State of West Virginia v. Goff

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA

September 1998 Term

_____________

No. 25009
_____________

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA,
Plaintiff Below, Appellee,

v.

DANIEL WILLIAM GOFF,
Defendant Below, Appellant.
____________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jefferson County
Honorable Christopher C. Wilkes, Chief Judge
Criminal Action No. 96-F-70

AFFIRMED
____________________________________________________________________

Submitted: September 9, 1998
Filed: September 25, 1998

Darrell V. McGraw                    Vito Mussomeli
Attorney General                        Jefferson County Public Defender
Dawn E. Warfield                         Martinsburg, West Virginia
Deputy Attorney General                Attorney for Appellant    
Charleston, West Virginia                    
Attorneys for the State of West Virginia
                                
The Opinion was delivered PER CURIAM.

JUSTICES WORKMAN and MCCUSKEY concur and reserve the right to file concurring opinions.

JUSTICE STARCHER dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion.

SYLLABUS 

        1.    "In reviewing the findings of fact and conclusions of law of a circuit court concerning an order on a motion made under Rule 35 of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure, we apply a three-pronged standard of review. We review the decision on the Rule 35 motion under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying facts are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and interpretations of statutes and rules are subject to a de novo review." Syl. Pt. 1, State v. Head, 198 W.Va. 298, 480 S.E.2d 507 (1996).

        2.    "Inmates incarcerated in West Virginia state prisons have a right to rehabilitation established by W.Va. Code Secs. 62-13-1 and 62-13-4 [1997], and enforceable through the substantive due process mandate of article 3, section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution." Syl. Pt. 2, Cooper v. Gwinn, 171 W.Va. 245, 298 S.E.2d 781 (1981).

        3.    "A sentencing judge, in evaluating a defendant's potential for rehabilitation and in determining the defendant's sentence, may consider the defendant's false testimony observed during the trial." Syl. Pt. 2, State v. Finley, 177 W.Va. 554, 355 S.E.2d 47 (1987).

        4.    "Punishment may be constitutionally impermissible, although not cruel or unusual in its method, if it is so disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human dignity, thereby violating West Virginia Constitution, Article III, Section 5 that prohibits a penalty that is not proportionate to the character and degree of an offense." Syl. Pt. 5, State v. Cooper, 172 W.Va. 266, 304 S.E.2d 851 (1983).

        5.    "In determining whether a given sentence violates the proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, consideration is given to the nature of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment, a comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses within the same jurisdiction." Syl. Pt. 5, Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W.Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981).

Per Curiam:

        This criminal appeal was filed by the defendant, Daniel William Goff (hereinafter Goff), from an order of the Circuit Court of Jefferson County denying his motion for reconsideration of the court's sentencing order. Goff was sentenced to 15 to 35 years in the penitentiary after a jury conviction for sexual assault in the first degree. The motion for reconsideration of sentence requested the placement of Goff, as a youthful offender, at the Anthony Center. Upon a review of the parties' arguments and the record, we affirm the circuit court.
I.
FACTUAL BACKGROUND 
        On March 6, 1996, GoffSee footnote 1 1 met the victim in this case, A.A.,See footnote 2 2 while playing basketball at a junior high school in Jefferson County. After being told they had to leave the area, Goff and A.A. agreed to go to a nearby elementary school playground to continue playing basketball. Goff asked A.A. to ride with him in his car to the elementary school. A.A. refused. A.A. indicated that he would walk to the school. Goff drove his car to the school. He parked his car in the yard of a nearby residence. Goff and A.A. played basketball for a brief period. They then sat down on a bench to talk. No one other than Goff and A.A. were in the area at the time.

        After a brief conversation A.A. stated he was going home. Goff attempted to trip A.A. as he was leaving. A.A. did not fall. Goff then grabbed A.A. and dragged him to a grassy area near the basketball court. Goff forced A.A. to the ground and pulled down A.A.'s pants. A.A. pleaded with Goff to release him. Goff responded "shut up or else I will kill you." Goff took off a sock and placed it in A.A.'s mouth to silence him. Goff then began performing oral sex on A.A.See footnote 3 3 Goff released A.A., and the child ran. A.A. knocked on the door of several homes in the area and eventually found a couple at home. The couple contacted A.A.'s mother by phone, and subsequently drove him home.

