State of West Virginia ex rel. v. Reed, Judge
Annotate this CaseJANUARY 1999 TERM
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No. 25356
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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL.
THE STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Petitioner,
V.
HONORABLE JEFFREY B. REED,
JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WOOD COUNTY,
AND SAMUEL WILLIAM WHITE,
Respondents.
____________________________________________________________________
PETITION FOR WRIT OF PROHIBITION
WRIT GRANTED AS MOULDED
____________________________________________________________________
Submitted: January 12, 1999
Filed: January 29, 1999
Ginny
Conley
Joseph P. Albright, Jr.
Prosecuting Attorney for Wood County
Albright, Bradley, & Ellison
Parkersburg, West
Virginia
Parkersburg, West Virginia
Attorney for the Petitioner
Attorney for the Respondent,
Samuel William White
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1.
"A writ of prohibition will not issue to prevent a simple abuse of discretion by a
trial court. It will only issue where the trial court has no jurisdiction or having such
jurisdiction exceeds its legitimate powers." Syllabus Point 1, State ex rel.
United Hospital Center, Inc. v. Bedell, 199 W. Va. 316, 484 S.E.2d 199 (1997).
2.
"A variance in the pleading and the proof with regard to the time of the commission
of a crime does not constitute prejudicial error where time is not of the essence of the
crime charged." Syllabus Point 4, State v. Chaffin, 156 W. Va. 264, 192 S.E.2d 728 (1972) .
3.
"The variance between the indictment and the proof is considered material where the
variance misleads the defendant in presenting his defense to the charge and exposes him to
the danger of being put in jeopardy again for the same offense." Syllabus Point
7, State v. Fairchild, 171 W. Va. 137, 298 S.E.2d 110 (1982).
Per Curiam:
This petition for a writ of prohibitionSee footnote 1 1 was filed by Ginny Conley, Prosecuting
Attorney for Wood County, against the Honorable Judge Jeffrey B. Reed. In this case, the
prosecutor seeks to prohibit the dismissal of a criminal action by the Circuit Court of
Wood County. This Court issued a show cause order in which a response has been filed by
the defendant, Samuel William White (hereinafter referred to as Mr. White), in the
underlying criminal case. Upon a review of the parties' arguments and the record below, we
grant the writ of prohibition as moulded.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Mr. White was indicted on nine assorted counts of sexual assault.See footnote 2 2 The victim of the
crimes was the adolescent child of Mr. White. At issue in this appeal is a discrepancy as
to the time period during which the sexual assaults occurred. The indictment alleged that
Mr. White committed the crimes between July 1990 and September 1990. According to the
response filed by Mr. White, the trial court ordered the prosecutor to provide more
specific crime dates prior to trial. However, Mr. White was never provided with more
specific dates.
During the prosecutor's case-in-chief, no evidence
was presented which proved that Mr. White committed the charged offenses against his child
within the period of time from July 1990 to September 1990. Instead, the evidence
established that Mr. White committed sexual assault offenses against his child between
June 1991 and November 1991. As a result of the discrepancy in dates, Mr. White moved for
judgment of acquittal, which was granted by the trial court.See footnote 3 3 Thereafter, the prosecutor filed this
petition seeking to prohibit the dismissal of the criminal action.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
The standard of review applicable to a writ of prohibition was
stated in Syllabus point 1 of State ex rel. United Hospital Center, Inc. v. Bedell,
199 W. Va. 316, 484 S.E.2d 199 (1997), where we held that "[a] writ of
prohibition will not issue to prevent a simple abuse of discretion by a trial court. It
will only issue where the trial court has no jurisdiction or having such jurisdiction
exceeds its legitimate powers." Accord Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel. Kees v.
Sanders, 192 W. Va. 602, 453 S.E.2d 436 (1994); Syl. pt. 2, State ex rel.
Peacher v. Sencindiver, 160 W. Va. 314, 233 S.E.2d 425 (1977). This Court
elaborated on this standard of review in Syllabus point 4 of State ex rel. Hoover v.
Berger,
199 W. Va. 12, 483 S.E.2d 12 (1996), as follows:
In determining whether to entertain and
issue the writ of prohibition for cases not involving an absence of jurisdiction but only
where it is claimed that the lower tribunal exceeded its legitimate powers, this Court
will examine five factors: (1) whether the party seeking the writ has no other adequate
means, such as direct appeal, to obtain the desired relief; (2) whether the petitioner
will be damaged or prejudiced in a way that is not correctable on appeal; (3) whether the
lower tribunal's order is clearly erroneous as a matter of law; (4) whether the lower
tribunal's order is an oft repeated error or manifests persistent disregard for either
procedural or substantive law; and (5) whether the lower tribunal's order raises new and
important problems or issues of law of first impression. These factors are general
guidelines that serve as a useful starting point for determining whether a discretionary
writ of prohibition should issue. Although all five factors need not be satisfied, it is
clear that the third factor, the existence of clear error as a matter of law, should be
given substantial weight.
III.
