McGahan v. Bank of Rondout, 156 U.S. 218 (1895)
U.S. Supreme Court
McGahan v. Bank of Rondout, 156 U.S. 218 (1895)McGahan v. Bank of Rondout
No. 104
Argued December 12, 1894
Decided February 4, 1895
156 U.S. 218
Syllabus
In a suit of equity to enforce the rights of a mortgagee in mortgaged realty, the defense that the temporary withholding of the mortgage from record invalidated it as against creditors cannot be made in the first
instance in this Court, when the issue is not made by the pleadings and was not otherwise raised in the court below.
Where a deed is executed on behalf of a firm by one partner, the other partner will be bound if there be either a previous parol authority or a subsequent parol adoption of the act.
In such case, ratification by the other partner may be inferred from his presence at the execution and delivery of the deed or from his acting under it or taking the benefits of it with knowledge.
In South Carolina, a tenant in common of real estate who takes sole possession of it, excluding his co-tenant, is chargeable with what he has received in excess of his just proportion, and is liable to account to him for the rents and profits of so much of the common property as he has occupied and used in excess of his share.
After the execution and delivery of a mortgage of real estate in South Carolina to a citizen of New York, the estate was sold under a judgment obtained subsequent to the mortgage, and the purchasers went into possession. The mortgagee filed a bill in equity against them in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina, asking an injunction against commission of waste, a discovery of the amount and value of trees cut by them since they came into possession, and an accounting to the court for the same, and for a sale of the mortgaged premises for the payment of the mortgage debt. The mortgagor had died before the commencement of the suit, and his heirs were not made parties, they being citizens of the same state as the plaintiff. No objection was made to proceeding in their absence, and a decree of foreclosure and sale was made as to them, and they were further ordered to account for the conversion of the property which they had taken.
Held:
(1) That as the decree was operative to the extent of the foreclosure and sale, it could be sustained in respect of the accounting.
(2) That the appellants could not insist in this Court, upon an objection which, if sustained, would curtail the relief to which the appellee was entitled or overthrow the jurisdiction of the circuit court.
This was a bill filed by the National Bank of Rondout, New York, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of South Carolina, September 26, 1890, against Thomas R. McGahan, D. R. Smith, and E. P. Smith, citizens of South Carolina.
The bill alleged that on November 30, 1883, Walter B. Crane was seised and possessed in fee of all the undivided three-fourths of certain described parcels of land in Williamsburg and Georgetown Counties, South Carolina, known as the "Longwood Plantation" and "Britton's Ferry;" that on that day,
"in order to secure the endorsement by said Walter B. Crane of four certain promissory notes, amounting in the aggregate to twelve thousand dollars, and every renewal and renewals thereof, said notes being made by David R. Smith and Walter B. Crane under the firm name of D. R. Smith & Company, and endorsed by Walter B. Crane,"
then held by the National Bank of Rondout, Crane and his wife executed a mortgage on the undivided three-fourths interest in and to said tracts of land, which mortgage was recorded in Georgetown County, February 27, and in Williamsburg County, March 6, 1885.
It was further averred that the debt became due in June and July, 1885; that Crane departed this life September 5, 1887, leaving the debt unpaid, and leaving his wife surviving him; that in December, 1887, the bank recovered judgment on the notes in the circuit court.
The bill then alleged that after the execution of the mortgage, and subsequent to the record thereof, the real estate included therein was sold by the United States Marshal for the district of South Carolina by virtue of certain executions in his hands, and conveyance made to Thomas R. McGahan of "all the right, title, and interest of said firm of D. R. Smith & Company, a firm composed of D. R. Smith and W. B. Crane, and of D. R. Smith individually;" that McGahan took possession and leased the property to Elizabeth P. Smith, the wife of D. R. Smith; that the lands were timber lands, of great value because of the timber thereon, and that McGahan and those under him were cutting down and removing the timber, thus committing waste and destroying the value of the security.
The prayer of the bill was that the defendants
"may set forth and discover the claim under which they are in possession of said lands, and how the same was acquired, and upon what facts it is based; that they may be enjoined under the order of this Court from committing further waste on said lands, and especially from cutting down and removing any timber from said lands; that they may set forth and discover the amount and number and value of the trees cut by them, or any of them, or by their authority, since the said Thomas R. McGahan came into control or possession thereof, or by any
of them under his authority; that they account to the court for the said value; that they be permitted a reasonable time within which to redeem the said mortgage, if perchance it shall appear that they, or any of them, have the equity of redemption thereof, and that, failing so to do, on a day fixed by your honors, the equity of redemption be barred, and the said property by sold, and the proceeds of sale applied to the debt of the said bank, with all interest accrued and to accrue thereon, and for such other and further relief in the premises as to your honors may seem meet."
