Keller v. Ashford, 133 U.S. 610 (1890)
Syllabus
U.S. Supreme Court
Keller v. Ashford, 133 U.S. 610 (1890)
Keller v. Ashford
No. 3
Argued October 15-16, 1888
Decided March 3, 1890
133 U.S. 610
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Syllabus
Upon appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia in general term affirming a judgment in special term dismissing a bill in equity founded upon a contract bearing interest, the sum in dispute at the time of the judgment in general term, including interest to that time, is the test of the appellate jurisdiction of this Court.
A recorder's copy of a deed is competent and sufficient evidence of its contents against the grantee in favor of a person not a party to it, after the grantee and a person who procured it to be made and to whom it was originally delivered have failed to produce it upon notice to do so.
Opinions
U.S. Supreme Court
Keller v. Ashford, 133 U.S. 610 (1890) Keller v. Ashford No. 3 Argued October 15-16, 1888 Decided March 3, 1890 133 U.S. 610 APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Syllabus Upon appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia in general term affirming a judgment in special term dismissing a bill in equity founded upon a contract bearing interest, the sum in dispute at the time of the judgment in general term, including interest to that time, is the test of the appellate jurisdiction of this Court. A recorder's copy of a deed is competent and sufficient evidence of its contents against the grantee in favor of a person not a party to it, after the grantee and a person who procured it to be made and to whom it was originally delivered have failed to produce it upon notice to do so. In a deed of real estate, "subject, however, to certain encumbrances now resting thereon, payment of which is assumed by the grantee" and containing a covenant of special warranty by the grantor against all persons claiming under him, the clause assuming payment of the encumbrances includes existing mortgages made by the grantor as well as unpaid taxes assessed against him. The grantee named in a deed of real estate by the terms of which he assumes the payment of a mortgage thereon is liable to the grantor for a breach of that agreement, although he is not shown to have had any knowledge of the deed at the time of its execution, if after being informed of its terms he collects the rents and sells and conveys part of the land. An agreement in a deed of real estate by which the grantee assumes the payment of a mortgage made by the grantor is a contract between the grantee and the mortgagor only, and does not, unless assented to by the mortgagee, create any direct obligation at law or in equity from the grantee to the mortgagee. But the mortgagee may avail himself in equity of the right of the mortgagor against the grantee. And if the mortgagee, after the land has been sold under a prior mortgage for a sum insufficient to pay that mortgage and after he has recovered a personal judgment against the mortgagor execution upon which has been returned unsatisfied, brings a suit in equity against the grantee alone, and the omission to make the mortgagor a party is not objected to at the hearing, it affords no ground for refusing relief. Page 133 U. S. 611 This was a bill in equity by Henrietta C. Keller, the holder of a promissory note for $2,000, made by one Thompson, secured by his mortgage of land in Washington, against Francis A. Ashford as grantee of the land subject to this mortgage, and who by the terms of the deed to him assumed payment of encumbrances on the land. The bill prayed for a decree in the plaintiff's favor against Ashford for the amount of that note, and for general relief. The case was heard upon pleadings and proofs, by which it appeared to be as follows: On August 17, 1875, Thompson, being seised in fee of lot 5 in square 889 in the City of Washington, conveyed it to one Rohrer by a deed of trust in the nature of a mortgage to secure the payment of Thompson's promissory note of that date for $1,500, payable in three years with interest at ten percent, held by one Harkness. On February 21, 1876, Thompson conveyed the same lot by like deed of trust to one Cordon to secure the payment of Thompson's note of that date for $2,000, payable in one year, with interest at eight percent yearly until paid, to the order of Moses Kelly, and Kelly endorsed this note for full value to the plaintiff. On January 1, 1877, Thompson, at the instance and persuasion of Kelly, executed and acknowledged and delivered to Kelly a deed, expressed to be made in consideration of the sum of $4,500, conveying this lot, together with lots 6, 7 and 8 in the same square (each of which three other lots was also in fact subject to a mortgage for $2,000) to Ashford in fee, "subject, however, to certain encumbrances now resting thereon, payment of which is assumed by said party of the