association, its shareholders, or any other person, shall have sustained in consequence of such violation. "

Page 206 U. S. 176

As in the early acts relating to the national banks, so in the sections of the Revised Statutes on the same subject, there are many provisions specifically enjoining the doing or not doing of certain acts by the association or its officers. Thus, by section 5137, Rev.Stat., (formerly section 28 of the act of 1864), a national bank is prohibited from acquiring real estate for purposes other than those specified in the act, and is forbidden to hold real estate, under certain contingencies, more than a specified length of time; by section 5200, Rev.Stat. (formerly section 29 of the act of 1864), it is prohibited to loan to any person or corporation in excess of one tenth of the capital stock of a bank; by section 5201 (formerly section 35 of the act of 1864), banking associations are forbidden to loan or purchase their own stock; by section 5202, Rev.Stat. (formerly section 36 of the act of 1864), associations are forbidden to become indebted or become in any way liable exceeding the amount of their capital stock except on account of specified demands; by section 5203, Rev.Stat. (formerly section 37 of the act of 1864), a restriction is imposed upon the use of circulating notes; by section 5204, Rev.Stat. (formerly section 38 of the act of 1864), the withdrawal of the capital of an association while continuing its operations is forbidden, either in the form of dividends or otherwise, and section 5206, Rev.Stat. (formerly section 39 of the act of 1864), embodies a restriction upon the use of notes of other banks. In addition to these sections, of course, may be considered the various sections enjoining the making and publishing of periodical reports of the association, to which we have heretofore referred.

It thus becomes obvious that the National Bank Act imposes upon directors duties which would not rest upon them at common law, and that among such duties is the furnishing to the Comptroller of the Currency reports concerning the condition of the bank and the publication thereof. Although the statutory provisions subsequent to the act of 1863, relating to the making and publishing of such reports, do not, as did

Page 206 U. S. 177

the act of 1863, expressly require that the report, when made, should contain a "true" statement of the condition of the association, yet, by necessary implication, such is the character of the statement required to be made, and by the like implication the making and publishing of a false report is prohibited.

Considering the text of the National Bank Act, as now embodied in the Revised Statutes, including section 5239, we think the latter section affords the exclusive rule by which to measure the right to recover damages from directors, based upon a loss alleged to have resulted solely from the violation by such directors of a duty expressly imposed upon them by a provision of the act. By the first sentence of the section mentioned, a forfeiture of the charter is entailed

"if the directors of any national banking association shall knowingly violate, or knowingly permit any of the officers, agents, or servants of the association to violate, any of the provisions of this title."

And the last sentence ordains the rule by which civil liability is to be determined, by providing that

"every director who participated in or assented to the same shall be held liable in his personal and individual capacity for all damages which the association, its shareholders, or any other person shall have sustained in consequence of such violation."

As the section thus comprehends all the express commands to do or not to do, as to directors, contained in the National Bank Act, and besides specifies the nature of the conduct of directors from which their civil liability for violation of such commands may arise, it results that liability cannot be entailed upon them by exacting a different and higher standard of conduct as regards such commands than that established by the statute without depriving directors of an immunity conferred upon them. That the words "shall knowingly violate, or knowingly permit," etc., found in the first sentence of section 5239, Rev.Stat., were intended to express the rule of conduct which the statute established as a prerequisite to the liability of directors for a violation of the express provisions

Page 206 U. S. 178

of the title relating to national banks is additionally shown by the oath which a director is required to take, wherein, as already stated, he swears

"that he will, so far as the duty devolves on him, diligently and honestly administer the affairs of such association, and will not knowingly violate, or willingly permit to be violated, any of the provisions of this title."

Mark the contrast between the general common law duty to "diligently and honestly administer the affairs of the association" and the distinct emphasis embodied in the promise not to "knowingly violate, or willingly permit to be violated, any of the provisions of this title." In other words, as the statute does not relieve the directors from the common law duty to be honest and diligent, the oath exacted responds to such requirements. But as, on the other hand, the statute imposes certain express duties and makes a knowing violation of such commands the test of civil liability, and oath in this regard also conforms to the requirements of the statute by the promise not to "knowingly violate, or willingly permit to be violated, any of the provisions of this title."

And general considerations as to the spirit and intent of the National Bank Act (Easton v. Iowa, 188 U. S. 220; Davis v. Elmira Savings Bank, 161 U. S. 275) also render necessary the conclusion that the measure of responsibility concerning the violation by directors of express commands of the National Bank Act is, in the nature of things, exclusively governed by the specific provisions on the subject contained in that act. Thus, a contrary conclusion would lead to a varying measure of responsibility in the several states in which the question of liability might arise, depending upon the conceptions of the state courts of last resort as to the meaning of the act of Congress imposing the duty. Hence, it would follow that the same provision of the statute might mean one thing in one state and a different thing in another. The confusion which would result is aptly illustrated by a review made by the Supreme Court of Ohio in the recent case of Mason v. Moore, 73 Ohio St. 275, of the conflicting state adjudications as to the

Page 206 U. S. 179

proper rule to be applied to fix the liability of bank directors to third persons in an action of deceit at common law. The frustration of the public policy embodied in the national bank system by the crippling of the usefulness of such institutions which would result from holding that directors, in performing the duties imposed upon them by the National Bank Act, might be held liable civilly not by the standard of conduct which the act provides for a violation of its express commands, but by another and different one is apparent. Under such a conception, it might well be that prudent and responsible persons would decline to assume the discharge of the duties imposed by the statute because of the hazard of an uncertain pecuniary liability which the statute imposing the duty did not contemplate.

