New Mexico v. Texas, 275 U.S. 279 (1927)

U.S. Supreme Court

New Mexico v. Texas, 275 U.S. 279 (1927) New Mexico v. Texas

No. 2, Original

Argued December 2, 1924

Decided December 5, 1927

275 U.S. 279

I N EQUITY

Syllabus

1. A copy of memoranda and field notes of a survey of part of the boundary between Mexico and Texas, made in 1852 by a Mexican engineer by order of the Mexican Member of the Joint Boundary Commission, under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, was admissible in evidence upon authentication by the Mexican Boundary Commissioner having custody of the original. P. 275 U. S. 296.

2. A motion, by the party who produced it, to strike out an authenticated copy, accompanied by evidence adduced to prove that the party had been mistaken in believing that there was any original in the place from which the authentication was made, comes too late when deferred until the day when the taking of testimony is closed by mutual agreement, two years after the copy was introduced by the opposite party and treated by both sides as evidence in the case. P. 275 U. S. 297.

3. The New Mexico-Texas boundary, in the area involved in this suit, is the middle of the main channel of the Rio Grande, as that river

Page 275 U. S. 280

flowed in 1850, extending southwardly from the 32d parallel of North Latitude to the parallel of 31 degrees, 47 minutes in the course and location found and described in Section V(1) of the report of the Special Master in this case; the intersection of the east bank of the river with the 32d parallel is to be taken at a point 600 feet west from Monument No. 1 of Clark's Survey on that parallel made in and after 1859 in locating the Texas-United States boundary, as said monument No. 1 was reestablished by Joint Commissioners of the United States and Texas, appointed pursuant to a Joint Resolution of Congress passed in February, 1911, and the middle line of the channel is to be taken 150 feet from the east and west banks of the river respectively, as found by the Special Master. P. 275 U. S. 303.

In arriving at this conclusion, the Court finds and decides as follows:

4. That the testimony of ancient witnesses called by New Mexico as to their recollection of the old river is far from satisfactory, and does not, in view of the other evidence, sustain the burden resting on New Mexico of proving her claim that the location was farther east than the one claimed by Texas and found in this case. P. 275 U. S. 300.

5. That the greater weight of the evidence shows that Clark's Monument No. 1 did not coincide with his Station 1, but was located at least 2783 feet west thereof, substantially as reestablished by the Joint Commission of the United States and Texas above mentioned. P. 275 U. S. 300.

6. That under the Joint Resolutions of February and August, 1911, preceding and conditioning the admission of New Mexico as a state, she is bound by the reestablishment of the Monument by the Commission, and cannot question its accuracy. Id.

7. That this necessarily extends the Clark boundary line along the 32d parallel to the east bank of the river at a point 600 feet west of the reestablished Monument. Id.

8. That, according to the greater weight of the evidence, the river, in 1850, ran, as shown by certain surveys, patents, and maps relied on by Texas, on the course and in the location set forth and described in the Special Master's report. Id.

9. That this conclusion is reinforced by the tacit and long-continued acquiescence of the United States, while New Mexico was a Territory, in the claims of those holding the land in controversy under Texas surveys and patents, and the undisturbed possession of the Texas claimants. Id.

Page 275 U. S. 281

10. New Mexico, having explicitly declared in her Constitution of 1912 that her boundary between parallels of 32� and 31�4' followed the main channel of the Rio Grande as it existed on the ninth day of September, 1850, and this having been confirmed by the United States by admitting her as a state with the line thus described as her boundary, and also approved by Texas in her pleadings, New Mexico cannot question this limitation of her boundary and lay claim to lands east of that line because of changes in the river course since 1850, due to the process of accretion. P. 275 U. S. 302.

This suit was brought in this Court by the State of New Mexico to settle a controversy over a portion of the boundary between that state and the State of Texas. After argument on final hearing, the case was referred to a Special Master, 266 U.S. 586. The present decision is on exceptions taken by both parties to the Master's report. The exceptions of New Mexico are overruled, and those of Texas sustained. The bill is dismissed, and a decree ordered under the cross bill.

MR. JUSTICE SANFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.

This suit was brought by the State of New Mexico against the State of Texas in 1913 to settle a controversy

Page 275 U. S. 282

concerning the location of the part of their common boundary extending southwardly in the valley of the Rio Grande River an airline distance of about fifteen miles from the parallel of 32 degrees north latitude to the parallel of 31 degrees 47 minutes on the international boundary between the United States and Mexico. This is an offset in the southern boundary of New Mexico extending nearly to El Paso.