second part," and containing covenants by the grantor of warranty against all persons claiming from, under, or through him, and for further assurance. At the date of this deed, the only encumbrances on the land conveyed were the five mortgages above mentioned and some unpaid taxes assessed against Thompson while owner of the land. On January 22, 1877, this deed, together with a notary's certificate of its acknowledgment by the grantor, was recorded in the registry of the District of Columbia. Page 133 U. S. 612 At the taking of the depositions before the examiner, the plaintiff, having given notice to Ashford and to Kelly to produce the original deed, and both of them having failed to do so, was permitted, against the defendant's objection, to put in evidence a copy of the deed and acknowledgment, certified by the recorder to be a true copy. No consideration was actually paid for the conveyance. The value of the lots conveyed was, according to Thompson's testimony, $4,000 each, or $16,000 in all, or, according to Ashford's testimony, not less than $3,400 each or $13,600 in all. Thompson testified that he never had any negotiations with Ashford about the property, and that he was induced to make this deed by the assurance of Kelly that the grantee would assume the encumbrances upon the land and relieve him from liability upon the notes he had given secured by mortgage. Ashford testified that he never had any negotiations with anyone about the purchase of the land, and that in February, 1877, Kelly, who was his father-in-law, to whom he had lent much money and for whom he had endorsed several notes, told him that in order to secure him from loss, he had procured a conveyance to be made to him of these four lots, in which be thought "there was considerable equity," informed him at the same time that there were encumbrances or mortgages upon the property, but did not specifically mention any of them except the $1,500 mortgage upon lot 5; told him that the interest on this was pressing, and that if he would pay it, Kelly would relieve him from any further trouble as to the encumbrances, and advised him to go on and collect the rents of the property so as to indemnify himself against that interest and pay the taxes in arrears. It was proved that Ashford, in March, 1877, entered into possession of the four lots and paid the taxes previously assessed upon them, and also paid interest accruing under the mortgage for $1,500 on lot 5, and collected the rents of the four lots, until December 4, 1877, when he sold and conveyed lots 7 and 8 to one Duncan, subject to existing encumbrances thereon, and continued to collect the rents of the other two Page 133 U. S. 613 lots, and to pay the interest accruing under the mortgage for $1,500 on lot 5, until March 14, 1878, when this lot was sold, pursuant to the provisions of that mortgage, by public auction and conveyed to Harkness for the sum of $1,700, which was insufficient to satisfy the amount then due on that mortgage. On comparing Ashford's testimony with that of Boarman, the plaintiff's attorney, and with a letter written by Ashford to Boarman on October 3, 1877, it clearly appears that Ashford was informed of the clause in the deed to him, assuming payment of encumbrances, and was requested to pay the plaintiff's mortgage, as early as September, 1877, and then, as well as constantly afterwards, declined to pay it, or to recognize any personal liability to do so. There was no direct evidence that he knew of this clause before September, 1877. The plaintiff brought an action at law upon the note against Thompson as maker and Kelly as endorser on November 13, 1877, and recovered judgment against both in December, 1877, on which execution issued and was returned unsatisfied April 15, 1878. The present bill was filed May 13, 1878. A decree dismissing the bill was rendered in special term, May 9, 1882, which, after the death of Ashford and the substitution of his executrix in his stead, was affirmed in general term February 16, 1885, upon the grounds that Ashford had never accepted the deed to him and also that the plaintiff's remedy, if any, was at law. 3 Mackey 455. On the same day, as the record states, "from this decree the plaintiff appeals in open court to the Supreme Court of the United States, which appeal is allowed." The appeal bond was approved February 18, and the appeal was entered in this Court April 10, 1885. The case was argued upon a motion to dismiss the appeal for want of sufficient amount in controversy to give this Court jurisdiction, as well as upon the merits. Page 133 U. S. 617 MR. JUSTICE GRAY, after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the Court. The motion to dismiss for want of jurisdiction must be denied. This appeal was claimed and allowed February 16, 1885. At that time, the Act of February 25, 1879, c. 99, was in force, which provided that "The final judgment or decree of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia in any case where the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the value of twenty-five hundred dollars may be reexamined and reversed or affirmed in the Supreme Court of the United States upon writ of error or appeal." 