        Shortly after A.A. was taken home, Trooper D.D. Forman arrived at A.A.'s home in response to a 911 call that a child had been sexually assaulted. Trooper Forman obtained a statement from A.A., which included Goff's first name, a description of him, as well as a description of his car. Trooper Forman investigated the crime scene and found the white sock that had been stuffed in A.A.'s mouth by Goff. Further investigation led Trooper Forman to Goff's home.See footnote 4 4 Goff voluntarily accompanied Trooper Forman to the state police detachment, and Goff gave Trooper Forman a statement admitting to the sexual assault of A.A.See footnote 5 5 Subsequently, Goff was indicted for committing the offense of sexual assault in the first degree.See footnote 6 6

        Goff's trial occurred on March 13, 1997. The State called two witnesses, A.A. and Trooper Forman. Goff testified. He was the only witness called by the defense. Goff denied having any type of sexual contact with A.A. Goff argued that his confession to Trooper Forman was false and was a product of law enforcement intimidation. The jury returned a verdict finding Goff guilty of sexual assault in the first degree.

        Goff was sentenced on May 5, 1997. At the sentencing hearing, Goff chose to exercise his right of allocution. Goff spoke at length denying he was guilty of any offense against A.A. In sentencing Goff to 15 to 35 years of imprisonment, the trial court stated:
        I'm rejecting any motion of probation. I'm further rejecting any other matters concerning a lesser sentence or referral to the youthful offenders facility.... You, sir, will not admit the crime you have been convicted of. Therefore there is no rehabilitation.
        On August 4, 1997, Goff filed a motion for reconsideration of the sentence.See footnote 7 7 The motion requested the trial court suspend the sentence of imprisonment and commit Goff to the Anthony Center for youth offenders.See footnote 8 8 Goff "fully admit[ted] to his offense unlike his appearance at his Sentencing Hearing where he continued to deny his involvement and protest the evidence." An evidentiary hearing was held on November 19, 1997. Goff proffered the testimony of Dr. Allan Scott Muller, a clinical psychologist. Dr. Muller opined that confinement and treatment at the Anthony Center was appropriate.See footnote 9 9 By order filed December 2, 1997, the circuit court denied the motion for reconsideration. The following reasons were given by the court in denying the motion:
        1. The defendant is in need of correctional treatment that can be provided most effectively by his commitment to a correctional institution.

        2. The record in this matter establishes that there is a substantial risk that the defendant would commit another crime during any period of probation or conditional discharge.

        3. Release, reduction, probation, or conditional discharge or suspension in placing the defendant at the Anthony Center would unduly depreciate the seriousness of the defendant's crime.

        4. The Court looking at the age of the victim and the defendant's refusal to admit his crime and show remorse during the trial, at sentencing, and only reversing his posture for purposes of the hearing for reconsideration leads the Court to believe that the original sentence imposed is appropriate.
        Goff appeals the order denying his motion for reconsideration. In this appeal Goff alleges the following: (1) the circuit court's findings of fact were clearly erroneous, (2) the circuit abused its discretion in denying the motion, and (3) the sentence imposed was constitutionally impermissible.

II.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

        Goff's motion for reconsideration was made pursuant to Rule 35(b) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure.See footnote 10 10 This Court set out the standard of review for a trial court's decision on a Rule 35 motion in syllabus point 1 of State v. Head, 198 W.Va. 298, 480 S.E.2d 507 (1996):
            In reviewing the findings of fact and conclusions of law of a circuit court concerning an order on a motion made under Rule 35 of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure, we apply a three-pronged standard of review. We review the decision on the Rule 35 motion under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying facts are reviewed under a clearly

erroneous standard; and questions of law and interpretations of statutes and rules are subject to a de novo review.
        As a general matter, a Rule 35 motion is not reviewable by this Court absent an abuse of discretion. Head, 198 W.Va. at 301, 480 S.E.2d at 510. We crystallized this principle in syllabus point 4 of State v. Goodnight, 169 W.Va. 366, 287 S.E.2d 504 (1982), wherein we held "[s]entences imposed by the trial court, if within statutory limits and if not based on some [im]permissible factor, are not subject to appellate review." See Syl. pt. 12, State v. Broughton, 196 W.Va. 281, 470 S.E.2d 413 (1996); Syl. pt. 9, State v. Hays, 185 W.Va. 664, 408 S.E.2d 614 (1991).

