Metropolitan Property v. Acord
Annotate this Case
September 1995 Term
__________
No. 22751
__________
METROPOLITAN PROPERTY AND LIABILITY
INSURANCE COMPANY,
Plaintiff Below, Appellee,
V.
ORVAL ACORD, SR.,
Defendant Below, Appellant
______________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Raleigh County
Honorable Robert A. Burnside, J., Circuit Judge
Civil Action No. 93-C-1852-B
AFFIRMED
_____________________________________________
Submitted: September 19, 1995
Filed: December 8, 1995
E. Kent Hellems
Gorman, Sheatsley &
Company, L. C.
Beckley, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellant
Anita R. Casey
Renatha S. Garner
Meyer, Darragh, Buckler,
Bebenek & Eck
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for the Appellee
JUSTICE WORKMAN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE MILLER sitting by temporary assignment.
JUSTICE ALBRIGHT did not participate.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "[T]he state motor vehicle omnibus clause, W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(a) (Supp.
1991), requires an insurer to provide coverage when permission has been granted by the
insured owner of the vehicle or its authorized agent to a driver who then causes injury or
property damage during the permissive use." Syl. Pt. 4, in part, Universal Underwriters Ins.
Co. v. Taylor, 185 W. Va. 606, 408 S.E.2d 358 (1991).
2. Consistent with the omnibus clause of West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a) (1992),
an insurer may properly deny liability coverage where the express terms of an automobile
insurance policy provide that in order for liability coverage to exist, a driver, who is not
otherwise insured under the policy, must have received the named insured's permission to
use the automobile, and said driver lacked the express or implied permission of the named
insured prior to using the vehicle.
3. In order to be a custodian as contemplated by West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a)
(1992), a person must be entrusted, either expressly or impliedly, by the named insured or
his spouse with the possession of the motor vehicle.
Workman, J.:
This case is before the Court upon the appeal of Orval Acord, Sr., from the October
24, 1994, final order of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County, which granted the Appellee,
Metropolitan Property and Liability Insurance Company's (hereinafter "Metropolitan")
motion for summary judgment and denied the Appellant's motion to join indispensable
parties. The Appellant argues that the circuit court erred in finding: 1) that liability coverage
afforded by the Metropolitan policy was not available to the Appellant; 2) that uninsured
coverage under the same policy was not available to the Appellant; and 3) that the Appellee
did not have to join certain personsSee footnote 1 as indispensable parties to the declaratory judgment
action. Having reviewed the record, the parties' briefs, and all other matters submitted before
this Court, we find that the lower court committed no error and, accordingly, affirm.
I.
This action arose as a result of a single car accident which occurred on July 31, 1993,
in Fayette County, West Virginia. The Appellant owned and was the named insured of the
vehicle involved in the accident. The Appellant's son was a passenger in the vehicle, which was being driven by Scott Stephen Allen.See footnote 2 The Appellant's son was killed as a result of the
accident.
Metropolitan, as the Appellant's insurer,See footnote 3 was notified about the accident and death
of Orval Acord, Jr. Metropolitan proceeded to investigate the claim. The investigation
revealed that Orval Acord, Jr., was thirty-six years old and was a resident of his parent's
home at the time of the accident.See footnote 4 Further, Orval Acord, Jr., did not have a key or his
parents' permission to use the vehicle involved in the accident. Additionally, Orval Acord,
Sr., told the Appellee that he had not given permission to his son to operate the vehicle which
was involved in the accident, because his son did not have an operator's license and had a drinking problem. Mrs. Acord confirmed her husband's statement that neither of them had
given permission to their son, stating that she and her husband had given their son strict
instructions not to drive their vehicle. Likewise, neither of the Acords had given permission
to Mr. Allen to operate their vehicle. Further, both Acords confirmed that their son had
taken the vehicle on the day in question without their knowledge or consent. As a matter of
fact, Mr. Acord specifically stated that while he was asleep, his son took the keys to the
vehicle from his pants pocket and stole the car. Finally, Mr. and Mrs. Acord agreed that
prior to the accident, their son had never asked to use the vehicle or made any attempt to take
the keys to the vehicle.
Based upon evidence obtained from Metropolitan's investigation, the Appellant's
claim on behalf of the estate of Orval Acord, Jr., for liability coverage was denied.
Metropolitan also denied the Appellant's claim for uninsured insurance coverage, maintaining
that under the terms of the policy, such coverage was not available for injuries sustained by
an insured while riding in an automobile "regularly furnished or available for the use of" the
named insured or any of his relatives.