DISCUSSION
In the instant proceeding the prosecutor concedes that the
evidence adduced at trial did not place the commission of the crimes within the time
period stated in the indictment. Notwithstanding such evidence, the prosecutor asserts
that time is not an element of the offense of sexual assault. Therefore, the date variance
was immaterial.See footnote 4 4
The controlling statute in this case is
W. Va. Code § 62-2-10 (1923) (Repl. Vol. 1997), which states in relevant part that
"[n]o indictment or other accusation shall be quashed or deemed invalid
. . . for omitting to state, or stating imperfectly, the time at which the
offense was committed, when time is not of the essence of the offense."See footnote 5 5 This provision of the
statute was discussed in State v. Pennington, 41 W. Va. 599, 23 S.E. 918
(1896). See footnote 6 6 The
defendant in Pennington was convicted of the crime of incest. One of the issues
raised in that case was that the indictment provision containing the date of the
commission of the crime was defective. The indictment charged the defendant with
committing the crime on the "13th day of August, July, 1894." This Court
declined to reverse the conviction in view of W. Va. Code § 62-2-10. Pennington
stated:
[W]here no statute of limitation bars [an
offense], you may wholly omit the date of the offense from the indictment, unless it be
one of the rare offenses where time enters into its essence; but, where there is a
limitation, you must state [the] date, so it appear the offense is not barred. Where
you do state the date, a variance between that date and the proof is immaterial, in any
case, at common-law, so you prove it to be at such a date as brings it within the period
of the statute, if any applies. Where, in any class of cases, whether a bar applies or
not, there is an attempt to state [the] date, but its statement is imperfect, it is
immaterial, unless the statement shows the offense barred. This is a case of imperfect
statement, and is cured by the statute.
Id., 41 W. Va. at 601, 23 S.E. at 919 (emphasis added) (citations omitted). Accord
State v. Lewis, 138 W. Va. 743, 746, 77 S.E.2d 606, 607 (1953).
This Court again construed W. Va. Code §
62-2-10 in State v. Chaffin, 156 W. Va. 264, 192 S.E.2d 728 (1972). The
defendant in Chaffin was indicted for committing armed robbery on December 27,
1970. At trial, the evidence showed that the crime was actually committed on December 28,
1970. This Court relied upon W. Va. Code § 62-2-10 to find that no prejudice
resulted from the variance in dates. In doing so, we held in Syllabus point 4 of Chaffin
that "[a] variance in the pleading and the proof with regard to the time of the
commission of a crime does not constitute prejudicial error where time is not of the
essence of the crime charged."See footnote 7 7 We found the variance not prejudicial because "[t]ime is not of the
essence of the crime of armed robbery." Id., 156 W. Va. at 268, 192 S.E.2d at 731. See also State v. Pierre, 693 A.2d 1137, 1141 (Me. 1997) ("Time
is not an element of unlawful sexual contact; thus, the State was under no obligation to
prove that the sexual contact occurred on the specific dates listed in the
indictment."); State v. Hensley, 462 S.E.2d 550, 557 (N.C. Ct. App. 1995)
("[Y]oung children cannot be expected to be exact regarding times and dates[;] a
child's uncertainty as to time or date upon which the offense charged was committed goes
to the weight rather than the admissibility of the evidence. Nonsuit may not be allowed on
the ground that the State's evidence fails to fix any definite time for the offense where
there is sufficient evidence that defendant committed each essential act of the
offense." (internal quotations and citations omitted)); State v. Long, 885 P.2d 696, 700 (Or. 1994) ("[T]he state was not required to prove that the offense was
committed on the date alleged in the indictment." (citation omitted)).
Mr. White contends that time is an essential
element of the offense of sexual assault in the first degree, insofar as the perpetrator
must be fourteen years old or older and the victim must be eleven years old or younger.See footnote 8 8 This argument has no
merit. The evidence at trial established Mr. White's date of birth as July 29, 1964. The
victim's date of birth was November 4, 1983. The trial evidence further indicated the
crime occurred when the victim was about seven years old. Therefore, to the extent time
was relevant for establishing the ages of both the victim and the perpetrator, it would
appear that the prosecutor in fact established the ages for that purpose.
Mr. White cites this Court's decision in State
v. Rector, 167 W. Va. 748, 280 S.E.2d 597 (1981), to support the trial court's
decision granting his motion for acquittal. In Rector, this Court disapproved of
the State's production of evidence showing that the defendant committed drug offenses in
June and July of 1978, where the indictment charged the defendant with committing the drug
offenses only in July of 1978. The defendant in the instant case concedes that the facts
of Rector are distinguishable from the case sub judice. The Rector Court was
concerned with the unrestricted manner in which the trial court admitted evidence of
collateral crimes and the impact of such evidence on the defendant's conviction for the
July 1978 offenses. In Rector, the defendant was not convicted of committing any
crimes in June of 1978.