III.
DISCUSSION
A. The Circuit Court's Findings of Fact
        The circuit court's order set out four specific findings, each of which Goff challenges. First, the circuit court determined that Goff needed correctional treatment most effectively provided by his commitment to a correctional institution. Goff argues that his placement at the Anthony Center is appropriate as he will not receive rehabilitative treatment while incarcerated in prison. Also, Goff asserts that upon release he will be "more prone to violence than he presently is" if he remains in the prison system. The State takes the position that rehabilitative services are provided by the prison system to all inmates. This Court noted in syllabus point 2 of Cooper v. Gwinn, 171 W.Va. 245, 298 S.E.2d 781 (1981), that

"[i]nmates incarcerated in West Virginia State prisons have a right to rehabilitation established by W.Va. Code Secs. 62-13-1 and 62-13-4 [1997], and enforceable through the substantive due process mandate of article 3, section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution." Goff's argument is flawed. No evidence was presented to the trial court, (nor proffered to this Court), to demonstrate that rehabilitative services are not being provided to prison inmates. The State correctly argues that Goff failed to show that the Anthony Center offers some unique sexual oriented rehabilitative service not being offered by the prison system.See footnote 11 11 In fact, during the hearing on the reconsideration motion, Dr. Muller was unable to inform the court of any unique services that the Anthony Center would provide to Goff:
    Q. I wanted to ask the doctor if he's aware of what services Anthony provides?

    A. As far as I know that they do provide counseling, social skills, there's vocational training as well. All of these training and treatments play into what is needed for somebody who suffers---

    Q. Have you talked with the Anthony Center specifically about what they might have that would be appropriate?

    A. No, I have not.

        The second finding made by the circuit court was that the record in the case

established that there is a substantial risk that Goff would commit another crime during any period of probation or conditional discharge. Goff asserts there was no evidence suggesting he would commit another crime. However, Dr. Muller testified, in response to questioning by the circuit court, that if Goff "doesn't learn any other ways of dealing with what's going on inside of him and his unstable personality ... I think its [sic] just as likely that he will act out again." Dr. Muller's report characterized Goff as "impulsive, unpredictable and nonconformist." Dr. Muller wrote that "[a]lthough [Goff] does not appear to be a fixated pedophile, he does have the obsessive fantasy and masturbation cycle which is often characteristic of the disorder." Dr. Muller opined when Goff is released from confinement, Goff should not be allowed unsupervised contact with children of any age or be in a position of authority over or have responsibility for children of any age.

        The third finding made by the circuit court was that placing Goff at the Anthony Center would unduly depreciate the seriousness of Goff's crime. Goff's brief argues that this finding is erroneous because "[t]he facts of this case do not bear out overly tragic circumstances. This was one lick on an 11 year old boy's penis." The State counters that the "[d]efense completely ignores the fact that an eleven-year-old boy was forcefully subjected to an emotionally disturbing homosexual act." There can be little debate that sexual assault of a minor is profoundly tragic. "Children are the most vulnerable of victims,

suffering traumatic and frequently life-long physical and emotional damage."See footnote 12 12 Commentators have suggested that an alarmingly large number of male children are victims of sexual assault. However, because of under-reporting, a true picture of this class of victims is not known.See footnote 13 13 Researchers have found that it is a "common clinical experience for boys to feel that because they responded [to the sexual assault], it must mean that whoever victimized them knew they would react and had therefore picked them out because of some 'sign' of homosexuality."See footnote 14 14 Moreover, "[s]exually abused boys experience sexual identity confusion and fears about homosexuality ..., as well as fears that they may become child sexual abusers themselves."See footnote 15 15

        The fourth finding made by the circuit court was that the original sentence imposed was appropriate in view of the age of the victim, and Goff's refusal to admit his crime and show remorse during the trial and at sentencing. The order further observed that Goff again admitted his crime for the sole purpose of the reconsideration hearing. Goff challenges this finding with an argument that the trial court penalized him for refusing to give up his right against self-incrimination during the trial. Goff contends that this finding presents a due process violation under Bordenkircher v. Hayes, 434 U.S. 357, 363, 98 S. Ct. 663, 668, 54 L. Ed. 2d 604 (1978). Bordenkircher held that "[t]o punish a person because he has done what the law plainly allows him to do is a due process violation of the most basic sort[.]" The State correctly points out that the sound principle announced in Bordenkircher is inapplicable to this case. Bordenkircher was concerned with prosecutorial misconduct by threatening a defendant with reindictment on a more serious charge should the defendant not plead guilty to the charge presented. Moreover, in syllabus point 2 of State v. Finley, 177 W.Va. 554, 355 S.E.2d 47 (1987), Justice McHugh clearly announced that "[a] sentencing judge, in evaluating a defendant's potential for rehabilitation and in determining the defendant's sentence, may consider the defendant's false testimony observed during the trial." In United States v. Grayson, 438 U.S. 41, 54, 98 S. Ct. 2610, 2617, 57 L. Ed. 2d 582 (1978), the court held that "[t]here is no protected right to commit perjury." Grayson also indicated that "[a] defendant's truthfulness or mendacity while testifying on his own behalf, almost without exception, has been deemed probative of his attitudes toward society and prospects for rehabilitation and hence relevant to sentencing." Id., 438 U.S. at 50, 57 S. Ct. at 2616.