In its bill, New Mexico alleged that, under certain designated statutes and other public proceedings, [Footnote 1] the channel of the Rio Grande as it existed in 1850 became and was the boundary of Texas and the Territory of New Mexico between these two parallels, that this boundary had "remained unchanged" and "now is" the boundary between the two states, and that a correct delineation of this line in the middle of the channel was shown on a map attached as an exhibit to the bill, and prayed specifically that "the middle of the channel of the Rio Grande as it existed in the year 1850," and as shown upon this map, be "decreed to be the true boundary line." In its answer and cross-bill, Texas also alleged that the true boundary line is the channel of the Rio Grande as it existed in the year 1850, but denied the correctness of the location shown on the map exhibited with the bill, and alleged that the line was correctly delineated on a map attached as an exhibit to the answer, and prayed that the boundary line

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"be declared to be the middle of the channel of the Rio Grande as it actually existed in the year 1850," and as shown upon the map exhibited with the answer. And, in its answer to the cross-bill, New Mexico again stated that the true boundary line "is the channel of the Rio Grande . . . as it existed in the year 1850," but denied that this was correctly located on the map exhibited with the answer.

Each state thus asserted that the true boundary line is the middle of the channel of the Rio Grande in 1850. Neither alleged that there had been any change in this line by accretions. And the only issue was as to the true location of the channel in that year.

Upon this single issue, a large mass of testimony was taken before examiners during a period of several years. Some of this, as bearing evidentially upon the location of the river in 1850, related incidentally to subsequent changes by accretions and avulsions. In 1924, New Mexico, on its motion, was allowed by the Court [Footnote 2] to take, subject to rebuttal, the additional testimony of one witness on the question whether, assuming that in what is known as the Country Club area, the river had been located in 1850 on the western side of the valley, as claimed by Texas, it had thereafter moved eastward by accretions. But, still claiming that in fact the river was located in 1850 on the eastern side of the valley, in a position that was inconsistent with such accretions, New Mexico neither averred in its motion that there had in fact been such accretions nor sought to amend its pleadings so as to allege either that they had taken place or that, if so, the boundary line had been changed by reason thereof. And the question as to the location of the middle of the channel in 1850 remained, as before, the sole issue under the pleadings.

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Thereafter, the Court referred the cause to a special master, with directions to make special findings, based upon the entire record, on all material questions of fact, and report the same with his recommendations. [Footnote 3] The master, after a full hearing, [Footnote 4] made his report, to which both states filed exceptions. And the cause has been heard on the report and these exceptions.

In the territory in dispute, the Rio Grande flows southwardly through a plain of alluvial and sandy bottom land, composed largely of detritus, and bordered on the east and west by ranges of hills. The valley is about four miles wide at the northern end and narrows gradually to a canyon or gorge at the southern end. The river in normal times is very shallow, but at frequently recurring periods freshets caused by melting snow in the mountains and heavy rains or cloudbursts, flood and overflow the banks of the river and result in many changes in the channel both by erosions and accretions and by sudden and violent avulsions.

At the time the bill was filed, the river ran on the eastern side of the valley in the northern portion of the area in dispute, and, crossing the valley in the southern portion, ran on the western side until it reached the gorge. Neither state claims that this was the location in 1850. New Mexico, on the one hand, contends that the river then ran the entire distance from the 32d parallel to the gorge on the eastern side of the valley, near the eastern range of hills. Texas, on the other hand, contends that it crossed the parallel about three-fifths of a mile westwardly, ran farther to the west in the northern portion of the disputed area, and, crossing about midway to the western side of the valley, ran most of the way to the

Page 275 U. S. 285

gorge near the western range of hills. That is, broadly speaking, New Mexico contends that the river then ran on the eastern side of the valley, and Texas, that it ran mainly on the western side. The distance between the two locations midway of the disputed area is about four miles.

The master made an elaborate and thorough report in which he considered at length the contentions of the two states and the salient features of the testimony. He found, on all the evidence, that the allegations of New Mexico as to the location of the Rio Grande "as it existed in the year 1850" were not sustained, and that the river then followed in general the course claimed by Texas, and, on the dates nearest to 1850 of which there was credible evidence, was located as particularly described in the report, [Footnote 5] and had an average width of 300 feet; but that thereafter, between 1852 and the filing of the bill, the channel in certain portions of the course, including the Country Club area, was moved eastward by reason of accretions. [Footnote 6] And he reported that the true boundary line when the bill was filed was the middle of the channel of the river in the location occupied after such accretions, as described in the report, [Footnote 7] and recommended that this be fixed 150 feet from the east and west banks, respectively, as found by him.

The questions presented are whether the master's finding as to the location of the river in 1850 is correct; and, if so, whether the boundary line was subsequently changed by accretions, and to what extent.

Location of the Rio Grande in 1850

1. New Mexico while not excepting specifically to the ultimate finding of the master as to the location of the

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river in 1850, has filed various exceptions to matters leading to this general finding, by which it challenges the correctness of certain incidental statements of the master, his conclusions as to certain portions of the evidence, and the fact that he refers to certain official reports and maps which he thought might be judicially noticed, several of which he filed as exhibits to his report. Some of these exceptions are plainly immaterial. And none of them needs be dealt with separately, as they are merged in the ultimate question whether, upon the competent evidence, viewed in its entirety, the master's finding as to the location of the river in 1850 is correct.