In the instant proceeding, Mr. White further contends that he was prejudiced by the variance of dates because he could not adequately prepare a defense and that he was exposed to subsequent prosecution on an identically worded indictment. In Syllabus point 7 of State v. Fairchild, 171 W. Va. 137, 298 S.E.2d 110 (1982), we held that "[t]he variance between the indictment and the proof is considered material where the variance
misleads the defendant in presenting his defense to the charge and exposes
him to the danger of being put in jeopardy again for the same offense." Accord
State v. Crowder, 146 W. Va. 810, 836, 123 S.E.2d 42, 57 (1961). While Mr.
White argues that he was prejudiced by the time variance when preparing his defense, he
does not actually state how he was so prejudiced. Mr. White simply contends that:
"Changing [the] time period at trial, especially by as much as 17 months, greatly
prejudices any defendant in presenting his defense." This abstract argument is
meritless and insufficient as proof of prejudice.
On the issue of not being able to assert double
jeopardy, Mr. White contends that if convicted of the crimes on the dates proven at trial,
the prosecutor could file another indictment setting forth the exact same dates that were
contained in the original indictment. Mr. White cites no authority for such an argument.
In fact, our case law is clear. A conviction under an indictment charged, though the proof
was at variance regarding immaterial dates, precludes a subsequent indictment on the exact
same material facts contained in the original indictment. See generally State v.
Sears, 196 W. Va. 71, 468 S.E.2d 324 (1996).
IV.
CONCLUSION
In view of this Court's precedents, the trial court erred by
granting an acquittal on the sole basis of a variance between the dates contained in the
indictment and the dates proven at trial.
Writ granted as moulded.
Footnote: 1 1 This case was styled originally as a petition for a writ of prohibition and/or mandamus. However, the facts supporting the petition do not sustain a writ of mandamus petition. The conduct complained of concerns, in essence, a discretionary evidentiary ruling by the trial judge. "Mandamus is a proper proceeding by which to compel a public officer to perform a mandatory, nondiscretionary legal duty." Syllabus point 3, Delardas v. County Court of Monongalia County, 155 W. Va. 776, 186 S.E.2d 847 (1972). Accord State ex rel. Warner v. Jefferson County Comm'n, 198 W. Va. 667, 673, 482 S.E.2d 652, 658 (1996). We recently pointed out that "[m]andamus is a proper remedy to compel tribunals and officers exercising discretionary and judicial powers to act, when they refuse so to do, in violation of their duty, but it is never employed to prescribe in what manner they shall act, or to correct errors they have made." Nobles v. Duncil, ___ W. Va. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (No. 24748 July 8, 1998). In the matter sub judice, the prosecutor incorrectly seeks to employ mandamus to prescribe the discretionary manner in which the trial court should have ruled on an evidentiary matter.
Footnote: 2 2 The record in this case is sparse, and the exact nature of all the charges was not disclosed in the pleadings. Additionally, it appears that five of the charges were dismissed against Mr. White prior to trial.
Footnote: 3 3 The record does not contain a written order by the trial court, and a transcript of the proceedings has not been provided.
Footnote: 4 4 As support for her position the prosecutor cites State v. Miller, 195 W. Va. 656, 466 S.E.2d 507 (1995) (per curiam), wherein this Court stated that time was not an element of sexual assault. We have indicated repeatedly to the bar that per curiam opinions are not to be cited as authority to this Court. See Lieving v. Hadley, 188 W. Va. 197, 201 n.4, 423 S.E.2d 600, 604 n.4 (1992).
Footnote: 5 5 See also W. Va. Code § 61-11-14 (1923) (Repl. Vol. 1997), which
provides as follows:
A person acquitted of an
offense, on the ground of a variance between the allegations and the proof of the
indictment or other accusation . . . may be arraigned again upon a new
indictment or other proper accusation, and tried and convicted for the same offense,
notwithstanding such former acquittal.
This Court had previously found W. Va. Code § 61-11-14 unconstitutional in State ex rel. Dowdy v. Robinson, 154 W. Va. 263, 257 S.E.2d 167 (1979). However, Dowdy was subsequently overruled in State v. Adkins, 170 W. Va. 46, 289 S.E.2d 720 (1982), as being overly broad.
Footnote: 6 6 Prior to the reorganization of the Code in 1923, W. Va. Code § 62-2-10 appeared in Chapter 158, Section 10 of the Code of 1868. No substantive change was made to the statute when it was reorganized.
Footnote: 7 7 "Convictions generally have been sustained as long as the proof upon which they are based corresponds to an offense that was clearly set out in the indictment. A part of the indictment unnecessary to and independent of the allegations of the offense proved may normally be treated as 'a useless averment' that 'may be ignored.'" United States v. Miller, 471 U.S. 130, 136, 105 S. Ct. 1811, 1815, 85 L. Ed. 2d 99, 105 (1985) (quoting Ford v. United States, 273 U.S. 593, 602, 47 S. Ct. 531, 534, 71 L. Ed. 793, 798 (1927)).
Footnote: 8 8 Mr. White makes this argument only with respect to sexual assault in the first degree. The petition, without conciseness, indicates charges also included incest, attempted sexual assault in the first degree and sexual abuse by a custodian.
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