        Goff confessed to Trooper Forman that he sexually assaulted A.A. Goff then recanted his confession. Then, while under oath, Goff told the jury and court that he did not sexually assault A.A. During sentencing Goff again denied sexually assaulting A.A. Only after sentencing did Goff once again admit to sexually assaulting A.A. Goff now asks this Court to find erroneous the trial court's consideration of his pattern of deception and lies during the hearing for reconsideration of sentencing. We find no merit in Goff's first assignment of error.See footnote 16 16

B. The Sentence Imposed 
        Goff's final argument is that the sentence imposed was constitutionally impermissible. This Court held in syllabus point 8 of State v. Vance, 164 W.Va. 216, 262 S.E.2d 423 (1980), that "Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, which contains the cruel and unusual punishment counterpart to the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution, has an express statement of the proportionality principle: 'Penalties shall be proportioned to the character and degree of the offence.'" In syllabus point 5 of State v. Cooper, 172 W.Va. 266, 304 S.E.2d 851 (1983), we indicated that

        [p]unishment may be constitutionally impermissible, although not cruel or unusual in its method, if it is so disproportionate to the crime for which it is inflicted that it shocks the conscience and offends fundamental notions of human dignity, thereby violating West Virginia Constitution, Article III, Section 5 that prohibits a penalty that is not proportionate to the character and degree of an offense.

        Two tests are applied to determine whether a sentence is so disproportionate to a crime that it violates the State Constitution. Under the first test this Court must determine whether the sentence for the particular crime shocks the conscience of the Court and society. If a sentence is so offensive that it is found to shock the conscience, the inquiry need not further proceed. Such a sentence must be vacated. See Cooper, 172 W.Va. at 272, 304 S.E.2d at 857. However, when it cannot be said that a sentence shocks the conscience, the second test is triggered. The second test was established in syllabus point 5 of Wanstreet v. Bordenkircher, 166 W.Va. 523, 276 S.E.2d 205 (1981):
            In determining whether a given sentence violates the proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution, consideration is given to the nature of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment, a comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses within the same jurisdiction.
        Goff contends that his sentence shocks the conscience. Among the allegations Goff offers to support his position, is that he and A.A. "had a chance meeting on a basketball court which resulted in the [defendant] pushing the victim on the ground and licking his penis once[.]" Goff noted that no weapon was used and no physical injury resulted.See footnote 17 17 Ultimately, Goff's rendition of the surrounding circumstances of his offense omits the fact that the psychological injuries sustained by A.A. are quite severe. Without hesitation, this Court concludes that the act of using a child to gratify one's perverse sexual appetite "shocks the conscience." Therefore, we conclude that the trial court's sentence for such a crime does not shock the conscience.

        The second part of our analysis requires this Court to consider the nature of the offense, the legislative purpose behind the punishment, a comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, and a comparison with other offenses within our same jurisdiction. As to the nature of the offense, Goff argues that it "is serious and emotionally violent, though not physically violent." The State counters, correctly so, that this offense involved physical force on the part of Goff against a child of tender years. "This compounded by the fact that it involved a homosexual act." As to the legislative purpose, Goff contends that while the legislature intended to be tough on sexual offenders, a door for probation was left open, as well as treatment under the youth offender statute. The point missing in Goff's argument is that lesser punishment for sexual assault is not to be indiscriminately awarded. A defendant receiving probation or Anthony Center treatment for sexual assault in the first degree must, at a minimum, display honest remorse.

