Robertson v. Gerdan, 132 U.S. 454 (1889)
Syllabus
U.S. Supreme Court
Robertson v. Gerdan, 132 U.S. 454 (1889)
Robertson v. Gerdan
No. 56
Argued December 4, 1889
Decided December 16, 1889
132 U.S. 454
Syllabus
Pieces of ivory for the keys of pianos and organs, matched to certain octaves, sold to manufacturers, who scrape them to make them adhere to wood, and then glue them to wood, were charged with duty as manufactures of ivory, under Schedule M of section 2504 of the Revised Statutes of 1874, 2d ed. p. 474, and under Schedule N of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by the Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 511. The importer claimed that they were liable to a less duty as musical instruments under Schedule M of section 2004 of the Revised Statutes of 1874,2d ed. p. 478, and under Schedule N of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes as enacted by said Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 513. In a suit by him against the collector to recover the alleged excess of duty paid, the court charged the jury that if the articles were made on purpose to be used in pianos and organs and were used exclusively in them, they were dutiable as musical instruments and not as manufactures of ivory. Held that this was error, and that the articles, as imported, were manufactures of ivory.
The case is stated in the opinion.
Opinions
U.S. Supreme Court
Robertson v. Gerdan, 132 U.S. 454 (1889) Robertson v. Gerdan No. 56 Argued December 4, 1889 Decided December 16, 1889 132 U.S. 454 ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK Syllabus Pieces of ivory for the keys of pianos and organs, matched to certain octaves, sold to manufacturers, who scrape them to make them adhere to wood, and then glue them to wood, were charged with duty as manufactures of ivory, under Schedule M of section 2504 of the Revised Statutes of 1874, 2d ed. p. 474, and under Schedule N of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by the Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 511. The importer claimed that they were liable to a less duty as musical instruments under Schedule M of section 2004 of the Revised Statutes of 1874,2d ed. p. 478, and under Schedule N of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes as enacted by said Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 513. In a suit by him against the collector to recover the alleged excess of duty paid, the court charged the jury that if the articles were made on purpose to be used in pianos and organs and were used exclusively in them, they were dutiable as musical instruments and not as manufactures of ivory. Held that this was error, and that the articles, as imported, were manufactures of ivory. The case is stated in the opinion. Page 132 U. S. 455 MR. JUSTICE BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the Court. This is an action brought in the Superior Court of the City of New York and removed by certiorari by the defendant into the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York by Otto Gerdan against William H. Robertson, collector of customs of the port to New York, to recover duties paid under protest on certain ivory pieces for the keys of pianos or organs, imported into the port of New York and entered there, some of them in September and October, 1882, and the rest of them in January, October, and November, 1884. Upon those imported in 1882 the collector assessed a duty of 35 percent ad valorem, under the provision of Schedule M of section 2504 of the Revised Statutes, 2d ed., p. 474, enacted June 22, 1874, which imposes that rate of duty on "manufactures of bones, horn, ivory, or vegetable ivory." On the articles imported in 1884 the collector or assessed a duty of 30 percent ad valorem under that provision of Schedule N of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by the Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 511, which imposes that rate of duty on "bone, horn, ivory, or vegetable ivory, all manufactures of, not especially enumerated or provided for in this act." The importer claimed in his protest that the goods imported in 1882 were subject to a duty of 30 percent ad valorem under that provision of Schedule M of section 2504 of the Revised Statutes of 1878, 2d ed., p. 478, which imposes that rate of duty on "musical instruments of all kinds," and that the goods imported in 1884 were liable to a duty of 25 percent ad valorem under that provision of Schedule N of section 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by the said Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 513, which imposes that rate of duty on "musical instruments of all kinds." On appeal, the decision of the collector was affirmed by the Secretary of the Treasury, and suit was brought in due time. The plaintiff had a verdict at the trial, and judgment was entered for him for $345.50, to review which the defendant has brought a writ of error. The bill of exceptions states as follows: "Plaintiff called Page 132 U. S. 456 as his only witness George W. Clark, who, being duly sworn, testified that he was in the employ of plaintiff; that he identified the samples produced as similar to the articles which were imported; that they are pieces for the keys of pianos or organs; that they come in packages and are matched to certain octaves for certain instruments, to-wit, organs and pianos, five octaves for organs and seven octaves for pianos, and are glued on the keys; that they are sawed and cut in a particular shape for that purpose, and are tapered in thickness so that the end meets and the shaft comes in between." "Q. They are used for no other purpose than for pianos and organ keys?" "A. That is it, sir." On cross-examination, this witness testified that he had never put them on pianos or organs; that there are different grades, and two sizes, of the articles in question. "Q. Do you know how they are put on the piano?" "A. We don't do that. We sell to the piano makers and keyboard makers. I have seen it done. They scrape them to make them hold to the wood; then they are put on the key-board, and then sawed out and stuck on in that way, on a large board, and then sawed out, and this, the ivory piece, is then glued on top of it, and then it is polished." "Q. Are the corners rounded off?" "A. We don't do that. We sell to the makers." "Q. As a matter of fact, don't you know that the outside corners are rounded off?" "A. I have seen it so, yes, sir, on the pianos. We are not piano makers. We sell to the piano and keyboard makers." No other evidence was offered on either side. The defendant asked the court to direct a verdict in his favor