Harris v. Barber, 129 U.S. 366 (1889)
Syllabus
U.S. Supreme Court
Harris v. Barber, 129 U.S. 366 (1889)
Harris v. Barber
No. 1493
Submitted January 7, 1889
Decided January 28, 1889
129 U.S. 366
ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Syllabus
A judgment of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia quashing a writ of certiorari, after justice of the peace, in obedience to the writ, has returned the record of his proceedings and judgment in a landlord and tenant process is reviewable by this Court on writ of error if the right to the possession of the premises is worth more than $5,000.
A judgment of a justice of the peace which is subject to appeal cannot be quashed by writ of certiorari except for want of jurisdiction appearing on the face of his record.
Opinions
U.S. Supreme Court
Harris v. Barber, 129 U.S. 366 (1889) Harris v. Barber No. 1493 Submitted January 7, 1889 Decided January 28, 1889 129 U.S. 366 ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Syllabus A judgment of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia quashing a writ of certiorari, after justice of the peace, in obedience to the writ, has returned the record of his proceedings and judgment in a landlord and tenant process is reviewable by this Court on writ of error if the right to the possession of the premises is worth more than $5,000. A judgment of a justice of the peace which is subject to appeal cannot be quashed by writ of certiorari except for want of jurisdiction appearing on the face of his record. Under the Landlord and Tenant Act of the District of Columbia, requiring a "written complaint on oath of the person entitled to the possession of the premises to a justice of the peace," the oath may be taken before a notary public outside of the District. Under the Landlord and Tenant Act of the District of Columbia, a complaint which alleges that the complainant is entitled to the possession of the premises and that they are detained from him and held without right by the defendant, his tenant at sufferance, and whose tenancy and estate therein have been determined by a thirty days' notice in writing to quit is sufficient to support the jurisdiction of the justice of the peace. Page 129 U. S. 367 This was a writ of error to reverse a judgment quashing a writ of certiorari to a justice of the peace. On December 17, 1887, John H. Harris filed in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia a petition, verified by his oath, and alleging "that he is in possession of the house and premises known as the 'Harris House,' Nos. 127-1329 E Street Northwest, in the City of Washington, in the District of Columbia, under a lease to him from Mary A. Matteson, dated May 3, 1883, and modified April 20, 1885, for a term ending October 1, 1889 at a rent of $3,000 per annum, with the privilege of extension for a further term of four years at a rent of $4,000 per annum; that under the terms of said lease he expended about $15,000 in permanent improvements and betterments to said building, put it in tenantable condition, and paid the taxes assessed thereon until the sale hereinafter mentioned, besides expending upwards of $20,000 in furniture and appliances for its use as a hotel; that he did this upon the faith and expectation of enjoying his full term as tenant of said premises; that on May 4, 1886, the said land and premises were sold under a deed of trust prior in date to the lease of your petitioner, and of which your petitioner was in actual ignorance at the time of said lease, and were purchased by one Amaziah D. Barber, who, a few days after said sale, notified your petitioner to quit said premises, and on July 31, 1886, instituted a proceeding, under the act of Congress regulating proceedings in cases between landlord and tenant in the District of Columbia, before William Helmick, Justice of the Peace for said District of Columbia, and on August 14, 1886, said justice of the peace rendered judgment against your petitioner for the possession of said premises." The petition asserted that the proceedings before the justice were void for want of jurisdiction because the oath to the complaint was not taken before the justice, but before a notary public in the County of Oneida and State of New York, and because "the relation of landlord and tenant did not exist between said Barber and your petitioner by convention, and, said Barber relying upon the absence of such relation for his right to possession, his only remedy was by an action of ejectment. " Page 129 U. S. 368 The petition prayed for a writ of certiorari, commanding the justice to certify and send up the record of his proceedings. A writ of certiorari was issued accordingly, and in obedience to it, the justice returned his record, by which it appeared that the complaint to him was subscribed and sworn to by the complainant before a notary public in the County of Oneida and State of New York, and that the whole complaint, except the address and the prayer for process, was as follows: "Your complainant, Amaziah D. Barber, respectfully represents that he is entitled to the possession of the tenement and premises known as the 'Harris House,' situate on lot five, in square No. 254, in the City of Washington, District of Columbia, and that the same is detained from him and held without right by John H. Harris, tenant thereof by sufferance of this complainant, and whose tenancy and estate therein has been determined by the service of a due notice to quit, of thirty days, in writing." The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, in special term, upon the motion of Barber, rendered judgment quashing the writ of certiorari, and that judgment was affirmed in general term. 6 Mackey 586. Harris sued out this writ of error. Barber now filed a motion to dismiss the writ of error for want of jurisdiction, as well as a motion to affirm the judgment. MR. JUSTICE GRAY, after stating the facts as above, delivered the opinion of the Court. The grounds relied on in support of the motion to dismiss this writ of error are, in substance, that the granting or refusing of a writ of certiorari is a matter of discretion, and not the subject of review; that there is no sufficient pecuniary value in dispute to support the jurisdiction of this Court, and that Page 129 U. S. 369 the proceedings of a justice of the peace under the Landlord and Tenant Act of the District of Columbia cannot be reviewed except by appeal. The writ of error before us is not upon the judgment of the justice in the landlord and tenant process, but upon the judgment of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia quashing the writ of certiorari to the justice. The last ground assigned for the motion to dismiss is untenable, because it affects the correctness of the judgment quashing the writ of certiorari, and not the jurisdiction of this Court to review that judgment. The other grounds for the motion to dismiss, though more plausible, appear upon examination