        With respect to a comparison of the punishment with what would be inflicted in other jurisdictions, Goff has cited law from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. We are not persuaded by Goff's arguments. Goff concedes that all three jurisdictions have sexual offense statutes that distinguish sexual conduct, for punishment purposes, differently than West Virginia. All three jurisdictions provide optional statutes that have lesser charges and punishments. The State points to Nevada, Georgia, Utah and Washington as representative of jurisdictions with tough penalties for sexual assault like West Virginia. In the final analysis, the State is correct in noting that jurisdictions vary widely in their classification and punishment for the type of assault occurring in the instant case. West Virginia is not alone in the severity of its punishment. The final consideration requires comparison of the challenged sentence with the punishment for other offenses within the State. Goff, unconvincingly, has attempted to compare his punishment with the punishment for first degree murder. Goff notes that if a jury convicts a defendant for first degree murder with mercy, such a defendant is eligible for parole in 15 years. Nevertheless, Goff's punishment does not make him eligible for parole until after 15 years. The State points out that eligibility for parole and obtaining parole are different. That is, the murderer may not be released from prison. In contrast, Goff's sentence automatically terminates after 35 years.

As such, we find that the sentence in this case does not violate the proportionality principle found in Article III, Section 5 of the State Constitution.

IV.
CONCLUSION
        In view of the foregoing, we affirm the circuit court's sentencing order of 15 to 35 years in the penitentiary.

                                        Affirmed.

Footnote: 1     1 At the time of the incident Goff was 18 years old.

Footnote: 2     2 Consistent with our prior practice, we identify the infant by initials due to the sensitive nature of this case. See In re Jonathon P., 182 W.Va. 302, 303 n.1, 387 S.E.2d 537, 538 n.1 (1989). At the time of the incident A.A. was 11 years old.

Footnote: 3     3 A.A. testified: "He put his tongue on my penis and I felt his teeth touching.... He licked it twice. I kept begging him to let me go.... He licked it again and let me go."

Footnote: 4     4 The owner of the residence near the elementary school, where Goff had earlier parked his car, contacted the police complaining about the vehicle parked at the residence. The resident gave police the license plate number and description of the car. The police matched the description of the car given by the resident with A.A.'s description of the car driven by Goff. Using the license plate number, the police were able to obtain Goff's address.

Footnote: 5     5 Goff was informed of his Miranda rights, which he waived, prior to being questioned.

Footnote: 6     6 The statute Goff was indicted under was W.Va. Code § 61-8B-3 (1991), which reads:
        (a) A person is guilty of sexual assault in the first degree when:
        (1) Such person engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person and, in so doing:
        (i) Inflicts serious bodily injury upon anyone; or
        (ii) Employs a deadly weapon in the commission of the act; or
        (2) Such person, being fourteen years old or more, engages in sexual intercourse or sexual intrusion with another person who is eleven years old or less.
        (b) Any person who violates the provisions of this section shall be guilty of a felony, and, upon conviction thereof, shall be imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than fifteen nor more than thirty-five years, or fined not less than one thousand dollars nor more than ten thousand dollars and imprisoned in the penitentiary not less than fifteen nor more than thirty-five years.
(Italics added).

Footnote: 7     7 Goff also filed a petition for appeal of his conviction. His petition was denied by this Court on November 14, 1997.

Footnote: 8     8 The youth offender treatment sought by Goff is governed by W.Va. Code § 25-4-6 (1975), which provides:
        The judge of any court with original criminal jurisdiction may suspend the imposition of sentence of any male youth convicted of or pleading guilty to a criminal offense, other than an offense punishable by life imprisonment, who has attained his sixteenth birthday but has not reached his twenty-first birthday at the time of the commission of the crime, and commit him to the custody of the West Virginia commissioner of public institutions to be assigned to a center. The period of confinement in the center shall be for a period of six months, or longer if it is deemed advisable by the center superintendent, but in any event such period of confinement shall not exceed two years. If, in the opinion of the superintendent, such male offender proves to be an unfit person

to remain in such a center, he shall be returned to the court which committed him to be dealt with further according to law. In such event, the court may place him on probation or sentence him for the crime for which he has been convicted. In his discretion, the judge may allow the defendant credit on his sentence for time he has spent in the center.
        When, in the opinion of the superintendent, any boy has satisfactorily completed the center training program, such male offender shall be returned to the jurisdiction of the court which originally committed him. He shall be eligible for probation for the offense with which he is charged, and the judge of the court shall immediately place him on probation. In the event his probation is subsequently revoked by the judge, he shall be given the sentence he would have originally received had he not been committed to the center and subsequently placed on probation. The court shall, however, give the defendant credit on his sentence for the time he spent in the center.
        Any male youth between the ages of ten and eighteen committed by the judge of any court of competent jurisdiction for any of the causes, and in the manner prescribed in article five, chapter forty-nine of this code, may, if such youth is or has attained the age of sixteen, be placed in a center or transferred from the industrial school or like facility to a center and back to such facility by the commissioner of public institutions, if he deems it proper for the youth's detention and rehabilitation.
(Italics added)