Metropolitan filed a declaratory judgment action against its named insured, Orval
Acord, Sr., in an effort to obtain a judicial determination of its obligations under the insurance policy.See footnote 5 Following discovery, Metropolitan filed a motion for summary judgment
on the liability and uninsured insurance coverage issues. The Appellant filed a motion to
join the estate of Orval Acord, Jr., and Mr. Allen as indispensable parties to the declaratory
judgment action. The circuit court granted the Appellee's motion for summary judgment and
denied the Appellant's motion to join the additional parties.
II.
The first issue before the Court is whether liability coverage is available for the
Appellant's son's death. The Appellant maintains that Metropolitan denied coverage because
Mr. Allen was not a permissive user of the car pursuant to the terms and definitions of the
policy, since he failed to obtain the Appellant's, the named insured's, permission prior to
using the Appellant's automobile. In denying coverage under this rationale, the Appellant
asserts that both Metropolitan and the circuit court ignored the language of West Virginia
Code § 33-6-31(a) (1992).See footnote 6 The Appellant contends that since Orval Acord, Jr., was an insured by definition under the Appellee's policy,See footnote 7 he could have operated the automobile in
question without the permission (express or implied) of the named insured and been covered
under the policy. Further, the Appellant argues that since Orval Acord, Jr., met the insurance
policy definition of an insured, he was certainly a custodian of the automobile as
contemplated by West Virginia Code§ 33-6-31(a)See footnote 8 and, therefore, the authority he provided
to Mr. Allen to operate the automobile was sufficient to activate the liability insurance
coverage for this occurrence. In contrast, the Appellee maintains that liability coverage was
not available under the terms of the policy, because the driver, Mr. Allen, was not "[a]ny other person using it [the covered automobile] within the scope of your [the named insured
or the named insured's spouse if a resident of the same household] permission," as required
by the policy. Moreover, the Appellee asserts that Orval Acord, Jr., could not give
permission to anyone else to drive the car, since he was neither a named insured nor the
spouse thereof. Further, the Appellee asserts that the circuit court did not disregard the
provisions of West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a), because the relevant statutory language
relied upon by the Appellant applies to the use of a nonowned automobile, and the vehicle
involved in the accident was not a nonowned vehicle, but rather was clearly owned by the
Appellant.
In ascertaining whether liability coverage is available, it is first necessary to examine
the relevant policy language. Under the Metropolitan policy terms, the liability section
defines those persons who are deemed to be insureds for the purposes of liability coverage
as follows: " We will pay damages for bodily injury and property damage to others for
which the law holds an insured responsible because of an occurrence which results from
the ownership, maintenance or use of a covered automobile or a non-owned automobile."
(some emphasis added). Moreover, under Section VI of the policy, entitled "GENERAL
DEFINITIONS," an insured is defined as follows:
(a) with respect to a covered automobile:See footnote 9
i. You; or
ii. Any relative; or
iii. Any other person using it within the scope of
your permission; . . .
Additionally, "you" "mean[s] the person or persons named in the Declarations of this policy
as named insured and the spouse of such person or persons if a resident of the same
household." The term "relative" is also defined, in pertinent part, as "a person related to
you by blood . . . and who also resides in your household."
We have never interpreted the above-mentioned automobile insurance policy language
for the purposes of determining whether liability coverage will be extended where an
insured, other than the named insured under of the terms of the policy, gives permission to
another to drive the covered automobile.See footnote 10 However, West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a) contemplates that the named insured must give express or implied permission to the person
utilizing his vehicle. This is reflected in the following pertinent statutory language:
(a) No policy or contract of bodily injury liability
insurance, or of property damage liability insurance, covering
liability arising from the ownership . . . or use of any motor
vehicle, shall be issued or delivered in this state to the owner of
such vehicle . . . unless it shall contain a provision insuring the
named insured and any other person . . . responsible for the use
of or using the motor vehicle with the consent, express or
implied, of the named insured or his spouse against liability for
death or bodily injury sustained, or loss or damage occasioned
within the coverage of the policy or contract as a result of
negligence in the operation or use of such vehicle by the named
insured or by such person . . . .
Id. (emphasis added).