20 Stat. 321. The case is not affected by the Act of March 3, 1885, c. 355, § 1, further limiting the appellate jurisdiction of this Court, because that act only provides that "no appeal or writ of error shall hereafter be allowed" from any such judgment or decree unless the matter in dispute, exclusive of costs, exceeds the sum of $5,000. 23 Stat. 443. The change of phraseology, referring to the time when the appeal or writ of error is allowed instead of to the time when it is entertained by this Court, was evidently intended to prevent cutting off appeals taken and allowed before the passage of the act, as had been held to be the effect of the language used in the act of 1879. Railroad Co. v. Grant, 98 U. S. 398. In a suit founded upon a contract, the sum in dispute at the time of the judgment or decree appealed from, including any interest then accrued, is the test of appellate jurisdiction. Bank of United States v. Daniel, 12 Pet. 32, 37 U. S. 52; The Patapsco, 12 Wall. 451; New York Elevated Page 133 U. S. 618 Railroad v. Fifth National Bank, 118 U. S. 608; Zeckendorf v. Johnson, 123 U. S. 617. By the express terms of the promissory note used on in this case, it bore interest at the rate of eight percent yearly from its date until paid. Computing interest accordingly, the sum in dispute was much more than $2,500 at the time of the decree in general term, which was the decree from which this appeal was taken. In Railroad Co. v. Trook, 100 U. S. 112, cited for the appellee, as in District of Columbia v. Gannon, 130 U. S. 227, the judgment in special term was for damages in an action sounding in tort, which bore no interest either by the general law or by the judgment of affirmance in general term. Nor can the objection of the defendant that the original deed from Thompson to Ashford was not produced or its execution proved be sustained. The deed is admitted to have been duly recorded. There is no presumption that it was in the possession of the plaintiff, who was not a party to it, but it is to be presumed to have been in the possession either of Ashford, the grantee named in the deed, or of Kelly, who procured the deed to be made, and to whom it was originally delivered. Both of them having failed to produce it upon notice to do so, the recorder's copy was competent and sufficient evidence of the contents of the deed as between the parties to this suit. Rev.Stat.D.C. §§ 440, 467; Dick v. Balch, 8 Pet. 30. But upon the merits of the case, we are unable to concur with the views expressed by the court below in its opinion reported in 3 Mackey 455, either as to the effect of the testimony or as to the rights of the parties. The material facts, as they appear to us upon full examination of the record, have been already stated. It remains to consider the law applicable to those facts. The questions to be decided concern the extent, the obligation, and the enforcement of the agreement created by the clause in the deed of conveyance from Thompson to Ashford of this and three other lots, "subject, however, to certain encumbrances now resting thereon, payment of which is assumed by said party of the second part." Page 133 U. S. 619 The five mortgages made by the grantor -- namely, the plaintiff's mortgage for $2,000 and a prior mortgage for $1,500 on lot 5, and a mortgage of $2,000 on each of the three other lots, and some unpaid taxes which had been assessed against the grantor -- were encumbrances, and were the only encumbrances existing upon the granted premises at the time of the execution of this conveyance. Rawle on Covenants (5th ed.) § 77. The clause in question, by the words "certain encumbrances now resting thereon," designates and comprehends all those mortgages and taxes as clearly as if the words used had been "the encumbrances" or "all encumbrances," or had particularly described each mortgage and each tax. We give no weight to Thompson's testimony as to Kelly's previous conversation with him to the same effect, because that conversation is not shown to have been authorized by or communicated to Ashford, and cannot affect the legal construction of the deed as against him. It was argued that because the deed contains a covenant of special warranty against all persons claiming under the grantor, the words "certain encumbrances" cannot include the mortgages made by the grantor, but must be limited to the unpaid taxes which, it is said, would not come within the covenant of special warranty. But the answer to this argument is that any person claiming title by virtue of a lien created by taxes assessed against the grantor would claim under the grantor equally with one claiming by