Footnote: 9     9 Dr. Muller generated a report based, in part, upon two interviews with Goff. The report was introduced into evidence at the reconsideration hearing. In the report Dr. Muller indicated the following:
    I endorse the Anthony Center for youthful offenders as an appropriate placement for Mr. Goff, with the understanding that while at the program and/or upon release, he be ordered to seek treatment services from an appropriately credentialed provider. Hopefully, this would occur as a condition of probation/parole.
    Additionally, in order to protect the community and family members, it is

recommended that when released from confinement:
    1) Mr. Goff should refrain from all behaviors with his family and in the community which could be interpreted as or could lead to molestation. These include but are not limited to, wrestling, tickling, holding on his lap, bathing, dressing, putting to bed, attending to bathroom or hygiene functions, or taking photographs of children or adolescents.
    2) Mr. Goff should not be allowed unsupervised contact with children of any age, of either gender or sexual orientation. Supervision should consist of eye contact whenever he is in physical proximity to a child or adolescent. The supervisor should be an adult.
    3) Mr. Goff should not be in a position of authority over or have responsibility for children of any age or either gender. This includes, but is not limited to, work, recreational, or social settings.

Footnote: 10     10 Rule 35(b) provides:
        (b) Reduction of Sentence--A motion to reduce a sentence may be made, or the court may reduce a sentence without motion within 120 days after the sentence is imposed or probation is revoked, or within 120 days after the entry of a mandate by the supreme court of appeals upon affirmance of a judgment of a conviction or probation revocation or the entry of an order by the supreme court of appeals dismissing or rejecting a petition for appeal of a judgment of a conviction or probation revocation. The court shall determine the motion within a reasonable time. Changing a sentence from a sentence of incarceration to a grant of probation shall constitute a permissible reduction of sentence under this subdivision.

Footnote: 11     11 The most troubling fact noted by the State is that: "The Anthony Center's population consists of boys as young as sixteen years of age. This becomes significant when considering that Dr. Muller reported that [Goff] possessed characteristics of a pedophile. Dr. Muller also reported that [Goff] is subject to '[s]elf-defeating asocial actions ... which can include sexual and homosexual assault.'"

Footnote: 12     12 William Winslade, T. Howard Stone, Michele Smith-Bell & Denise M. Webb, "Castrating Pedophiles Convicted of Sex Offenses Against Children: New Treatment or Old Punishment?" 51 SMU L. Rev. 349, 351 (1998).

Footnote: 13     13 Id., at 358.

Footnote: 14     14 Bill Watkins & Arnon Bentovim, The Sexual Abuse of Male Children and Adolescents: A Review of Current Research, 33 J. Child Psychol. & Psychiatry 197, 202 (1992).

Footnote: 15     15 Winslade, Stone, Smith-Bell & Webb, supra note 12, at 355 n.20. The authors observed that "[s]ome differences between sexually abused boys and girls have been noted, the most apparent being that girls tend to exhibit sexually reactive behavior that may place them at further risk of sexual abuse, while boys have a greater tendency towards sexual aggression and engaging in coercive sexual behavior with other children[.]" Id.

Footnote: 16     16 Goff's second assignment of error is equally without merit. It essentially repeats previous contentions and argues that the circuit court failed to consider the rehabilitation goal of the criminal justice system. The initial finding by the trial court clearly recognized the goal of rehabilitation. The trial court's first finding stated without ambiguity that "[t]he defendant is in need of correctional treatment that can be provided most effectively by his commitment to a correctional institution."

Footnote: 17     17 Additionally, Goff argued that he had no prior criminal record. He believes he is a good candidate for rehabilitation. He now has empathy for the victim. Goff also argues that the presentence report recommended that he be committed to the Anthony Center. Finally, Goff argues that if he had been five weeks younger, the matter would have been governed by the juvenile laws.