The defense set up in the joint answer of Thomas R. McGahan, D. R. Smith, and E. P. Smith, his wife, was that the lands mentioned in the bill were agreed to be purchased and held as partnership property by D. R. Smith & Company, under articles of copartnership entered into August 30, 1869, by George North, Walter B. Crane, Edward Tompkins, and D. R. Smith, to be used for agricultural purposes, and for the manufacture of lumber; that machinery was purchased, and a large sawmill erected, and other improvements put upon the premises by the copartnership; that thereafter the interest of North and Tompkins in the copartnership was purchased by Crane, who, with the defendant D. R. Smith, continued the business under the firm name of D. R. Smith & Company; that the premises were in the notorious possession of Smith, as resident copartner, as and for copartnership property, and that complainant knew or had means of knowledge that it was such; that the mortgage was executed without the knowledge or consent of Smith, and the property so mortgaged was subject to the rights of creditors of the copartnership. And the answer averred that under and by virtue of writs of execution dated the 28th of April, 1885, on judgments recovered against D. R. Smith & Company and D. R. Smith individually, the property described in the bill of complaint
"was levied upon and sold by said marshal at public outcry, on the 7th day of September, A.D. 1885, to the defendant Thomas R. McGahan, for the sum of $3,850, he being at that price the highest bidder for the same, and a deed of conveyance, dated the said 7th day of September, 1885, was thereafter duly executed by said
marshal to the defendant Thomas R. McGahan; that the defendant Elizabeth P. Smith is now in possession of said premises under a lease from said Thomas R. McGahan, and carrying on thereon the business of manufacturing lumber, and for that purpose has used such timber as was necessary for said purpose. . . . And the defendant Thomas R. McGahan, further answering, alleges that, by virtue of said sale and purchase as aforesaid, he became and is the owner of the premises described in said mortgage, and that the said premises, having by the terms of the articles of copartnership been held as and for copartnership property, were first liable to copartnership debts in priority to the individual interest of the copartners therein, and that, by virtue of the sale and his purchase as aforesaid, he is entitled to hold and enjoy the same free from the lien of said mortgage."
At the hearing, on pleadings and proofs, the following matters appeared:
On May 6, 1869, A. W. Dozier conveyed to George North three several tracts of contiguous land containing in the aggregate 5,620 acres, situated in the County of Williamsburg, in the State of South Carolina, and known as the "Longwood Plantation," and on June 6, 1869, C. W. Martin conveyed to North a tract of land containing 500 acres, situated in Williamsburg and Georgetown Counties, known as "Britton's Ferry." North, in consideration of $2,500, conveyed an undivided one-fourth part of the lands, on July 2, 1869, to Walter B. Crane, and on the same day and for the same consideration conveyed to Edward Tompkins and undivided one-fourth part thereof. Apparently, D. R. Smith became the purchaser also of an undivided one-fourth of the lands, and he executed a mortgage of all of his interest therein to Crane, and also a like mortgage to Tompkins, August 28, 1869. These mortgages recited that Crane and Tompkins had each lent to Smith the sum of $1,322 to enable him to purchase, take, and hold an undivided one-fourth part of the premises, and that it was agreed by and between the said parties that the money so loaned as aforesaid, and such as might thereafter
be advanced by Crane and Tompkins to Smith, should be a lien and charge upon the interest of Smith in the land and premises thereinafter mentioned and described, and the buildings and erections thereon, or which should be thereafter erected.
The record disclosed an undated agreement, signed by North, Crane, Tompkins, and Smith, reciting that whereas the parties, described as all of Rondout, New York, had purchased in joint copartnership a plantation on the Great Pedee River, in Williamsburg County, State of South Carolina, known as "Longwood," and also another plantation, partly in said county and partly in Georgetown County, known as "Britton's Ferry," and whereas it was in contemplation to erect a saw mill or mills or other machinery for manufacturing, sawing, and preparing of timber for market now growing upon said plantations or otherwise obtained, and also to cultivate said plantations for the production of grain, cotton, etc., it was agreed that Smith was to take charge of the plantations, and superintend the erection of such sawmills as might be necessary, and in accordance with the consent of the mutual partners, and that said Smith was to superintend the preparation of the lumber for market and its sale, and to conduct the plantations and lumber business, etc.; and, whereas Smith was unable to advance or pay his proportion of the capital to make the purchase and develop the same, Crane and Tompkins agreed to advance to Smith $5,000, in equal proportion, from time to time, and Smith agreed that he would devote his entire time and attention to the partnership, and to mortgage his undivided one-fourth interest to Crane and Tompkins for their security, and the agreement concluded:
"The business of this firm to be conducted in the name and firm of David R. Smith & Company, and it is understood by the above parties named in this contract that the above agreement is to be in full force and virtue for the term of five years from the first day of May, A.D. 1869, unless otherwise ordered and determined by the mutual consent of the parties concerned."