The evidence relating to this matter is so voluminous [Footnote 8] that it is entirely impracticable to refer to it in any detail. And while we have considered the various contentions relating to its many phases, we can here deal with the question of its weight only in the broadest outlines.

To establish its contention as to the location of the river, New Mexico relied mainly upon the testimony of a large number of Indians and Mexicans, most of whom -- with others who did not testify -- had been members of different parties that had accompanied its engineers on various trips down the river between 1912 and 1914, shortly before and after the filing of the bill, for the purpose of pointing out the location of the old river; the testimony of a former registrar of the Land Office, who had known the river in 1857 and 1858 when conductor on a state route and had been employed by New Mexico to find witnesses having knowledge of the old river, and a survey of the 32d parallel made in 1859 by John H. Clark, United States commissioner, with the testimony of its engineers, surveyors and others relating thereto.

Page 275 U. S. 287

2. While there were various discrepancies and contradictions in the testimony of the witnesses as to the location of the old river, their evidence was to the general effect that. at different times between 1850 and 1860, it ran, as they recollected, on the eastern side of the valley, near the eastern range of hills, substantially as claimed by New Mexico.

The master, in dealing with the evidence of the Indian and Mexican witnesses, said:

"Most of the witnesses were illiterate; they were unable to estimate distances with any degree of accuracy. . . . All . . . were old men, some very old, and some were only ten years of age or less at the date when they passed along the river between the years 1850 and 1860. There was much evidence that, in those years, the country was wild and infested with hostile Indians. . . . Many of the witnesses traveled part of the time at night. From White's Ranch to Alamitos, there was but one, if any, house prior to 1857. The names given by the witnesses therefore to points along the river with relation to which . . . they located the river, . . . referred to bends, hills, bosques, esteros, cottonwood trees, etc. There was no stage coach route prior to 1857. Many of the witnesses had not traveled along the river since the Civil War, and only a few claimed to have had any continuous knowledge of the river. . . . Moreover, most of the whole river plane or valley had been altered in condition since 1850-1860. In those years, it was uninhabited, uncultivated, and covered in many parts near the river with thick bosques (groves or forests) of cottonwood and tornillo trees. The . . . land, in 1912-1914, was considerably settled and cultivated; the town of Anthony had come into existence; there were farms, cornfields, and alfalfa fields, paved roads, and a railroad in many places where they located the bed of the old 1850 river. . . . In

Page 275 U. S. 288

many years, at the time of annual floods . . . , the river covered the whole valley from its western to its eastern margin. When the floods subsided, the river at times resumed its former channel, and at times it did not. . . . [As] testified to by plaintiff's engineer witness, Post:"

"There are old river beds or indications of old river beds in various parts of the valley. . . . If I had started out to survey old river beds . . . , I would not be through surveying yet."

"He further stated that, in surveying throughout the valley, he had seen old watercourses and river beds as distinct and more distinct than that claimed by the witnesses to be the river of 1850. The river has always carried and deposited large quantities of silt, mud, and other detritus. At times of flood, many old channels were filled with deposits, and their presence effaced. The river valley at places, . . . has been raised in level many feet. The Santa Fe Railroad has been obliged to raise its railroad bed several times, and in doing so has, at places, excavated from the sandhills at the east. In describing the manner in which they located the river in 1912-1914, the witnesses testified that they walked along depressions, low ground, old channels, etc., which they pointed to Post and the surveyors as the bed of the river of 1850, according to their recollection; that this bed, as a rule, showed banks not more than two or three feet high; . . . that, for a considerable distance at various points, the bed of the old river was then occupied by the railroad tracks, by the county road, and by the river as it flowed in 1912-1914. Many of the witnesses . . . testified that, before they made their trips, the channel of the old river had been outlined by the surveyor's stakes. Several witnesses said that they followed the stakes. . . . Under all the conditions outlined above, I consider it improbable that Indian and Mexican witnesses would be able to trace accurately, on

Page 275 U. S. 289

the ground, the course of a river as it flowed over fifty to sixty years prior."

