Public Utilities Comm'n v. Attleboro Steam Co., 273 U.S. 83 (1927)

U.S. Supreme Court

Public Utilities Comm'n v. Attleboro Steam Co., 273 U.S. 83 (1927) Public Utilities Commission of Rhode Island v.

Attleboro Steam & Electric Company

No. 217

Argued October 11, 12, 1926

Decided January 3, 1927

273 U.S. 83

CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF RHODE ISLAND

Syllabus

Where a company engaged in the generation and sale of electricity in one state enters into a time contract with another company in an adjacent state whereby current, to be paid for at an agreed rate, is delivered by the first to the second company at the state line and thence transmitted by the second company and sold to its customers in the second state, the transaction, and the transmission of the current, are interstate commerce, and the rate is not subject afterwards to regulation by the first state, though this be deemed necessary for the protection of the first company and its local consumers. Pennsylvania Gas Co. v. Public Service Commission, 252 U. S. 23, distinguished. P. 273 U. S. 86.

46 R.I. 496 affirmed.

Certiorari (269 U.S. 546) to a judgment of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island which, on appeal, disapproved an order of the Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission increasing the rate chargeable to the Attleboro Company by the Narragansett Electric Lighting Company, the moving party before the commission, and one of the petitioners here, for electricity furnished at the Rhode Island and Massachusetts line.

Page 273 U. S. 84

MR. JUSTICE SANFORD delivered the opinion of the Court.

This case involves the constitutional validity of an order of the Public Utilities Commission of Rhode Island putting into effect a schedule of prices applying to the sale of electric current in interstate commerce.

The Narragansett Electric Lighting Company is a Rhode Island corporation engaged in manufacturing electric current at its generating plant in the City of Providence and selling such current generally for light, heat, and power. The Attleboro Steam & Electric Company is a Massachusetts corporation engaged in supplying electric current for public and private use in the City of Attleboro and its vicinity in that state.

In 1917, these companies entered into a contract by which the Narragansett Company agreed to sell, and the Attleboro Company to buy, for a period of twenty years, all the electricity required by the Attleboro Company for its own use and for sale in the City of Attleboro and the adjacent territory at a specified basic rate, the current to be delivered by the Narragansett Company at the state line between Rhode Island and Massachusetts and carried over connecting transmission lines to the station of the Attleboro Company in Massachusetts, where it was to be metered. The Narragansett Company filed with the Public Utilities Commission of Rhode Island a schedule setting out the rate and general terms of the contract, and was authorized by the Commission to grant the

Page 273 U. S. 85

Attleboro Company the special rate therein shown, and the two companies then entered upon the performance of the contract. Current was thereafter supplied in accordance with its terms, and the generating plant of the Attleboro Company was dismantled.

In 1924, the Narragansett Company, having previously made an unsuccessful attempt to obtain an increase of the special rate to the Attleboro Company, [Footnote 1] filed with the Rhode Island Commission a new schedule purporting to cancel the original schedule and establish an increased rate for electric current supplied, in specified minimum quantities, to electric lighting companies for their own use or sale to their customers and delivered either in Rhode Island or at the state line.

The Attleboro Company was in fact the only customer of the Narragansett Company to which this new schedule would apply. [Footnote 2]

The Commission thereupon instituted an investigation as to the contract rate and the proposed rate. After a hearing at which both companies were represented, the Commission found that, owing principally to the increased cost of generating electricity, the Narragansett Company, in rendering service to the Attleboro Company, was suffering an operating loss, without any return on the investment devoted to such service, while the rates to

Page 273 U. S. 86

its other customers yielded a fair return; that the contract rate was unreasonable, and a continuance of service to the Attleboro Company under it would be detrimental to the general public welfare and prevent the Narragansett Company from performing its full duty to its other customers, [Footnote 3] and that the proposed rate was reasonable and would yield a fair return, and no more, for the service to the Attleboro Company. And the Commission thereupon made an order putting into effect the rate contained in the new schedule.