because (1) the imported article was not a musical instrument; and, (2) it was not a completed indispensable part of a musical instrument. This motion was denied, and the defendant excepted. The defendant then asked the court to charge the jury that, in order to find for the plaintiff, they must find that the imported articles were completed indispensable parts of a musical instrument. But the court charged that if the articles were used exclusively for pianos and organs, the jury should return a verdict for the plaintiff, if not, for the defendant, to which instruction the defendant excepted. The court also charged that if the articles were made on purpose Page 132 U. S. 457 for pianos and organs as musical instruments and no other purpose, the jury might return a verdict for the plaintiff. To this instruction the defendant excepted. We think there was error in the charge of the court. The substance of the charge was that if the articles were made on purpose to be used in pianos and organs and were used exclusively in pianos and organs, they were dutiable as musical instruments, and not as manufactures of ivory. That the articles were in themselves musical instruments cannot be gravely contended. They were ivory pieces for the keys of pianos or organs. As imported, they were simply pieces of ivory which had undergone a process of manufacture, were of a shape and size to be used for certain octaves of pianos and organs, and were sold to piano makers and keyboard makers. Those persons scraped the lower surface of the ivory to make it adhere to a piece of wood to which it was afterwards glued. In the shape in which the articles were imported, they were clearly manufactures of ivory. Neither of the statutes in question imposes on parts of musical instruments the same rate of duty which it imposes on musical instruments. By Schedule E of section 11 of the Act of July 30, 1846, 9 Stat. 47, a duty of 20 percent ad valorem was imposed on "musical instruments of all kinds, and strings for musical instruments of whip-gut or cat-gut, and all other strings of the same material," and by the same act (p. 45), a duty of 30 percent ad valorem was imposed on "manufactures of bone, shell, horn, pearl, ivory, or vegetable ivory." By section 20 of the Act of March 2, 1861, 12 Stat. 190, a duty of 20 percent ad valorem was imposed on "musical instruments of all kinds, and strings for musical instruments of whip-gut, or cat-gut, and all other strings of the same material," and by section 22 of the same act (p. 192), a duty of 30 percent ad valorem was imposed on "manufactures of bone, shell, horn, ivory, or vegetable ivory." By section 6 of the Act of July 14, 1862, 12 Stat. 550, a duty of 10 percent ad valorem, in addition to then existing duties, was imposed on "musical instruments of all kinds, and Page 132 U. S. 458 strings for musical instruments of whip-gut or cat-gut, and all other strings of the same material," and by section 13 of the same act (p. 557), a duty of 5 percent ad valorem, in addition to then existing duties, was imposed on "manufactures of bone, shell, horn, ivory, or vegetable ivory." By Schedule M of section 2504 of the Revised Statutes of 1878, 2d ed., p. 481, a duty of 30 percent ad valorem was imposed on "strings; all strings of whip-gut or cat-gut, other than strings for musical instruments," and by section 2505 of said Revised Statutes, 2d ed., p. 484, "cat-gut strings, or gut-cord, for musical instruments" were made free of duty. By section 2502 of the Revised Statutes, as enacted by the Act of March 3, 1883, 22 Stat. 514, a duty of 25 percent ad valorem was imposed on "strings; all strings of cat-gut, or any other like material, other than strings for musical instruments," and by section 2503 of the same enactment, 22 Stat. 518, "cat-gut strings, or gut-cord, for musical instruments" were made free of duty. It is thus seen that by the act of 1846, by the act of 1861, and by the act of 1862, provision was made for imposing a duty on parts of stringed musical instruments by laying a duty on "strings for musical instruments of whip-gut or cat-gut," leaving other parts of musical instruments, imported in parts, to be dutiable under other provisions of law. So in the Revised Statutes of 1878, and as enacted in 1883, while there is no specific duty on parts of musical instruments as such parts, "cat-gut strings or gut-cord, for musical instruments" are made free of duty, leaving other parts of musical instruments to be dutiable under other provisions than that applicable to "musical instruments of all kinds." This view of the legislation of Congress is fortified by the fact that in the Revised Statutes of 1878 and in the same as enacted in 1883, a duty is imposed on carriages and parts of carriages; on chronometers and parts of chronometers; on clocks and parts of clocks, and on watches and parts of watches. If Congress had intended in either enactment of the Revised Statutes to impose the same duty on parts of musical instruments which it imposed on musical instruments, it Page 132 U. S. 459 would have been easy to impose that duty on "musical instrument of all kinds, and parts of the same." It is very clear to us that the fact that the articles in question were to be used exclusively for a musical instrument, and were made on purpose for such an instrument, does not make them dutiable as musical instruments. The contention of the plaintiff is thought to be supported by the fact that, in the case of Foote v. Arthur, tried in the Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York early in the year 1880 and unreported, it was held that a completed violin bow was a musical instrument, and subject to duty as such under the statute, and by the fact that the Treasury Department acquiesced in that decision under the advice of the Attorney General of the United States. It is sufficient to say that the pieces of ivory in question were not violin bows and that, whatever the true view may be as to violin bows, the same considerations applicable to them do not apply to the articles in question here. Attention is called by the plaintiff to the fact that the provision in the Revised Statutes, as enacted in 1883, in regard to manufactures of ivory imposes the duty of 30 percent ad valorem on all manufactures of ivory "not specially enumerated or provided for in this act." But those words have no bearing on the present case, because the pieces of ivory in question are not specially enumerated or provided for in the act of 1883. The judgment is reversed and the case remanded to the circuit court, with a direction to grant a new trial.
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