Moreover, we have previously interpreted the above-referenced statute in Universal
Underwriters Ins. Co. v. Taylor, 185 W. Va. 606, 408 S.E.2d 358 (1991). In Taylor, the
named insured was an automobile dealership. The permission given the driver of the vehicle,
which was ultimately involved in an accident, was given by the named insured's sales agent,
who had clear authority to consent to use of the vehicle by the driver on behalf of the named
insured dealership. Id. at 607-08, 408 S.E.2d at 359-60. The issue before us in Taylor, was
whether there was liability coverage for the driver under the named insured's policy arising
from a motor vehicle accident which had occurred while the driver was using the vehicle beyond the scope of the permission initially given him by the sales agent.See footnote 11 Id. at 608, 408 S.E.2d at 360.
We held that there was liability coverage under the dealership's policy, holding that
"the state motor vehicle omnibus clause [,W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(a) (Supp. 1991),] requires
an insurer to provide coverage when permission has been granted by the insured owner of
the vehicle or its authorized agent to a driver who then causes injury or property damage
during the permissive use." 185 W. Va. at 612, 408 S.E.2d at 364 and Syl. Pt. 4 , in part.
(emphasis added). Explicit in this holding was the precept that where permission to drive
the vehicle was granted by the insured owner or authorized agent of that insured owner, an
insurer was required to provide coverage.
Likewise, other courts, in interpreting omnibus clause provisions in their respective
state statutes, similar to that contained within West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a), have
indicated that the initial permission given to the driver at issue must have originated from the
named insured and not merely any insured under the policy provisions. For instance, in
Vicente, the Supreme Court of Hawaii stated that under Hawaii's omnibus clause provisions,
"[the driver] is a 'covered person,' if he was using the insured vehicle with either the express or implied permission of . . . [the named insured]." 891 P.2d at 1043; see also American
Country Ins. Co. v. Wilcoxon, 537 N.E.2d 284, 288 (Ill. 1989) (stating that "[a]n omnibus
clause concerning those covered by driving an insured's car may equally well be expressed
as , 'those driving the car with the "permission of the named insured"'")(emphasis added);
United Servs. Auto. Ass'n v. National Farmers Union Property and Casualty, 891 P.2d 538,
540 (N.M. 1995) (stating that coverage under omnibus clause extends to any subsequent
permittee operating insured vehicle as long as named insured has given his or her initial
permission to use vehicle).
Accordingly, we hold that consistent with the omnibus clause of West Virginia Code
§ 33-6-31(a), an insurer may properly deny liability coverage where the express terms of an
automobile insurance policy provide that in order for liability coverage to exist, a driver, who
is not otherwise insured under the policy, must have received the named insured's permission
to use the automobile, and said driver lacked the express or implied permission of the named
insured prior to using the vehicle.
It is undisputed by both parties in the present case that, under the terms of the
Metropolitan policy, Orval Acord, Jr., was an insured since he was a resident relative. Thus,
had Orval Acord, Jr., been driving at the time of the accident, he would have had liability
coverage available to him for any bodily injuries or property damages for which he had
responsibility. However, expressed just as clearly within the policy, is that any other person using the covered automobile must have obtained permission to do so from either named
insured or the named insured's spouse, if a resident of the same household. Because the
record so clearly demonstrates that the Appellant's son had not received the Appellant's or
his spouse's express or implied permission to use the vehicle, he simply could not have given
permission to Mr. Allen to drive the car, sufficient to invoke the liability coverage of the
policy. Further, there were absolutely no facts which would support that Mr. Allen had
obtained any type of permission, either express or implied, from the named insured or his
spouse. Consequently, it is evident that Mr. Allen was not an insured under the provisions
of the Metropolitan policy.
An ancillary issue we address is whether Orval Acord, Jr., was a custodian of the
vehicle at issue under the provisions of West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a). The statute
dictates that not only the owner of the automobile, but its custodian can provide the requisite
permission to invoke coverage under the liability section of an automobile insurance policy.
Specifically, West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a) provides, in pertinent part, that "if coverage
resulting from the use of a non-ownedSee footnote 12 automobile is conditioned upon the consent of the
owner of such motor vehicle, the word 'owner' shall be construed to include the custodian
of such non-owned motor vehicles." Id. Accordingly, whether Orval Acord, Jr., was a "custodian" as contemplated by West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a) is determinative of
whether liability coverage exists under the statute.
Unfortunately, in interpreting the relevant statutory language, the Legislature has not
given us any guidance as to the meaning of the word "custodian," insomuch as there is no
legislative definition of that term in the statute. Nevertheless,
[t]his Court has recognized that generally the words of a
statute are to be given their ordinary and familiar significance
and meaning, and regard is to be had for the general and proper
use of such words. Further, the words are to be given their
ordinary acceptance and significance and the meaning generally
attributed to them.