a mortgage from him, and encumbrances expressly assumed by the grantee are necessarily excluded from the covenants of the grantor. Ashford is not shown to have had any knowledge of the conveyance at the time of its execution, and a suggestion was made in argument, based upon some vague expressions in his testimony, that the conveyance was intended to be made to him, by way of mortgage only, to secure him against loss on his previous loans to, and endorsements for, Kelly. But his subsequent acts are quite inconsistent with the theory that the conveyance did not vest the legal estate in him absolutely. Within a month or two after the conveyance, having been told that the four lots had been conveyed to him and were Page 133 U. S. 620 subject to encumbrances, although perhaps not then informed of the amount of the encumbrances, he entered into possession of the lots and thenceforth collected the rents, and within nine months after the conveyance he had notice of the clause assuming payment of encumbrances, and was requested to pay the plaintiff's mortgage, and declined to pay it or to recognize any personal liability for it; yet he afterwards sold and conveyed away two of the lots, and continued to keep possession, and to collect rents, of the other two. Having thus accepted the benefit of the conveyance, he cannot repudiate the burden imposed upon him by the express agreement therein, and would clearly have been liable to his grantor for any breach of that agreement. Blyer v. Monholland, 2 Sandf.Ch. 478; Coolidge v. Smith, 129 Mass. 554; Locke v. Homer, 131 Mass. 93; Muhlig v. Fiske, 131 Mass. 110. The case therefore stands just as if Ashford had himself received a deed by which he in terms agreed to pay a mortgage made by the grantor. In such a case, according to the general, not to say uniform, current of American authority as shown by the cases collected in the briefs of counsel, the mortgagee is entitled in some form to enforce the agreement against the grantee, and much of the argument at the bar was devoted to the question whether his remedy should be at law or in equity. Upon the question whether the mortgagee could sue at law, there is no occasion to examine the conflicting decisions in the courts of the several states, because it is clearly settled in this Court that he could not. This case cannot be distinguished from that of National Bank v. Grand Lodge, 98 U. S. 123, and clearly falls within the general rule upon which the judgment in that case was founded. It was there held that a contract by which the grand lodge, for a consideration moving from another corporation, agreed with it to assume the payment of its bonds would not support an action against the grand lodge by a holder of such bonds, and Mr. Justice Strong, delivering judgment, after observing that the contract was made between and for the benefit of the Page 133 U. S. 621 two corporations, that the holders of the bonds were not parties to it, and that there was no privity between them and the grand lodge, said: "We do not propose to enter at large upon a consideration of the inquiry how far privity of contract between a plaintiff and defendant is necessary to the maintenance of an action of assumpsit. The subject has been much debated, and the decisions are not all reconcilable. No doubt the general rule is that such a privity must exist. But there are confessedly many exceptions to it. One of them, and by far the most frequent one, is the case where, under a contract between two persons, assets have come to the promisor's hands or under his control which in equity belong to third person. In such a case it is held that the third person may sue in his own name. But then the suit is founded rather on the implied undertaking, the law raises from the possession of the assets, than on the express promise. Another exception is where the plaintiff is the beneficiary solely interested in the promise, as where one person contracts with another to pay money or deliver some valuable thing to a third. But where a debt already exists from one person to another, a promise by a third person to pay such debt being primarily for the benefit of the original debtor, and to relieve him from liability to pay it, there being no novation, he has a right of action against the promisor for his own indemnity, and if the original creditor can also sue, the promisor would be liable to two separate actions, and therefore the rule is that the original creditor cannot sue. His case is not an exception from the general rule that privity of contract is required." 