to be also insufficient. A writ of certiorari, when its object is not to remove a case before trial or to supply defects in a record, but to bring up after judgment the proceedings of an inferior court or tribunal whose procedure is not according to the course of the common law is in the nature of a writ of error. Although the granting of the writ of certiorari rests in the discretion of the court, yet after the writ has been granted and the record certified in obedience to it, the questions arising upon that record must be determined according to fixed rules of law, and their determination is reviewable on error. People v. Assessors, 39 N.Y. 81; People v. Commissioners, 103 N.Y. 370; Farmington Co. v. County Commissioners, 112 Mass. 206, 212. It is argued that the justice of the peace had no jurisdiction to try the title to land, Rev.Stat. D.C. §§ 687, 997, that the only matter in dispute before him was the right of possession, and that the rental value of the property in question cannot be considered as in dispute because, whatever the judgment might be in the action for possession, the defendant would have to pay that value either as rent under the lease if the judgment should be in his favor or for use and occupation if the judgment should be against him. The case differs from any of the precedents cited at the bar, and is not free from difficulty. But the petition for the writ of certiorari alleges, upon the oath of the petitioner, that he is Page 129 U. S. 370 in the possession of the premises under a lease having nearly a year to run, with a privilege of extension for four years more, and that he has expended $15,000 in permanent improvements upon the leased property, of which he will be deprived if the judgment of the justice of the peace, which he alleges to be void for want of jurisdiction, is not set aside by writ of certiorari. The reasonable inference from this is that the possession of the premises, with the right to use these improvements, throughout the lease and the extension thereof, would be worth more than $5,000, showing that the matter in dispute is of sufficient pecuniary value to support the jurisdiction of this Court under the Act of March 3, 1885, c. 355, 23 Stat. 443. But upon the merits of the case, the judgment below is so clearly right that the motion to affirm must be granted. The Landlord and Tenant Act, embodied in the Revised Statutes of the District of Columbia, provides not only that every occupation, possession, or holding of real estate without express contract or lease, or by a contract or lease the terms of which have expired, shall be deemed a tenancy at sufferance, but also that "all estates at sufferance may be determined by a notice in writing to quit of thirty days," and that "when forcible entry is made, or when a peaceable entry is made and the possession unlawfully held by force, or when possession is held without right after the estate is determined by the terms of the lease, by its own limitation or by notice to quit or otherwise," then, "on written complaint on oath of the person entitled to the premises, to a justice of the peace, charging such forcible entry or detainer of real estate" -- that is to say, charging either a "forcible entry," or any "detainer," whether forcible after a peaceable entry, or without right after the estate is determined -- a summons may be issued to the person complained of, and if it appears that the complainant is entitled to the possession of the premises, he shall have judgment for the possession and costs, but if the complainant fails to prove his right to possession, the defendant shall have judgment for costs, and that either party may appeal from the judgment of the justice of the peace to the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Rev.Stat.D.C. §§ 680, 681, 684, 686, 688. Page 129 U. S. 371 As an appeal lies from the judgment of the justice of the peace, his proceedings cannot be quashed by writ of certiorari unless for want of jurisdiction appearing on the face of his record. People v. Betts, 55 N.Y. 600; Gaither v. Watkins, 66 Md. 576. It is suggested that the justice of the peace had no jurisdiction because the oath to the complaint was not taken before him, but before a notary public in the State of New York. But the statute only requires a "written complaint on oath of the person entitled to the premises." Rev.Stat. D.C. § 684. As it requires the oath to be made by the complainant in person, and does not in terms require it to be administered by the justice or within the district, it is a more reasonable construction to permit the oath to be taken anywhere before a proper officer than to require the personal attendance of the complainant at the filing of the complaint. It is further suggested that the complaint does not allege that the complainant is "entitled to the premises," but only that he is "entitled to the possession" of the premises; but, as the whole scope and aim of the complaint are to recover the possession, the difference is immaterial. The remaining suggestion is that the complaint does not show the defendant to have been such a tenant as is contemplated by the Landlord and Tenant Act of the District of Columbia. But that act, as we have seen, provides that all tenancies at sufferance may be determined by thirty days' written notice to quit, and does not require the facts constituting the relation of landlord and tenant to be set forth in the complaint. Its requirements are satisfied, at least so far as to support the jurisdiction of the justice, by the distinct allegations in the complaint before us that the complainant is entitled to the possession of the premises, that they are detained from him and held without right by the defendant, that the defendant is his tenant at sufferance, and that the defendant's tenancy and estate in the premises have been determined by such a notice to quit. As was well said by Mr. Justice Merrick in delivering the opinion of the court below: "These averments constitute fully Page 129 U. S. 372 a statement of the relation of landlord and tenant between the parties. Now whether the proof came up to these averments or not cannot be inquired into upon a writ of certiorari. Certiorari goes only to the jurisdiction. It does not go to any errors of judgment that may have been committed by the justice in the progress of the exercise of that jurisdiction." The decisions cited at the bar, made under statutes requiring the proceedings to be commenced by affidavit of the facts requisite to bring the case within the statutes, and giving no appeal from the decision of the justice of the peace, * have no application to this case. Judgment affirmed. * N.Y.Rev.Stat. pt. 3, c. 8, Tit. 10; Hill v. Stocking, 6 Hill 341; Sims v. Humphrey, 4 Denio 185; People v. Matthews, 38 N.Y. 451; N.J.Stat. March 4, 1847, Nixon's Dig. (2d. ed. 422); Fowler v. Roe, 25 N.J.Law 549; Shepherd v. Sliker, 31 N.J.Law 432.
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