August 30, 1869, a copartnership agreement was entered into between North, Crane, Tompkins, and Smith, in which North, Crane, and Tompkins are described as of Roundout,
New York, and Smith as of Longwood, South Carolina. This agreement recited that the parties had agreed to become partners together in the cultivation of two plantations on the Great Pedee River, in the Counties of Williamsburg and Georgetown, known as "Longwood" and "Britton's Ferry," and also in the manufacture and sale of lumber and timber then growing upon said plantations or otherwise purchased or obtained. It was stated, among other things, that Smith, as the active and resident partner, was authorized "to use and sign the name of the firm in all transactions necessary to conduct the business of said copartnership," that the copartnership was to continue for five years from the 1st day of May, 1869, and reference was made to an agreement with D. R. Smith bearing date May 1, 1869.
On November 28, 1871, North, in consideration of $4,000, conveyed to Tompkins an undivided one-eighth interest in said lands, and on the same day and for the same consideration conveyed an undivided one-eighth to Crane. On December 29, 1871, North, Crane, and Tompkins executed an agreement to the effect that North thereby sold to Crane and Tompkins all his right, title, claim, and interest in the copartnership rights or property for the sum of $8,000, North being indemnified as against the liabilities of the firm.
A memorandum was attached to the copartnership agreement dated October 1, 1874, signed by Crane, Tompkins, and Smith, to the effect that Crane and Tompkins had purchased the entire interest of North in the business, and agreeing to continue the same; also a memorandum under date of March 1, 1877, reciting that, Tompkins having disposed of his interest to Crane in the agreement, Crane and Smith agree to continue the business until April 1, 1878. On that date (March 1, 1877), an instrument was executed by Crane and Tompkins, under seal, and witnessed by Smith, apparently intended, in consideration of a deed of certain lots at Rondout, New York, to acknowledge the transfer to Crane of Tompkins'
"whole and entire interest in all and every description of property now held in the name and firm of D. R. Smith & Company, located in South Carolina, with lumber and book accounts
at Rondout, New York,"
and Crane thereby released Tompkins from all debts, dues, and demands owed by D. R. Smith & Company, except seven notes in the National Bank of Rondout, which it was agreed should be continued from one to two years, if required, Tompkins and Crane holding themselves responsible for the notes, but Crane agreeing to pay the notes and indemnify Tompkins from all loss incurred from their extension. Crane and Tompkins also agreed to the dissolution of the firm from date. On April 24, 1877, Tompkins, in consideration of $1,322 paid to him by Crane, assigned to Crane the mortgage made by Smith to Tompkins, August 28, 1869.
On November 30, 1883, Crane conveyed to the National Bank of Rondout an undivided three-fourths interest of all the tracts of land known as "Longwood" and as "Britton's Ferry," in consideration of the sum of $12,000, which deed recited:
"This grant is intended as a security for the payment of the four certain promissory notes, amounting in the aggregate to twelve thousand dollars, or the renewal or renewals of them, or either or any of them, together with the lawful discount or interest thereon, said notes being made by David R. Smith and Walter B. Crane, under their firm name of D. R. Smith & Company, and endorsed by Walter B. Crane and Henry M. Crane, and payable at the National Bank of Rondout."
In case of default in payment, it was provided that the property might be sold by the parties, and that after payment, from the proceeds, of the indebtedness and costs, the overplus, if any, should be paid, on demand, to Crane, his heirs or assigns. The evidence tended to establish other facts referred to by the circuit court.