98 U.S. 98 U. S. 124. See also Cragin v. Lovell, 109 U. S. 194. In the earlier case of Hendrick v. Lindsay, 93 U. S. 143, cited by the defendant, a request, accompanied by a promise of indemnity, to one person to sign an appeal bond was construed to include another person who signed it as surety, and therefore to support a joint action by the principal and the surety, both of whom had signed the bond relying upon the promise, so that the only consideration for the promise moved from them. In the case at bar, the promise of Ashford was to Thompson, Page 133 U. S. 622 and not to the mortgagees, and there was no privity of contract between them and Ashford. The consideration of the promise moved from Thompson alone. The only object of the promise was to benefit him, and not to benefit the mortgagees or other encumbrancers, and they did not know of or assent to the promise at the time it was made, nor afterwards do or omit any act on the faith of it. It is clear, therefore, that Thompson only could maintain an action at law upon that promise. In equity, as at law, the contract of the purchaser to pay the mortgage being made with the mortgagor, and for his benefit only, creates no direct obligation of the purchaser to the mortgagee. Parsons v. Freeman, 2 P.Wms. 664, note; Ambler 115; Oxford v. Rodney, 14 Ves. 417; 424; In re Empress Engineering Co., 16 Ch.D. 125; Gandy v. Gandy, 30 Ch.D. 57, 67. But it has been held by many state courts of high authority, in accordance with the suggestion of Lord Hardwicke in Parsons v. Freeman, Ambler 116, that in a court of equity the mortgagee may avail himself of the right of the mortgagor against the purchaser. This result has been attained by a development and application of the ancient and familiar doctrine in equity that a creditor shall have the benefit of any obligation or security given by the principal to the surety for the payment of the debt. Maure v. Harrison, 1 Eq.Cas.Ab. 93, pl. 5; Bac.Ab. "Surety," D. 4; Wright v. Morely, 11 Ves. 12, 22; Phillips v. Thompson, 2 Johns.Ch. 418; Curtis v. Tyler, 9 Paige 432, 435; Institution for Savings v. Fairhaven Bank, 9 Allen 175; Hampton v. Phipps, 108 U. S. 260, 108 U. S. 263. In Hampton v. Phipps, just cited, this Court declared the doctrine to be well settled, and applicable "equally between sureties, so that securities placed by the principal in the hands of one to operate as an indemnity by payment of the debt shall inure to the benefit of all," and declined to apply the doctrine to the case before it because the mortgage in question was given by one surety to another merely to indemnify him against being compelled to pay a greater share of the debt Page 133 U. S. 623 than the sureties had agreed between themselves that he should bear, and he had not been compelled to pay a greater share. The doctrine of the right of a creditor to the benefit of all securities given by the principal to the surety for the payment of the debt does not rest upon any liability of the principal to the creditor, or upon any peculiar relation of the surety to wards the creditor, but upon the ground that the surety, being the creditor's debtor and in fact occupying the relation of surety to another other person, has received from that person an obligation or security for the payment of the debt which a court of equity will therefore compel to be applied to that purpose at the suit of the creditor. Where the person ultimately held liable is himself a debtor of the creditor, the relief awarded has no reference to that fact, but is grounded wholly on the right of the creditor to avail himself of the right of the surety against the principal. If the person who is admitted to be the creditor's debtor stands at the time of receiving the security in the relation of surety to the person from whom he receives it, it is quite immaterial whether that person is or ever has been a debtor of the principal creditor, or whether the relation of suretyship or the indemnity to the surety existed, or was known to the creditor, when the debt was contracted. In short, if one person agrees with another to be primarily liable for a debt due from that other to a third person, so that, as between the parties to the agreement, the first is the principal and the second the surety, the creditor of such surety is entitled in equity to be substituted in his place for the purpose of compelling such principal to pay the debt. It is in accordance with the doctrine thus understood that the Court of Chancery of New York, the Court of Chancery and the Court of Errors of New Jersey, and the Supreme Court of Michigan have held a mortgagee to be entitled to avail himself of an agreement in a deed of conveyance from the mortgagor by which the grantee promises to pay the mortgage. Halsey v. Reed, 9 Paige 446, 452; King v. Whitely, 10 Paige 465; Blyer v. Monholland, 2 Sandf.Ch. 478; Klapworth v. Dressler, 13 N.J.Eq. 62; Hoy v. Bramhall, 19 C. E. Page 133 U. S. 624 Green 74, 563; Crowell v. Currier, 27 N.J.Eq. 152; on appeal, nom. Crowell v. St. Barnabas Hospital, 27 N.J.Eq. 650; Arnaud v. Grigg, 29 N.J.Eq. 482; Youngs v. Trustees of Public Schools, 4 Stew.Eq. 290; Crawford v. Edwards, 33 Mich. 354, 360; Miller v. Thompson, 34 Mich. 10; Higman v. Stewart, 38 Mich. 513, 523; Hicks v. McGarry, 