Amick v. C & T Dev. Co., 187 W. Va. 115, 118, 416 S.E.2d 73, 76 (1992) (citing State v.
General Daniel Morgan Post No. 548, Veterans of Foreign Wars, 144 W. Va. 137, 107 S.E.2d 353 (1959)).
An examination of the United States District Court's decision in Gordon v. Liberty
Mutual Insurance Co., 675 F. Supp. 321 (E. D. Va. 1987), is useful in our determination of
the ordinary meaning of the term custodian. The Gordon court, interpreting the term
"custodian" as it appears in Virginia's omnibus clause,See footnote 13 which is analogous to West Virginia's omnibus clause,See footnote 14 relied upon the following definition: "'one that guards and
protects or maintains: one entrusted officially with guarding and keeping . . . .'" 675 F. Supp.
at 324 (quoting Websters Third New International Dictionary 559 (1981)). The district
court ultimately held that "custodian" means "any person who is in possession of and intends
to safeguard an automobile."See footnote 15 675 F. Supp. at 325.
In using the Webster definition relied upon by the Gordon court, we find it necessary
to focus further on the word "entrusted." The word "entrust" is defined as "to commit or
surrender to another with a certain confidence regarding his care, use, or disposal of."
Websters Third New International Dictionary 759 (Unabridged ed. 1966). The definition
of "entrust" connotes that a person with possession and authority over an item relinquishes
that possession and authority to another. Thus, utilizing the above-referenced definitions,
we hold that in order to be a custodian as contemplated by West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a),
a person must be entrusted, either expressly or impliedly, by the named insured or his spouse
with the possession of the motor vehicle.See footnote 16
Applying this interpretation to the present case, since Orval Acord, Jr., was neither
a named insured or owner of the automobile at issue, in order for him to have been a
custodian under the terms of the statute, the owner or named insured (Orval Acord, Sr., or
his wife) would have had to entrust Orval Acord, Jr., either expressly or impliedly, with the
possession of the automobile. This is evidenced not only from the ordinary meaning of the
term "custodian," but from express statutory language that "consent, expressed or implied,
of the named insured or his spouse" be given to any other person "responsible for the use of
or using the motor vehicle." W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(a); see Taylor, 185 W. Va. at 607, 408 S.E.2d at 359, Syl. Pt. 4, in part. The record reveals that the Appellant failed to entrust his
son with possession of the vehicle. The mere fact that Orval Acord, Jr., was an insured
under the terms of the Metropolitan policy did not qualify him as a custodian under the
statute.See footnote 17
III.
We next address whether uninsured motorist coverage is available to the Appellant
under the Metropolitan policy. The Appellant maintains that if liability coverage is not
available to him, then the uninsured motorist coverage must be applicable. Further, the
Appellant contends that the policy provisions pertaining to uninsured motorist coverage are
ambiguous, thereby mandating an interpretation of those provisions in the Appellant's favor.
The Appellee, however, argues that uninsured motorist coverage is not available under the
plain, unambiguous policy provisions.
We begin by examining the pertinent policy provisions. Section IV of the
Metropolitan policy provides that the insurer "will pay bodily injury damages, caused by
an accident arising out of the ownership, maintenance, or use of an uninsured highway
vehicle, which you or a relative are legally entitled to collect from the owner or driver of the
uninsured highway vehicle." The terms of the policy also define an uninsured highway
vehicle,See footnote 18 but expressly except from that definition "a covered automobileSee footnote 19 or highway
vehicle regularly furnished or available for the use of you or any relative."
We have previously addressed similar policy provisions in Alexander v. State
Automobile Mutual Insurance Co., 187 W. Va.72, 415 S.E.2d 618 (1992) and Dairyland
Insurance Co. v. East, 188 W. Va. 581, 425 S.E.2d 257 (1992). In Alexander, we
interpreted the following policy language which excluded a motor vehicle owned by the
policyholder from the definition of an underinsured motor vehicle: "'neither 'uninsured motor
vehicle' nor 'underinsured motor vehicle' includes any vehicle or equipment: (1) Owned by
or furnished or available for the regular use of you or any 'family member.'" 187 W. Va. at
74, 415 S.E.2d at 620. We concluded that not only was the "owned by" exclusion valid and
in accordance with West Virginia Code § 33-6-31, but also that it was plain and
unambiguous. Id. at 79-80, 415 S.E.2d at 625-26.