The circuit court, Judge Bond presiding, in its opinion or decree, found that Walter B. Crane, the mortgagor, owned the undivided three-fourths of the property described in the bill;
"that he mortgaged the same to the National Bank of Rondout in November, 1883, to secure $12,000 of promissory notes made by David R. Smith and Walter B. Crane, under the firm name of D. R. Smith & Company, and endorsed by Walter B. Crane and Henry M. Crane, and payable at the National
Bank of Rondout; that this mortgage was held by the National Bank of Rondout in its possession, and was at the request of Walter B. Crane, one of the copartners, withheld from registry in South Carolina from the date of its delivery, in November, 1883, until the 27th February, 1885, when it was duly recorded in the office of the Clerk of the Court of Common Pleas of Georgetown County, South Carolina and the 6th day of March, 1885, when it was recorded in the office of the register of mesne conveyances for Williamsburg County, in said state; that the notes recited in the mortgage were not paid at maturity, and were from time to time renewed, until the 6th, 17th, and 29th days of June, and the 3d day of July, 1885, respectively, . . . at the expiration of which times of payment they each became due, and since said dates have remained unpaid; that on the 27th April, 1885, certain judgments were recovered in the Circuit Court for the District of South Carolina against D. R. Smith & Company, upon the default of D. R. Smith, the only one of the defendants who was served, and executions were lodged to bind the property of said firm and the individual property of D. R. Smith, but not the separate property of Walter B. Crane; that, under said judgments and executions, the marshal of this Court at Kingstree, in the County of Williamsburg, on the 7th day of September, 1885, sold the interest of the said D. R. Smith & Company, and the interest of D. R. Smith individually in the real estate of D. R. Smith & Company, for the sum of $3,850, to Thomas R. McGahan, one of the defendants in this suit, and on the same day executed and delivered to him, as purchaser, a deed of conveyance of the property described in the deed, which is the same property, the three-fourths interest in which was mortgaged by Walter B. Crane to the National Bank of Rondout; that the said Thomas R. McGahan, assuming to be the owner of the entire property, shortly after the said sale to him, executed to the defendant Mrs. Elizabeth P. Smith, wife of the above-named D. R. Smith, a lease of said property, including the mills machinery, and personal property connected therewith; that since then the said D. R. Smith, as agent for his wife, has been
using the said mill property for their own purposes, and has been carrying on an extensive business in cutting and shipping lumber; that the title to the three undivided one-fourths in the fee of said real estate was conveyed by regular deed to Walter B. Crane, the mortgagor, who, with his wife concurring, conveyed them to the National Bank of Rondout to secure the copartnership debt of D. R. Smith & Company; that the title deeds to Crane show no trust of any kind qualifying Crane's title; that there was no evidence to show any special trust which would restrict or qualify Crane's right to make an absolute conveyance of his undivided three-fourths interest in said real estate and the improvements thereon, of the nature of fixtures or appurtenances thereto belonging; that there was satisfying evidence that D. R. Smith knew that the mortgage had been given as security for the debt of D. R. Smith & Company; that he knew that the notes were renewed, and that he by his silence entirely acquiesced in the act of Crane in giving the mortgage to the bank."
The circuit court also said:
"It is unnecessary to consider the question whether three-fourths in the land and fixtures appurtenant to the land were or were not partnership property, and whether, as such, were first liable to copartnership debts in priority to the individual interests of the copartners therein, because, assuming this to have been the nature of the property, the mortgage of the partnership assets by one copartner for the benefit of the partnership without the assent of the other partner would, in the absence of fraud (which is not here suggested), be undoubtedly valid as a security to a particular creditor to whom it was mortgaged; a fortiori if made with the assent, express or implied, of the other partner, who, as in the case of D. R. Smith, knew of the mortgage, did not object, and who participated in the benefit of the extension of the debt which the firm of D. R. Smith & Company obtained from the bank."
"The title which Thomas R. McGahan, as purchaser, acquired under the sale and conveyance in September, 1885, made by the marshal under the execution against the firm of D. R. Smith & Company and the individual interest of D. R. Smith,
could be no better or higher than that which the firm had or could have claimed in the property so sold and conveyed. As D. R. Smith & Company and D. R. Smith could not have claimed to hold the property in derogation of the right to the three-fourths interest therein of the National Bank of Rondout under the mortgage given to it in 1883 to secure the debt of D. R. Smith & Company, so the defendant Thomas R. McGahan cannot claim against the right of the bank to three undivided fourths in said land and improvements and fixtures."
The court entered a decree annulling the lease made by McGahan to E. P. Smith, and directing an account for three-fourths of the rents and profits from September 7, 1885, when McGahan assumed the ownership and possession of the whole property, and for any waste which might have been permitted between that date and the date of the accounting, foreclosing the equity of redemption of Walter B. Crane, and directing a sale of the property, the proceeds after payment of costs to be paid to complainant, to be credited on the debt secured by the mortgage.