38 Mich. 667; Booth v. Connecticut Ins. Co., 43 Mich. 299. See also Pardee v. Treat, 82 N.Y. 385, 387; Coffin v. Adams, 131 Mass. 133, 137; Biddel v. Brizzolara, 64 Cal. 354; George v. Andrews, 60 Md. 26; Osborne v. Cabell, 77 Va. 462. The grounds and limits of the doctrine, as applied to such a case, have been well stated by Mr. Justice Depue, delivering the unanimous judgment of the Court of Errors of New Jersey in Crowell v. St. Barnabus Hospital as follows: "The right of a mortgagee to enforce payment of the mortgage debt, either in whole or in part, against the grantee of the mortgagor does not rest upon any contract of the grantee with him or with the mortgagor for his benefit. . . ." "The purchaser of lands subject to mortgage who assumes and agrees to pay the mortgage debt becomes, as between himself and his vendor, the principal debtor, and the liability of the vendor as between the parties is that of a surety. If the vendor pays the mortgage debt, he may sue the vendee at law for the moneys so paid." "In equity, a creditor may have the benefit of all collateral obligations for the payment of the debt which a person standing in the situation of a surety for others holds for his indemnity. It is in the application of this principle that decrees for deficiency in foreclosure suits have been made against subsequent purchasers, who have assumed the payment of the mortgage debt, and thereby become principal debtors, as between themselves and their grantors. . . ." "But the right of the mortgagee to this remedy does not result from any fixed or vested right in him, arising either from the acceptance by the subsequent purchaser of the conveyance of the mortgaged premises, or from the obligation of the grantee to pay the mortgage debt as between himself and Page 133 U. S. 625 his grantor. Though the assumption of the mortgage debt by the subsequent purchaser is absolute and unqualified in the deed of conveyance, it will be controlled by a collateral contract made between him and his grantor, which is not embodied in the deed, and it will not in any case be available to the mortgagee, unless the grantor was himself personally liable for the payment of the mortgage debt." "Recovery of the deficiency after sale of the mortgaged premises, against a subsequent purchaser, is adjudged in a court of equity to the mortgagee not in virtue of any original equity residing in him. He is allowed, by a mere rule of procedure, to go directly as a creditor against the person ultimately liable in order to avoid circuity of action and save the mortgagor, as the intermediate party, from being harassed for the payment of the debt and then driven to seek relief over against the person who has indemnified him and upon whom the liability will ultimately fall. The equity on which his relief depends is the right of the mortgagor against his vendee, to which he is permitted to succeed by substituting himself in the place of the mortgagor." 12 C. E. Green 655, 656. The decisions of this Court cited for the defendant are not only quite consistent with this conclusion, but strongly tend to define the true position of a mortgagee, who has in no way acted on the faith of, or otherwise made himself a party to, the agreement of the mortgagor's grantee to pay the mortgage, holding on the one hand that such a mortgagee has no greater right than the mortgagor has against the grantee, and therefore cannot object to the striking out by a court of equity, or to the release by the mortgagor, of such an agreement, when inserted in the deed by mistake, Elliott v. Sackett, 108 U. S. 132; Drury v. Hayden, 111 U. S. 223, and on the other hand that such an agreement does not, without the mortgagee's assent, put the grantee and the mortgagor in the relation of principal and surety towards the mortgagee, so that the latter, by giving time to the grantee, will discharge the mortgagor, Shepherd v. May, 115 U. S. 505, 115 U. S. 511. The present case is a strong one for the application of the general doctrine. The land has been sold under a prior mortgage Page 133 U. S. 626 for a sum insufficient to pay that mortgage, leaving nothing to be applied toward the payment of the mortgage held by the plaintiff, and the plaintiff has exhausted her remedy against the mortgagor personally by recovering judgment against him execution upon which has been returned unsatisfied. Although the mortgagor might properly have been made a party to this bill yet, as no objection was taken on that ground at the hearing, and the omission to make him a party cannot prejudice any interest of his or any right of either party to this suit, it affords no ground for refusing relief. Mechanics' Bank v. Seton, 1 Pet. 299; Whiting v. Bank of United States, 13 Pet. 6; Miller v. Thompson, 34 Mich. 10. Decree reversed and case remanded with directions to enter a decree for the plaintiff.
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