The master further found that the identification of the point from which these witnesses began their location of the old river as the place called Alamitos, where there had been, prior to 1857, a camp or watering place for travelers on the east bank of the river, was "particularly doubtful and difficult of belief," and that the road leading up the river past Alamitos, to which they referred, did not run on the eastern side of the valley or along the eastern sand hills, as claimed, but up the valley bottom, west of the location of the river claimed by New Mexico and in a position incompatible therewith. And, after referring to the testimony of the former registrar of the Land Office, he concluded:

"In view of all the evidence in the case, I am unable to attach great weight or credit to the testimony of the plaintiff's witnesses as to the location either of the bed or of the course of the Rio Grande as it flowed in 1850. . . . I am of opinion that their memories were defective, and especially that they were mistaken as to dates, and that they confused the course of the river as they knew it in later years with their knowledge of it in earlier years. If not so mistaken . . . , it is apparent that many of them were testifying as to . . . those periods of the year when the river was in flood, and may well have been flowing along the eastern as well as the western banks. There is also evidence . . . as to the existence on the east side of the remains of an old river channel of 1826, which had left sloughs or esteros at various points; also as to the existence of old ditches. . . . It is probable that the river, subsiding from floods, at times ran in these sloughs, esteros, or ditches as a minor channel or branch, and that it was thus mistaken by some witnesses for the main channel of the river. "

Page 275 U. S. 290

3. The survey of John H. Clark, United States commissioner, was made by him as a member of the United States and Texas Boundary Commission, [Footnote 9] in and after 1859, of a portion of the boundary line between Texas and the territories of the United States, including the lines of the 103d meridian and the 32d parallel between that meridian and the channel of the Rio Grande River, which then constituted part of the boundary between Texas and the Territory of New Mexico, [Footnote 10] connecting on the west with the line running down the channel of the river here in dispute. In 1891, the lines of the meridian and parallel established by Clark were "confirmed" by an Act of Congress and a Joint Resolution of the Texas Legislature as boundary lines between Texas and the Territory of New Mexico. [Footnote 11]

The significance of Clark's survey lies in its bearing upon the location of the east bank of the Rio Grande in 1859. His report shows, admittedly, that he placed at the initial point of the survey on the 32d parallel a pyramid of stone, designated as Monument No. 1, standing 600 feet

Page 275 U. S. 291

from the east bank of the river. This monument has long since disappeared. New Mexico contended that, as shown by the field notes and as reestablished by its engineers with reference to other objects called for in the field notes and shown on the maps, the location of this Monument coincided with that of Station 1 on the survey of the parallel from which Clark took the bearings of various objects, and that the river bank was thereby fixed at a point 600 feet west of this Station, whose location was agreed upon, substantially as shown by the witnesses who testified to the location of the old river. On the other hand, Texas contended that, as shown by the field notes and as reestablished by its engineers with reference to other objects, this Monument was located at a point about 2800 feet west of Station 1, and the river bank was thereby fixed at a like distance west of the location claimed by New Mexico, and further that, in 1911-1913, this Monument had been reestablished at a point about 200 feet west of the location shown by its witnesses, by joint commissioners of the United States and Texas, and this reestablishment was binding upon New Mexico, irrespective of its precise accuracy.

The basis of the latter contention is this: before the Territory of New Mexico had been admitted as a state under the Enabling Act of 1910, [Footnote 12] a Constitution was adopted for the proposed state [Footnote 13] which, disregarding entirely the lines of Clark's survey, declared in general terms that its boundaries ran along the 103d meridian to the 32d parallel, along that parallel to the Rio Grande, as it existed on September 9, 1850, and with the main channel of the river, as it existed on that date, to the parallel of 31 degrees and 47 minutes. Thereupon, in

Page 275 U. S. 292

February, 1911, Congress, by a Joint Resolution, [Footnote 14] declared that any provision of this constitution that tended to annul or change the established boundary lines between the Territory and the State of Texas [Footnote 15] run by Clark in 1859 and 1860 "shall be of no force or effect," and be construed so as not to affect or alter the Clark lines in any way, and that the ratification of these lines by the United States and the State of Texas in 1891 "shall be held and deemed a conclusive location and settlement of said boundary lines," and the lines run and marked by monuments along the 103d meridian and the 32d parallel shall "remain the true boundaries of Texas and New Mexico." This Resolution further authorized the President, in conjunction with the State of Texas, to reestablish and remark the Clark boundary lines, and, for such purpose, to appoint a commissioner who, with a commissioner for the State of Texas, should remark the boundary between the Territory of New Mexico and Texas on the line run by Clark for the 103d meridian to the southeast

Page 275 U. S. 293

corner of New Mexico, and thence west with the 32d parallel as determined by him to the Rio Grande; the position of the boundary lines as marked by him to be determined by his old monuments and lines where found on the ground, or otherwise by their original position as shown by parol evidence or his topographical maps and field notes.