The civil liability of national bank directors, then, in respect to the making and publishing of the official reports of the condition of the bank, a duty solely enjoined by the statute, being governed by the National Bank Act, it is self-evident that the rule expressed by the statute is exclusive because of the elementary principles that, where a statute creates a duty and prescribes a penalty for nonperformance, the rule prescribed in the statute is the exclusive test of liability. Farmers' & M. Nat. Bank v. Dearing, 91 U. S. 29, 91 U. S. 35, and cases cited. The error in the decision below becomes at once apparent when its correctness is tested by the rule that the statute is applicable and prescribes the exclusive test of liability. The doctrine, as we have seen, upon which the court below rested its judgment was that directors of a national bank who merely negligently participated in or assented to the making and publishing of an untrue official report of the condition of the bank were civilly liable to anyone deceived to his injury by such report. Indeed, in one aspect, the ruling below went further than this, since it was, in substance, decided that, despite the exercise of diligence by the director, if he attested an untrue report, he was civilly liable, because he did so at his risk, since it was his duty to know or to refrain from acting. That this imposed a

Page 206 U. S. 180

higher standard of conduct than was required by the statute is obvious, but is clearly also established by previous decisions of this Court pointing out that, where by law a responsibility is made to arise from the violation of a statute knowingly, proof of something more than negligence is required -- that is, that the violation must in effect be intentional. McDonald v. Williams, 174 U. S. 397; Potter v. United States, 155 U. S. 438, 155 U. S. 446, and cases cited. See also Utley v. Hill, 155 Mo. 232, 264 et seq., and cases cited.

Of course, in what has been said we have confined ourselves to the precise question arising for decision, and therefore must not be understood as expressing an opinion as to whether and to what extent directors of national banks may be civilly liable by the principles of the common law for purely voluntary statements made to individuals or the public embodying false representations as to the financial condition of the bank by which one who has rightfully relied upon such representation has been damaged. And because we have applied in this case to the duty expressly imposed by the statute the standard of conduct established therein, we must not be considered as expressing an opinion upon the correctness of the views enunciated by the court below concerning the standard which should be applied solely under the principles of the common law to fix the civil liabilities of directors in an action of deceit. See Briggs v. Spaulding, 141 U. S. 132.

There is a suggestion that the subject matter of this controversy is so inherently federal that, although the judgments of the circuit court and of the circuit court of appeals remanding the cause to the state court may not be reexamined (25 Stat. 435), nevertheless it should now be decided that the state court was wholly devoid of jurisdiction. This claim is predicated upon the provision of section 5239, Rev.Stat., conferring exclusive jurisdiction on courts of the United States to declare a forfeiture of the charter of a national bank as the result of wrongs committed by the directors, and the contention that a declaration of such forfeiture is a prerequisite to

Page 206 U. S. 181

an action to enforce the civil liability of directors, and that such action could only be brought in the court of the United States after a forfeiture has been adjudged. We content ourselves with saying that we think these contentions are without merit.

It follows from what has been said that, as to Mosher and Outcalt, two of the persons named as plaintiffs in error in the writ and citation, the writ of error is dismissed for want of prosecution; as to the other plaintiffs in error, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

[Footnote 1]

"SEC. 5211. Every association shall make to the Comptroller of the Currency not less than five reports during each year, according to the form which may be prescribed by him, verified by the oath or affirmation of the president or cashier of such association and attested by the signature of at least three of the directors. Each such report shall exhibit, in detail, and under appropriate heads, the resources and liabilities of the [associations] [association] at the close of business on any past day by him specified, and shall be transmitted to the Comptroller within five days after the receipt of a request or requisition therefor from him, and, in the same form in which it is made to the Comptroller, shall be published in a newspaper published in the place where such association is established, or, if there is no newspaper in the place, then in the one published nearest thereto in the same county at the expense of the association, and such proof of publication shall be furnished as may be required by the Comptroller. The Comptroller shall also have power to call for special reports from any particular association whenever, in his judgment, the same are necessary in order to a full and complete knowledge of its condition."

[Footnote 2]

"SEC. 5209. Every president, director, cashier, teller, clerk, or agent of any association, who embezzles, abstracts, or willfully misapplies any of the moneys, funds, or credits of the association, or who, without authority from the directors, issues or puts in circulation any of the notes of the association; or who, without such authority, issues or puts forth any certificate of deposit, draws any order or bill of exchange, makes any acceptance, assigns any note, bond, draft, bill of exchange, mortgage, judgment, or decree; or who makes any false entry in any book, report, or statement of the association, with intent, in either case, to injure or defraud the association or any other company, body politic or corporate, or any individual person, or to deceive any officer of the association or any agent appointed to examine the affairs of any such association, and every person who, with like intent, aids or abets any officer, clerk, or agent in any violation of this section, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be imprisoned not less than five years nor more than ten."