From this order the Attleboro Company prosecuted an appeal to the Supreme Court of Rhode Island, which, considering only one of the various objections urged, held, on the authority of Missouri v. Kansas Gas Co., 265 U. S. 298, that the order of the Commission imposed a direct burden on interstate commerce and was invalid because of conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution, and entered a decree reversing the order and directing that the rate investigation be dismissed. 46 R.I. 496.

It is conceded, rightly, that the sale of electric current by the Narragansett Company to the Attleboro Company is a transaction in interstate commerce, notwithstanding the fact that the current is delivered at the state line. The transmission of electric current from one state to another, like that of gas, is interstate commerce, Coal & Coke Co. v.Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 84 W.Va. 662, 669, and its essential character is not affected by a passing of custody and title at the state boundary not arresting the continuous transmission to the intended destination. People's Gas Co. v.Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 270 U. S. 550, 270 U. S. 554.

Page 273 U. S. 87

The petitioners contend, however, that the Rhode Island Commission cannot effectively exercise its power to regulate the rates for electricity furnished by the Narragansett Company to local consumers without also regulating the rates for the other service which it furnishes; that, if the Narragansett Company continues to furnish electricity to the Attleboro Company at a loss, this will tend to increase the burden on the local consumers and impair the ability of the Narragansett Company to give them good service at reasonable prices, and that therefore the order of the Commission prescribing a reasonable rate for the interstate service to the Attleboro Company should be sustained as being essentially a local regulation, necessary to the protection of matters of local interest and affecting interstate commerce only indirectly and incidentally. In support of this contention, they rely chiefly upon Pennsylvania Gas Co. v. Pub. Serv. Com., 252 U. S. 23, and the controlling question presented is whether the present case comes within the rule of the Pennsylvania Gas Co. case or that of the Kansas Gas Co. case upon which the Attleboro Company relies.

In the Pennsylvania Gas Co. case, the company transmitted natural gas by a main pipeline from the source of supply in Pennsylvania to a point of distribution in a city in New York, which it there subdivided and sold at retail to local consumers supplied from the main by pipes laid through the streets of the city. In holding that the New York Public Service Commission might regulate the rate charged to these consumers, the court said that, while a state may not "directly" regulate or burden interstate commerce, it may in some instances, until the subject matter is regulated by Congress, pass laws "indirectly" affecting such commerce when needed to protect or regulate matters of local interest; that the thing which the New York commission had undertaken to regulate, while part of an interstate transmission, was "local in its nature,"

Page 273 U. S. 88

pertaining to the furnishing of gas to local consumers, and the service rendered to them was "essentially local," being similar to that of a local plant furnishing gas to consumers in a city, and that such "local service" was not of the character which required general and uniform regulation of rates by congressional action, even if the local rates might "affect" the interstate business of the company.

In the Kansas Gas Co. case, the company, whose business was principally interstate, transported natural gas by continuous pipelines from wells in Oklahoma and Kansas into Missouri, and there sold and delivered it to distributing companies, which then sold and delivered it to local consumers. In holding that the rate which the company charged for the gas sold to the distributing companies, those at which these companies sold to the local consumers not being involved, was not subject to regulation by the Public Utilities Commission of Missouri, the Court said that while, in the absence of congressional action, a state may generally enact laws of internal police although they have an indirect effect upon interstate commerce, "the commerce clause of the Constitution, of its own force, restrains the states from imposing direct burdens upon interstate commerce," and a state enactment imposing such a "direct burden" must fall, being a direct restraint of that which, in the absence of federal regulation, should be free, Minnesota Rate Cases, 230 U. S. 352, 230 U. S. 396; that the sale and delivery to the distributing companies was

"an inseparable part of a transaction in interstate commerce, not local but essentially national in character, and enforcement of a selling price in such a transaction places a direct burden upon such commerce inconsistent with that freedom of interstate trade which it was the purpose of the commerce clause of secure and preserve;"

that, in the Pennsylvania Gas Co. case, the decision rested on the ground that the service