In August, 1911, Congress, in a Joint Resolution, [Footnote 16] declaring that New Mexico should be admitted as a state upon compliance with certain specified conditions, specifically provided that such admission "shall be subject to the terms and conditions of" the Joint Resolution of February, 1911. In January, 1912, New Mexico was admitted as a state. [Footnote 17]

Thereafter, the joint commissioners appointed to remark the Clark boundary lines -- commonly called the Scott-Cockrell Commission -- submitted to the President reports of their proceedings. In one of these, relating to Clark's Monument No. 1 on the 32d parallel, they stated that, on completing their field work in September, 1911, being unable after a second effort to locate this monument from any physical facts found upon the ground or oral testimony, they had determined the approximate scale of the topographical map accompanying Clark's report, and, measuring westward on the ground from his Monument No. 4, the distance to his Monument No. 1 indicated on the map, had reestablished his Monument No. 1 at the point thus ascertained, and erected there a concrete monument marked to show such reestablishment. In February, 1913, the President, by an Executive Order, [Footnote 18] approved the

Page 275 U. S. 294

reports of the commissioners, and confirmed and established their findings, conclusions and acts for the establishment and demarcation of the boundary lines between New Mexico and Texas.

The Clark Monument No. 1, as reestablished by the Scott-Cockrell Commission, is almost exactly 3,000 feet west of Station 1, and, if this is conclusive as to its original location, places the river bank in 1859 substantially in the position claimed by Texas. As to this, New Mexico contended that, in reestablishing the monument, the Commission had mistaken Clark's Monument No. 3 for his Monument No. 4, and consequently started the measurement from a point 3,000 feet too far to the west, and, further that, as the reestablishment was not made until after New Mexico had been admitted as a state, it was not bound thereby.

The master, in dealing with Clark's survey -- as to which there was much conflicting evidence -- and the reestablishment of Monument No. 1, found, as a matter of law, that New Mexico was bound by the Clark lines as reestablished by the Commission, and could not challenge the correctness of its acts, and that hence, in locating the boundary line extending southwardly from the 32d parallel through the valley, the starting point on the parallel could not be fixed east of the reestablished monument. And he further found that it was shown by the evidence, as a matter of fact, that the location of Clark's Monument No. 1 did not coincide with that of Station 1, but was at a point 2,783 feet west of that Station, 216.5 feet east of the point where the monument had been reestablished by the Commission, thereby showing that the river bank was at least 2,783 feet west of the location claimed by the witnesses for New Mexico; that the theory that the Commission had measured from Monument No. 3, instead of Monument No. 4, was without basis, and that the location of Monument No. 1, either as found by

Page 275 U. S. 295

him or as fixed by the Commission, was utterly inconsistent with the location of the river claimed by New Mexico.

4. In support of its contention as to the location of the river, Texas further relied upon various old surveys, patents, and maps, and the testimony of its engineers in regard thereto as showing the true course of the river southwardly through the valley from the point where it crossed the parallel. These documents consisted mainly of the so-called Salazar-Diaz Survey of the Rio Grande, made in 1852 by Diaz, a Mexican engineer, by order of Salazar, the Mexican member of the Joint Commission under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo; [Footnote 19] a survey made in 1860, and a resurvey made in 1886, by Texas surveyors, of a Mexican grant on which Texas reissued a patent in 1886; surveys made by Texas surveyors between 1848 and 1873, several of which were bounded on the west by the river bank, on which Texas issued patents between 1860 and 1874; maps of surveys made in 1852-1853 and 1855 under the direction of the American surveyor for the Joint Boundary Commission under the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo and the American member of the Joint Boundary Commission under the Gadsden Treaty, and agreed to by the joint Commissions, which showed the course of the river, and War Department maps of surveys made in 1854-1856 in the course of explorations for a railroad route to the Pacific Ocean, likewise showing the course of the river. And Texas also relied upon long acquiescence by the United States before the Territory of New Mexico had been admitted as a state.

The Salazar-Diaz Survey covered the course of the Rio Grande through all the area in dispute except in the extreme northern portion. The evidence of this Survey consisted of two copies of a document containing Diaz's memoranda and field notes. One was a copy of the

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original document in the archives of the International Boundary Commission under the Convention of 1889, [Footnote 20] which was authenticated by a certificate of the Mexican Commissioner. This was introduced in evidence by Texas, over the objection of New Mexico that the Commissioner had no authority to make such a certificate. [Footnote 21] A few days later, counsel for New Mexico stated that they would offer in evidence a copy of these memoranda and field notes properly certified by one of the departments of the Mexican government. They later furnished counsel for Texas a copy certified by a government officer in the City of Mexico. [Footnote 22] The copy so furnished was thereafter introduced by Texas, without objection, and engineers of both states were examined and cross-examined as to their work and calculations based on this copy, concerning the reproduction of the survey on the ground. Two years later, in 1918, on the day that the taking of testimony was closed by agreement, New Mexico moved to strike out both copies from the record on the ground that they were not so authenticated as to be admissible in evidence, and introduced evidence in support of this motion for the purpose of showing that there was not in fact any original of the document in the department in the City of Mexico, as they had believed when they furnished the copy to the counsel for Texas.