Likewise, in East, the plaintiff was injured in a motor vehicle accident while riding
as a passenger in a car which she owned. We found that by virtue of a named driver
exclusion, the insurance policy did not provide liability coverage for her injuries beyond the
statutorily-mandated minimum coverage required by West Virginia Code § 17D-4-12(b)(2)
(1991). 188 W. Va. at 583, 425 S.E.2d at 259, Syl. Pt. 2. As an alternative argument, the
plaintiff in East asserted that if we upheld the validity of the named driver exclusion, the
vehicle then became an uninsured motor vehicle for purposes of recovering damages under
the uninsured motorist coverage section of the insurance policy. Id. at 587, 425 S.E.2d at
263. The relevant insurance policy language was: "'Excluded Uninsured/Underinsured
Motor Vehicles [--] A motor vehicle owned by you or furnished for your regular use isn't an uninsured or
underinsured motor vehicle.'" Id. We implicitly
upheld the above-referenced exclusion, stating
that "just because an [named driver] exclusion
prevents an individual from recovering under the
policy, the vehicle does not then become an
uninsured motor vehicle." Id. (footnote omitted);
see Smith v. Valley Forge Ins. Co. 591 So. 2d 926,
927 (Fla. 1992)(finding that provision of
uninsured motor vehicle coverage in insurance
policy excluding "any vehicle that is 'owned by or
furnished or available for the regular use of you
or any family member'" precluded uninsured
motorist coverage where liability coverage was
also precluded by valid exclusion).
Consequently, we find that uninsured motorist coverage was not available to the
Appellant under the plain and unambiguous provisions of the Metropolitan policy.
Moreover, as we previously stated in East, where liability coverage is properly denied under
an insurance policy, the vehicle does not automatically become an uninsured motor vehicle for the purposes of obtaining uninsured motorist coverage under the terms of the insurance
policy. See 188 W. Va. at 587, 425 S.E.2d at 263.
IV.
We readily dispense with the final issue of whether the estate of Orval Acord, Jr., and
Mr. Allen should have been joined as indispensable parties. In Nisbet v. Watson, 162 W.
Va. 522, 251 S.E.2d 774 (1979), we found that under West Virginia Code § 55-13-11, as
amended,See footnote 20 all interested parties need not be brought into a declaratory judgment action.
162 W. Va. at 528-29, 251 S.E.2d at 779. In ascertaining whether a party should be joined
as indispensable, we stated that "we subscribe to what we believe to be the more enlightened
view which does not require that all persons who might have an interest in the subject matter
be made parties, so long as the judgment entered would have no prejudicial effect upon the
rights of such persons." Id. at 529, 251 S.E.2d at 779. In adopting this view, we found that
it was sufficient that all interested parties in the case had been notified of the pending action,
thereby providing them an opportunity to participate in the action if they so desired. Id.
In the present case, the Appellee sought a determination of its contractual obligation
with the named insured, the only party with whom it had any contractual relationship. The
Appellee stated it its brief that it made diligent efforts to provide notice of the declaratory
action to Mr. Allen by sending to him, via certified mail to his last known address, a copy
of the complaint for declaratory judgment. This notice, however, was returned as
undeliverable by the post office. Additionally, the named insured, Orval Acord, Sr., is also
the administrator of his son's estate. Consequently, Orval Acord, Jr.'s, estate necessarily had
notice of the declaratory judgment proceedings, and had Orval Acord, Sr., wished to assert
claims on behalf of his son's estate, he could have sought leave to intervene, pursuant to Rule
24 of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure. Thus, the trial court committed no error
with regards to this issue.
Based on the foregoing, the decision of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County is hereby
affirmed.