Page 273 U. S. 89

to the consumers for which the regulated charge was made was "essentially local," and the things done were after the business in its essentially national aspect had come to an end, the supplying of local consumers being "a local business" even though the gas be brought from another state, in which the local interest is paramount and the interference with interstate commerce, if any, indirect and of minor importance; but that, in the sale of gas in wholesale quantities not to consumers, but to distributing companies for resale to consumers, where the transportation, sale, and delivery constitutes an unbroken chain, fundamentally interstate from beginning to end, "the paramount interest is not local, but national, admitting of and requiring uniformity of regulation," which,

"even though it be the uniformity of governmental nonaction, may be highly necessary to preserve equality of opportunity and treatment among the various communities and states concerned."

It is clear that the present case is controlled by the Kansas Gas Co. case. The order of the Rhode Island Commission is not, as in the Pennsylvania Gas Co. case, a regulation of the rates charged to local consumers, having merely an incidental effect upon interstate commerce, but is a regulation of the rates charged by the Narragansett Company for the interstate service to the Attleboro Company, which places a direct burden upon interstate commerce. Being the imposition of a direct burden upon interstate commerce, from which the state is restrained by the force of the commerce clause, it must necessarily fall, regardless of its purpose. Shafer v. Farmers' Grain Co., 268 U. S. 189, 268 U. S. 199; Real Silk Mills v. Portland, 268 U. S. 325, 268 U. S. 336; Di Santo v. Pennsylvania, ante, p. 273 U. S. 34. It is immaterial that the Narragansett Company is a Rhode Island corporation subject to regulation by the Commission in its local business, or that Rhode Island is the state from which the electric current is transmitted

Page 273 U. S. 90

in interstate commerce, and not that in which it is received, as in the Kansas Gas Co. case. The forwarding state obviously has no more authority than the receiving state to place a direct burden upon interstate commerce. Pennsylvania v. West Virginia, 262 U. S. 553, 262 U. S. 596. Nor is it material that the general business of the Narragansett Company appears to be chiefly local, while, in the Kansas Gas Co. case, the company was principally engaged in interstate business. The test of the validity of a state regulation is not the character of the general business of the company, but whether the particular business which is regulated is essentially local or national in character, and if the regulation places a direct burden upon its interstate business, it is nonetheless beyond the power of the state because this may be the smaller part of its general business. Furthermore, if Rhode Island could place a direct burden upon the interstate business of the Narragansett Company because this would result in indirect benefit to the customers of the Narragansett Company in Rhode Island, Massachusetts could, by parity of reasoning, reduce the rates on such interstate business in order to benefit the customers of the Attleboro Company in that state, who would have, in the aggregate, an interest in the interstate rate correlative to that of the customers of the Narragansett Company in Rhode Island. Plainly, however, the paramount interest in the interstate business carried on between the two companies is not local to either state, but is essentially national in character. The rate is therefore not subject to regulation by either of the two states in the guise of protection to their respective local interests, but, if such regulation is required it can only be attained by the exercise of the power vested in Congress. See Covington Bridge Co. v. Kentucky, 154 U. S. 204, 154 U. S. 220; Hanley v. Kansas City S. Ry. Co., 187 U. S. 617, 187 U. S. 620.

The decree is accordingly

Affirmed.

[Footnote 1]

In 1921, the Commission had authorized the Narragansett Company to put into effect a schedule increasing the special rate to the Attleboro Company, but its enforcement had been enjoined on the ground of the lack of an essential finding by the Commission. Attleboro Steam & E. Co. v. Narragansett E. Light Co., 295 F. 895.

[Footnote 2]

No other electric lighting company supplied by the Narragansett Company required, either then or prospectively, the quantity of current necessary to make the proposed rate applicable. The Commission stated that the Attleboro Company was the only customer of the Narragansett Company affected by the proposed rate, and the brief for the petitioners states that the Attleboro Company was the only customer then falling within the schedule class.

[Footnote 3]

The evidence showed that, in 1923, the Narragansett Company had 71,554 customers, and that about one thirty-fifth of the current which it produced went to the Attleboro Company.