Spear v. Spear
Annotate this CaseJanuary 1998 Term
___________
No. 24754
___________
BOBBIE J. SPEAR,
Plaintiff below, Appellant,
v.
MARK C. SPEAR,
Defendant below, Appellee.
________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Preston County
Hon. Neil A. Reed, Judge
Case No. 96-D-131
REVERSED AND REMANDED
________________________________________________________
Submitted: May 6, 1998
Filed: July 14, 1998
Wesley W. Metheney,
Esq. David
J. Straface, Esq.
Wilson, Frame, Benninger &
Metheney Angotti
& Straface
Morgantown, West
Virginia Morgantown,
West Virginia
Attorney for
Appellant Attorney
for Appellee
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
JUSTICE WORKMAN concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "In
reviewing challenges to findings made by a family law master that also were adopted by a
circuit court, a three-pronged standard of review is applied. Under these circumstances, a
final equitable distribution order is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the
underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions
of law and statutory interpretations are subject to a de novo review."
Syllabus Point 1, Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995).
2. "With
reference to the custody of very young children, the law presumes that it is in the best
interests of such children to be placed in the custody of their primary caretaker, if he
or she is fit." Syllabus Point 2, Garska v. McCoy, 167 W.Va. 59, 278 S.E.2d 357 (1981).
3. "The
primary caretaker is that natural or adoptive parent who, until the initiation of divorce
proceedings, has been primarily responsible for the caring and nurturing of the
child." Syllabus Point 3, Garska v. McCoy, 167 W.Va. 59, 278 S.E.2d 357
(1981).
4. "In
establishing which natural or adoptive parent is the primary caretaker, the trial court
shall determine which parent has taken primary responsibility for the caring and nurturing
duties of a parent." Syllabus Point 4, Garska v. McCoy, 167 W.Va. 59, 278 S.E.2d 357 (1981).
Per Curiam:See footnote 1 1
This is an appeal by Bobbi J. Spear,
("the appellant"), from an August 28, 1997 order of the Circuit Court of Preston
County that awarded custody of the parties' children to the father, Mark C. Spear
("the appellee"). Appellant argues that the circuit court erred in adopting the
recommendations of the family law master. We reverse the circuit court's order and remand
for the entry of an order awarding custody of the children to the appellant.
I.
The parties were married on July 9, 1988.
They separated on or about May 22, 1996, and the appellant filed for a divorce in Preston
County thereafter. The parties had two children, both girls, ages 2 and 6 years.
Hearings were held before the family law
master on April 28, 1997 and May 6, 1997. It was established that the appellant worked out
of the parties' residence 5 days a week for West Virginia University Hospital, and that
the appellee, a funeral director, worked at the couple's residence, located within a
funeral home.
The appellant testified that she was the
children's primary caretaker. She testified that on weekday mornings, the parties would
equally divide the responsibility of getting the children ready for the day. She stated
that she was primarily responsible for shopping and planning the meals. Appellant stated
that while the appellee occasionally assisted the appellant in grooming, bathing and
clothing the children, she was primarily responsible for these duties.
Sandra M. Byrne, appellant's sister, also
testified on behalf of the appellant. Ms. Byrne testified that she stayed at the parties'
residence approximately twice a month during weekend visits, and that when she was there,
the appellant performed the duties of the primary caretaker for the two children. Ms.
Byrne testified that the appellant fed the children, prepared their baths, dressed the
children, laundered their clothes, was primarily in charge of discipline and performed
housekeeping functions. Ms. Bryne further testified that the appellee would often be
absent from the home on the weekends, to pursue his hobbies of hunting or volunteering at
the local fire department.
The appellee testified that he was the
primary caretaker of the children. He testified that the parties shared the
responsibilities of child care when the appellant was home from work, but that during the
day, other people would take charge of the children. The appellee stated that he, his
father, his step-grandmother or a funeral home employee was responsible for the children
during the work day. The appellee admitted, however, that he had purchased a second
funeral home, and that for 6 months prior to the parties' separation, the parties had
hired a babysitter for the children. Additionally, the appellee admitted that he often
left the marital residence at irregular hours, because he was the only paramedic for the
local volunteer fire department.
Carl R. Spear, appellee's
father, testified that the appellee was the primary caretaker. However, the elder Mr.
Spear stated that the children's paternal step-great- grandmother was primarily
responsible for caring for the children during the working day. Mr. Spear said that he
believed that the appellee performed most of the caretaking functions for the children.
Testimony for the appellee was also
offered by the appellee's step-great- grandmother, Edith Spear. Ms. Spear testified that
she lived close to the funeral home. She admitted to taking care of the children during
the work day when the appellee was unable to do so. She could not recall how many times
she had observed the appellee bathe the children. Ms. Spear also had no knowledge
concerning who prepared food for the children.
Shelly Mitchell, a family friend, also
testified on behalf of the appellee. Ms. Mitchell testified that she visited the parties'
residence approximately once a month and stated that she believed that the appellee did
the majority of the caretaking of the children. Ms. Mitchell testified that the appellee
drove the children to activities and helped them at the beach.
Cindy Wilson, an employee of the
appellee's funeral home, also testified on behalf of the appellee. Ms. Wilson testified
that while the appellant was at work either the appellee or his step-great-grandmother
would care for the children.
