Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251 (1938)

U.S. Supreme Court

Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251 (1938) Scher v. United States

No. 49

Argued November 7, 1938

Decided December 5, 1938

305 U.S. 251

CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

Syllabus

1. In a prosecution for possession and transportation of distilled spirits in containers lacking the requisite revenue stamps, in violation of § 201 of the Liquor Taxing Act of 1934, a defense that the distilled spirits involved were not intended for sale and were therefore expressly excepted from the provisions of the Act must be affirmatively proved. P. 305 U. S. 254.

2. Under the circumstances disclosed in this case, the search of an automobile and seizure of liquor therefrom, without a warrant, after the car had entered a garage appurtenant to a private dwelling, to which it had been pursued by federal officers, was not an unreasonable search and seizure, and, in a prosecution for violation of § 201 of the Liquor Taxing Act of 1934, a motion to suppress the evidence thereby obtained was properly overruled. P. 305 U. S. 255.

3. A federal officer who has made an arrest following a tip as to a violation of a federal law may not, in a prosecution for such violation, be required to reveal the identity of his informant where this is not essential to the defense. P. 305 U. S. 254.

95 F.2d 64 affirmed.

Certiorari, 304 U.S. 557, to review the affirmance of a conviction for violation of the Liquor Taxing Act of 1934.

Page 305 U. S. 252

MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

Petitioner Scher was found guilty under two counts of an indictment which charged violations of § 201, Title 2, Liquor Taxing Act, January 11, 1934 * by possessing

Page 305 U. S. 253

and transporting distilled spirits in containers wanting requisite revenue stamps. He was sentenced for a year and a day, etc. The Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment.

No objection to the judge's charge is urged, and the evidence submitted to the jury is adequate to support the verdict.

The material facts are not in serious dispute. A brief summation will suffice for the points to be considered.

Federal officers received confidential information thought to be reliable that, about midnight, December 30, 1935, a Dodge automobile with specified license plate would transport "phony" whiskey from a specified dwelling in Cleveland, Ohio. About nine-thirty, officers posted nearby saw the described automobile stop in front of the house and remain there for an hour. A man with three women and a package then entered the car and drove away. It returned shortly before midnight, stopped at the rear of the house, and remained for half an hour. The headlights were extinguished; the officers heard what seemed to be heavy paper packages passing over wood. Doors slammed; petitioner drove the car away, apparently heavily loaded. The officers followed in another car. After going a few blocks, petitioner stopped briefly at a filling station; then he drove towards his own residence two or three blocks further along. The officers followed. He turned into a garage a few feet back of his residence and within the curtilage. One of the pursuing officers left their car and followed. As petitioner was getting out of his car, this officer approached, announced his official character, and stated he was informed that the car was hauling bootleg liquor. Petitioner replied, "just a little for a party." Asked whether the liquor was tax-paid, he replied that it was Canadian whiskey; also, he said it was in the trunk at the rear of the car. The officer opened the trunk and found eighty-eight bottles of distilled spirits in unstamped containers. He

Page 305 U. S. 254

arrested petitioner and seized both car and liquor. The officer had no search warrant.

At the trial, counsel undertook to question the arresting officers relative to the source of the information which led them to observe petitioner's actions. Objections to these questions were sustained, and this is now assigned as error.

Before trial, petitioner's counsel moved

"to suppress all of the evidence obtained by the search made by the Revenue agents in the above entitled cause, together with all information obtained by reason of such search, and to grant an order requiring the agents to return all articles seized by reason of said search. . . ."

In support of this, he relied upon the facts above stated. Denial of this motion is said to be error.

The exception in respect of transporting liquor not intended for sale found in the statute affords matter for affirmative defense. Queen v. United States, 64 App.D.C. 301, 77 F.2d 780.

In the circumstances, the source of the information which caused him to be observed was unimportant to petitioner's defense. The legality of the officers' action does not depend upon the credibility of something told, but upon what they saw and heard -- what took place in their presence. Justification is not sought because of honest belief based upon credible information, as in United States v. Blich, 45 F.2d 627.

Moreover, as often pointed out, public policy forbids disclosure of an informer's identity unless essential to the defense, as, for example, where this turns upon an officer's good faith. Segurola v. United States, 16 F.2d 563, 565; Shore v. United States, 60 App.D.C. 137, 49 F.2d 519, 522; McInes v. United States, 62 F.2d 180.

Considering the doctrine of Carroll v. United States, 267 U. S. 132 (see Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694),

Page 305 U. S. 255

and the application of this to the facts there disclosed, it seems plain enough that, just before he entered the garage, the following officers properly could have stopped petitioner's car, made search, and put him under arrest. So much was not seriously controverted at the argument.

Passage of the car into the open garage closely followed by the observing officer did not destroy this right. No search was made of the garage. Examination of the automobile accompanied an arrest, without objection and upon admission of probable guilt. The officers did nothing either unreasonable or oppressive. Agnello v. United States, 269 U. S. 20, 269 U. S. 30; Wisniewski v. United States, 47 F.2d 825, 826.

The challenged judgment is

Affirmed.

* Ch. 1, § 201, 48 Stat. 313, 316 (U.S.C. Title 26, §§ 1152a, 1152g):

"No person shall . . . transport, possess, buy, sell, or transfer any distilled spirits unless the immediate container thereof has affixed thereto a stamp denoting the quantity of distilled spirits contained therein and evidencing payment of all internal revenue taxes imposed on such spirits. The provisions of this title shall not apply to --"

"* * * *"

"(f) Distilled spirits not intended for sale or for use in the manufacture or production of any article intended for sale. . . ."

"Sec. 207. Any person who violates any provision of this title . . . shall, on conviction, be punished by a fine not exceeding $1,000, or by imprisonment at hard labor not exceeding five years, or by both."