We agree with the view of the master that the objections to the two copies were not well taken. The first was

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admissible upon authentication by the Mexican Boundary Commissioner having proper custody of the original. See United States v. Wiggins, 14 Pet. 334, 39 U. S. 346, and United States v. Acosta, 1 How. 24, 42 U. S. 26. And, under all the circumstances, the motion to exclude the second copy came too late, apart from any question as to its proper authentication. See Benson v. United States, 146 U. S. 325, 146 U. S. 333.

There was much conflict in the evidence of the engineers for New Mexico and Texas as to the location of the river as shown by the Salazar-Diaz Survey, which was described in the field notes by traverse from triangulation points; also as to the location of the Texas patent on the Mexican grant and other Texas surveys and patents. New Mexico also challenged the authenticity of the Salazar-Diaz Survey.

5. The master found from the evidence: that the Salazar-Diaz Survey was authentic; that the course of the river as surveyed in 1852 had been reproduced by the engineers for Texas, by traverse from the triangulation points, with substantial correctness, and that even if the engineers for New Mexico were correct in certain contentions, the resultant reproduction would not place the river anywhere near the location claimed by New Mexico;

That the boundaries of the patent issued by Texas on the Mexican grant -- which extended nearly across the entire valley -- except possibly the river boundary, could be substantially identified on the ground, and by far the greater part of the land patented was west of the location of the river claimed by New Mexico;

That, although, according to New Mexico's contention as to the location of the river, a large part of the Texas surveys for lands lying between the 32d parallel and the Mexican grant claiming a frontage on the river would be located in the sand-hills east of the valley, they were in fact located in the valley;

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That, although some of the Texas surveys for lands lying south of the Mexican grant and extending to the end of the valley might, if exactly surveyed now, extend across the river and on the western bank, they claimed land lying at least in part, west of the location of the river for which New Mexico contended, and that the western line of the lands claimed in the surveys and patents fairly corresponded, with minor variations, to the line of the river shown by the Salazar-Diaz Survey; and

That the Salazar-Diaz Survey was corroborated by certain of the maps of the surveys made for the Joint Boundary Commissions and the War Department, and by a map accompanying Clark's survey of the 32d parallel, and that all these maps -- as well as certain other maps that had not been introduced in evidence, but of which he thought judicial notice might be taken -- sustained the contention of Texas as to the course of the Rio Grande in 1850, and were inconsistent with the contention of New Mexico.

He further found that, for many years prior to the admission of New Mexico as a state in 1912, surveys were made by Texas surveyors and patents issued by Texas on substantially all the land in the area in dispute; [Footnote 23] that the occupancy and physical possession of this land by Texas patentees and persons claiming under them had been admitted by counsel at the hearing before him; that there was no evidence that, from 1850 to 1911, the United States had issued any patents specifically covering lands east of the river as located by the Salazar-Diaz Survey, or conflicting with any of the patents issued by Texas; and

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that, for at least thirty years prior to the admission of the Territory of New Mexico as a state, the United States made no challenge of the claims to lands asserted by Texas and its citizens and, impliedly at least, recognized the practical line that had been established as the boundary between the territory and Texas.

The master concluded on all the evidence that the allegations in New Mexico's bill as to the location and course of the Rio Grande "as it existed in the year 1850" were not sustained, and that the river did not then flow on the eastern side of the valley, as claimed by New Mexico; that its location and course in 1850 was, in general, as alleged in the cross-bill of Texas, and, in particular, that, on the dates nearest to 1850 of which there was credible evidence, it followed the course set forth in his report and described by reference to Clark's Monument No. 1, two Texas surveys made in 1860, a Texas survey made in 1849, and the Salazar-Diaz Survey of 1852, substantially as reproduced by the engineers for Texas, and that, under the testimony, the average width of the river should be estimated as 300 feet, and the middle of the channel fixed at 150 feet from the line of its east bank as shown by the Texas surveys, and 150 feet from the line of its west bank as shown by the Salazar-Diaz Survey.

6. We need not determine whether any of the documents referred to by the master that had not been introduced in evidence were properly the subject of judicial notice. Be that as it may, since New Mexico had no opportunity to introduce evidence in explanation or rebuttal of them, we have not considered them in reaching our own conclusions.