Finally, Linda Cuppett, a child day
care worker, testified on behalf of the appellee. Ms. Cuppett testified that the appellant
had brought the parties' older child to day care on 160 occasions and that the appellee
had brought her 188 times.
After hearing all of the testimony, the
family law master found the appellee to be the primary caretaker of the children and
awarded custody of the children to the appellee with liberal visitation to the appellant.
The appellant filed a petition for review
with the circuit court and both parties submitted briefs supporting their positions. After
reviewing the recommended order of the family law master and the briefs submitted by the
parties, the circuit court by an opinion letter dated August 28, 1997 affirmed the
findings of fact and recommended order of the law master.
The appellant then filed a motion for
stay, requesting that the court allow the children to remain with her while she appealed.
Additionally, the appellant filed a motion for temporary stay of the execution of the
final decree pending argument on her motion to stay. The circuit court granted the motion
for a temporary stay. Oral argument was held on September 2, 1997. The circuit court
denied the appellant's effort to reverse the court's adoption of the law master's
recommended decision, and the court also denied appellant's motion to stay the instant
order. The appellant was ordered to transfer the children to the appellee.
The appellant forthwith
filed a motion for stay in this Court pending appeal to this Court. We granted the
appellant's motion for a stay pending appeal on October 2, 1997, and an appeal petition
was timely filed by the appellant.
II.
The standard of review for challenges to
an order of a circuit court which adopts the findings of a family law master was set out
in Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995), where we stated
that:
In reviewing challenges to findings made
by a family law master that also were adopted by a circuit court, a three-pronged standard
of review is applied. Under these circumstances, a final equitable distribution order is
reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying factual findings are
reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and statutory
interpretations are subject to a de novo review. Syllabus Point 1, Burnside,
supra.
The appellant argues that the circuit
court erred in granting custody of the parties' two children to the appellee. We have
provided guidance in determining the custody of children in Garska v. McCoy, 167
W.Va. 59, 278 S.E.2d 357 (1981), in which we stated that "[w]ith reference to the
custody of very young children, the law presumes that it is in the bests interests of such
children to be placed in the custody of their primary caretaker, if he or she is
fit." Syllabus Point 2, Garska, supra.
We have defined the primary caretaker as
that "natural or adoptive parent who, until the initiation of divorce proceedings,
has been primarily responsible for the caring and nurturing of the child." Syllabus
Point 3, Garska, supra. We further explained that "[i]n establishing which
natural or adoptive parent is the primary caretaker, the trial court shall determine which
parent has taken primary responsibility for the caring and nurturing duties of a
parent." Syllabus Point 4, Garska, supra.
In Garska we also set forth several
specific duties performed for the child that the trial court should examine in determining
which parent is the primary caretaker. These duties are as follows:
(1) preparing and planning of meals;
(2) bathing, grooming and dressing;
(3) purchasing, cleaning, and care of
clothes;
(4) medical care, including nursing and
trips to physicians;
(5) arranging for social interaction among
peers after school;
(6) arranging alternative care, i.e.
babysitting, day care, etc.;
(7) putting child to bed at night,
attending to child in the middle of the night, waking child in the morning;
(8) disciplining, i.e., teaching
general manners and toilet training;
(9) educating, i.e., religious, cultural,
social, etc.; and
(10) teaching elementary skills, i.e.,
reading, writing and arithmetic.
Garska, 167 W.Va. at 69-70, 278 S.E.2d at 363.
Both parties in this matter testified
that they were the primary caretakers of the children, and they also testified that the
other party was a good and fit parent. Ms. Byrne, the sister of the appellant, was the
only witness who stayed inside the parties' residence for any significant amount of time.
Pursuant to her firsthand knowledge, she was able to testify that the appellant cooked,
cleaned, disciplined the children, groomed the children, put the children to bed, and
transported the children to appointments. None of the witnesses for the appellee were able
to provide such information. Appellee's witnesses were able to testify that either the
appellee, one of the appellee's family members or an employee would watch the children
during the day, prior to the hiring of a full-time babysitter. However, this testimony
does not address most of the duties set forth in Garska. None of the appellee's
witnesses were able to testify about grooming, bathing, or food preparation. Ms. Cuppett
did testify that the appellee dropped off the older child at day care more often than the
appellant, but the difference in the numbers is so small that it is obvious that this was
a shared duty between the parties.
It appears that the family law master
credited to the appellee those tasks that were performed by the appellee's family members
or employees. By the appellee's own admission he was busy running two funeral homes,
free-lancing for a funeral home in another county, and serving as the sole paramedic for
the local volunteer fire department. In addition to these duties, the appellee admitted to
leaving early in the morning during hunting season, and pursuing his hobbies during the
weekends, leaving the children with the appellant.
Therefore, we find that the family law
master was clearly wrong in finding that the appellee was the primary caretaker of the
children. The record contains a paucity of evidence concerning actions performed by the
appellee for the children. Instead, the record contains evidence of what the appellee's
family members or employees did for the children. The conduct to be examined under Garska
is the conduct by a party who is seeking to be found a child's primary caretaker, not
the conduct of third parties.
III.
Accordingly, we reverse the August 28,
1997 order of the Preston County Circuit Court and we remand this matter for an order
granting custody of the children to the appellant.
Reversed and remanded.
Footnote: 1 1 We point out that a per curiam opinion is not legal precedent. See Lieving v. Hadley, 188 W.Va. 197, 201 n.4, 423 S.E.2d 600, 604 n.4 (1992).
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