7. Upon the whole case, we are satisfied that the master's finding as to the location of the river in 1850 is substantially correct, and fixes its course as accurately as is

Page 275 U. S. 300

possible after the lapse of more than three-quarters of a century. Without attempting to set out our reasons in detail, we conclude: that the testimony of the witnesses as to their recollection of the old river is far from satisfactory, and does not, in view of the other evidence in the case, sustain the burden of proof resting upon New Mexico; that the greater weight of the evidence shows that Clark's Monument No. 1 did not coincide with Station 1, but was located at least 2,783 feet west thereof, substantially as reestablished by the Scott-Cockrell Commission; that, under the Joint Resolution of February and August, 1911, preceding and conditioning the admission of New Mexico as a state, it is bound by the reestablishment of the monument by the Commission, and cannot question its accuracy; that this necessarily extends the Clark boundary line along the 32d parallel to the east bank of the river at a point 600 feet west of the reestablished monument; that, according to the greater weight of the evidence, the river, in 1850 or as near thereto as may now be determined, ran southwardly through the valley from the parallel, as shown by certain of the surveys, patents, and maps relied on by Texas -- especially the Salazar-Diaz Survey of 1852, the Texas surveys of 1849 and 1860, the maps of the surveys made in 1852-1855 for the Joint Boundary commissions, and the Clark map of 1859 -- on the course and in the location set forth and described in the master's report, and that this conclusion is reinforced by the tacit and long-continued acquiescence of the United States, while New Mexico was a Territory, in the claims of those holding the land in controversy under Texas surveys and patents, and the undisturbed possession of the Texas claimants. In short, we find that New Mexico has failed to sustain the burden of proof, and that the master's report is in accord with the greater weight of the evidence.

Page 275 U. S. 301

8. New Mexico's exceptions to so much of the report as deals with the location of the river in 1850 are accordingly overruled.

Accretions

Both states have filed exceptions to the master's report in reference to accretions. Texas, on the one hand, insists that he was in error in reporting as the boundary line the location occupied by the river after it had been moved eastward from its location in 1850 by accretions. New Mexico, on the other hand, insists conditionally -- that is, only if its exceptions as to the location in 1850 are not sustained -- that, in determining the accretions in the Country Club area, the master fixed the line of such accretions in an indefinite manner, and not far enough to the east. We find that the contention of Texas is well taken, and the conditional contention of New Mexico is therefore immaterial.

This case is not one calling for the application of the general rule established in Nebraska v. Iowa, 143 U. S. 359; Missouri v. Nebraska, 196 U. S. 23; Arkansas v. Tennessee, 246 U. S. 158, and Oklahoma v. Texas, 260 U. S. 606, as to changes in state boundary lines caused by gradual accretions on a river boundary.

We reach this conclusion without reference to the fact that there were no issues under the pleadings as to accretions or changes in the boundary line since 1850, and without considering the propriety of permitting amendments to the pleadings, since, in any event, the outcome must be the same.

By the legislative compact created by an Act of Congress of September 9, 1850, and an Act of the Texas legislature of November 25, 1850, the channel of the Rio Grande southwardly from its intersection with the 32d parallel was established as a boundary between Texas and the territory of the United States. By this same Act of Congress, the territory of New Mexico was created, and

Page 275 U. S. 302

by that Act, supplemented by an Act of 1854 following the Gadsden Treaty, the channel of the river between the 32d parallel and the parallel of 31 degrees 47 minutes became a boundary between the Territory of New Mexico and the State of Texas. [Footnote 24]

New Mexico, when admitted as a state in 1912, explicitly declared in its Constitution that its boundary ran

"along said thirty-second parallel to the Rio Grande . . . as it existed on the ninth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and fifty; thence, following the main channel of said river, as it existed on the ninth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and fifty, to the parallel of thirty-one degrees, forth-seven minutes north latitude."

This was confirmed by the United States by admitting New Mexico as a state with the line thus described as its boundary, and Texas has also affirmed the same by its pleadings in this cause. Since the Constitution defined its boundary by the channel of the river as existing in 1850, and Congress admitted it as a state with that boundary, New Mexico manifestly cannot now question this limitation of its boundary or assert a claim to any land lying east of the line thus limited. And it was doubtless for this reason that New Mexico alleged in its pleadings and has consistently asserted throughout this litigation that the true boundary is the channel of the river as it existed in 1850.

The exceptions of Texas to so much of the master's report as deals with the question of accretions and fixes the boundary with reference thereto are accordingly sustained, and the conditional exceptions of New Mexico to so much of the report as relates to accretions in the Country Club area, are overruled.

Conclusion

Our conclusion on the entire case is that the boundary line between New Mexico and Texas in the area in dispute

Page 275 U. S. 303

is the middle of the channel of the Rio Grande as it was located in 1850, extending southwardly from the parallel of 32 degrees north latitude to the parallel of 31 degrees 47 minutes, as found and described by the master in Section V(1) of his report; the intersection of the east bank of the river with the line of the 32d parallel to be taken at a point 600 feet west from the Clark Monument No. 1 as reestablished by the Scott-Cockrell Commission, and the middle line of the channel to be taken 150 feet from the east and west banks of the river, respectively, as found by the master.

It results that the bill of New Mexico must be dismissed, and that, under the cross-bill of Texas, the line above described must be decreed to be the boundary between the two states.

This boundary line should now be accurately surveyed and marked by a commissioner or commissioners to be appointed by the Court, whose report shall be subject to its approval.

The parties may submit within forty days the form of a decree to carry these conclusions into effect.

Bill dismissed and decree directed under cross-bill.

[Footnote 1]

Legislative compact of 1850 between the United States and the Texas, 9 Stat. 446, c. 49; 2 Sayles' Early Laws of Texas, p. 267; Pres.Proclamation, 9 Stat. 1005; Gadsden Treaty of 1853 with the Republic of Mexico, 10 Stat. 1031; Act of 1854 declaring the southern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico, 10 Stat. 575, c. 245; New Mexico Enabling Act of 1910, 36 Stat. 557, c. 310; Constitution of New Mexico, Art. 1; Joint Resolution of 1911 reaffirming the boundary line between Texas and the Territory of New Mexico, 36 Stat. 1454; Joint Resolution of 1911 admitting New Mexico as a state of the Union, 37 Stat. 39.

[Footnote 2]

264 U.S. 574.

[Footnote 3]

266 U.S. 586.

[Footnote 4]

Printed briefs aggregating 2,150 pages were submitted to him.

[Footnote 5]

Section V(1).

[Footnote 6]

Section VI.

[Footnote 7]

Section VII.

[Footnote 8]

The entire evidence covers about 3,500 pages of the record, supplemented by about 200 maps, photographs, and other documentary exhibits.

[Footnote 9]

This Commission was appointed under a Texas Act of 1854, 3 Gammel's Laws of the Texas, 1525, and an Act of Congress of 1858, 11 Stat. 310, c. 92, to run and mark the entire boundary line between Texas and the territories of the United States from the point where it left the Red River to its intersection with the Rio Grande. The Commissioners began at the Rio Grande, but soon separated, and the survey was continued by Clark, the United States commissioner. See generally Oklahoma v. Texas, 272 U. S. 21, 272 U. S. 26. His original report, with the accompanying field notes and maps, have long been lost; but a copy of portions thereof contained in Sen.Ex.Doc. No. 70, 47th, Cong., 1st Sess., in which the maps appear on a reduced scale, was introduced in evidence by stipulation.

[Footnote 10]

Legislative compact of 1850 between the United States and the State of Texas; Gadsden Treaty of 1853 with the Republic of Mexico, and the Act of 1854 declaring the southern boundary of the Territory of New Mexico, cited in note 1 supra.

[Footnote 11]

26 Stat. 948, 971, c. 542; 10 Gammel's Laws of the Texas, 195. See Oklahoma v. Texas, supra, 272 U. S. 31.

[Footnote 12]

36 Stat. 557, c. 310.

[Footnote 13]

House Doc. 1369, 61st Cong., 3d Sess. This Constitution was adopted by a constitutional convention in November, 1910, and ratified by the voters in January, 1911.

[Footnote 14]

No. 6. Reaffirming the boundary line between Texas and the Territory of New Mexico, 36 Stat. 1454.

[Footnote 15]

The Senate Judiciary Committee, in recommending the passage of this resolution, said:

"The contention of the constitutional convention of New Mexico . . . seems to be that the boundary line . . . from latitude 36.30� north to latitude 32� north is located west of the true one hundred and third meridian, . . . and that a strip of territory between the true . . . meridian and the line as now established and recognized by the United States and the State of Texas . . . of right belongs to New Mexico."

Sen.Rep't No. 940, 61st Cong., 3d Sess. And the President, in a message recommending its passage, said that the proposed constitution

"contains a clause purporting to fix the boundary line between New Mexico and Texas which may reasonably be construed to be different from the boundary lines heretofore legally run, marked, established, and ratified by the United States and the State of Texas, and under which claims might be set up and litigations instigated of an unnecessary and improper character."

House Doc. No. 1076, 61st Cong., 3d Sess.

[Footnote 16]

No. 8, 37 Stat. 39.

[Footnote 17]

President's Proclamation, 37 Stat. 1723.

[Footnote 18]

No. 1716, February 25, 1913. This order directed that a copy of the commissioners' reports, plat, and field notes should be deposited in the permanent archives of the General Land Office as a perpetual memorial of the existence and location of the boundary line.

[Footnote 19]

9 Stat. 922.

[Footnote 20]

26 Stat. 1512.

[Footnote 21]

This copy also contained a calculation of courses that had been made from the field notes, in 1911, by an engineer for the International Boundary Commission. This calculation, which the master found to be inadmissible, played no part in the evidence in the case.

[Footnote 22]

This did not contain the engineer's calculation of courses, but contained a copy of Diaz's diary. Otherwise, the memoranda and field notes were substantially the same as in the first copy.

[Footnote 23]

New Mexico specifically alleged in its bill that Texas had attempted to assume jurisdiction over land lying to the west of the channel of the river as it existed in 1850, and had made grants, conveyances, patents and surveys thereof.

[Footnote 24]

All these acts are cited in note 1 supra.