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1
The parties in question were Scott Stephen Allen, who was driving the automobile at
the time of the accident, and the estate of Orval Acord, Jr. Footnote: 2
Criminal proceedings against Mr. Allen on the charge of DUI resulting in death
confirmed that he was the driver of the vehicle at the time of the accident. According to
Mr. Allen's statement to the investigating officer, prior to the accident, Mr. Allen met
Orval Acord, Jr., at the Velvet Lounge where Orval Acord, Jr., was attempting to
purchase a six-pack of beer. Orval Acord, Jr., invited Mr. Allen to ride with him to
Bluefield, West Virginia. It is unclear from the record when Mr. Allen became the driver
of the car.Footnote: 3
Prior to the accident, Metropolitan had issued to Orval Acord, Sr., an automobile
liability insurance policy on the vehicle involved in the accident, with liability limits of
$50,000 per person and $100,000 per occurrence. This policy also provided uninsured
and underinsurance motorist coverages, each with limits of 20,000 per person and
$40,000 per occurrence. The medical payments coverage was limited to $1000 per
person.Footnote: 4
Even though the investigation revealed that Orval Acord, Jr., was a resident, the
evidence also indicated that he lived in the basement portion of the house, with his own
separate entrance. Moreover, he did not have a key to the main house where his parents
resided. Footnote: 5
According to the Appellee's brief, notice of the litigation was forwarded to Mr. Allen
at two different addresses by certified mail; however, said notices were returned as
undeliverable. Footnote: 6
West Virginia Code §§ 33-6-31(a) provides, in pertinent part, that:
(a) No policy or contract of bodily injury liability
insurance, or of property damage liability insurance, covering
liability arising from the ownership . . . or use of any motor
vehicle, shall be issued or delivered in this state to the owner of such vehicle, or shall be
issued or delivered by any insurer licensed in this state upon any motor vehicle for which
a certificate of title has been issued by the department of motor vehicles of this state,
unless it shall contain a provision insuring the named insured and any other person,
except a bailee for hire and any persons specifically excluded by any restrictive
endorsement attached to the policy, responsible for the use of or using the motor vehicle
with the consent, express or implied, of the named insured or his spouse against liability
for death or bodily injury sustained, or loss or damage occasioned within the coverage of
the policy or contract as a result of negligence in the operation or use of such vehicle by
the named insured or by such person: Provided, That in any such automobile liability
insurance policy or contract, or endorsement thereto, if coverage resulting from the use of
a non-owned automobile is conditioned upon the consent of the owner of such motor
vehicle, the word 'owner' shall be construed to include the custodian of such non-owned
motor vehicles.
Id. (emphasis added). We note that West Virginia Code § 33-6-31(a) was amended in
1995; however, the amendments do not affect the outcome of this case.Footnote: 7
It is undisputed by both parties that by virtue of being a resident relative, Orval
Acord, Jr., was an insured under the Appellant's Metropolitan policy.Footnote: 8
See supra note 6.Footnote: 9
A "covered automobile" is defined as "an eligible private passenger automobile . . .
owned by you . . . and described in the Declarations, but only with respect to coverage
for which a specific premium is charged." Footnote: 10
Other jurisdictions, however, have unequivocally held that
[t]o have coverage . . . the driver of the vehicle must have the
permission of the named insured. Permission of the named
insured may be implied, depending on the facts and
circumstances of the particular case. The question of implied
permission is determined by whether it was reasonably
foreseeable that the first permittee would allow someone else to drive the automobile.
Perkins v. McDow, 615 So. 2d 312, 315-16 (La. 1993) (citation omitted); see also AIG
Hawai'i Ins. Co. v. Vicente, 891 P.2d 1041, 1043 (Haw. 1995)(stating that omnibus
clause of policy provides that covered person includes any person using named insured's
covered automobile with named insured's permission). Footnote: 11
In Taylor, the driver initially received permission to test drive the automobile for a
period of 40 minutes. Rather than returning the automobile at the end of this time, the
driver kept the automobile and the accident occurred 16 days later. 185 W. Va. at 608,
408 S.E.2d at 360. Footnote: 12
While the Appellee argues that the Appellant owns the vehicle involved in the
accident and, therefore, it was not a "non-owned" vehicle under the statute, we need not
resolve this issue on whether the vehicle was "non-owned." See W. Va. Code § 33-6-
31(a). Footnote: 13
The district court was interpreting Virginia Code § 38.2-2204 (1986), which
provided that "'any provision requiring permission or consent of the owner of such
automobile . . . for the insurance to apply, shall be construed to include permission or
consent of the custodian in the provision requiring permission or consent of the owner.'"
Gordon, 675 F. Supp. at 323.Footnote: 14
See W. Va. Code § 33-6-31(a).Footnote: 15
The district court found that a lessee of an automobile qualified as a custodian under
this definition. 675 F. Supp. at 325.Footnote: 16
We decline to follow the Gordon court's definition of the term "custodian" insofar as
it requires the custodian to intend to safeguard the vehicle. See 675 F. Supp. at 325. We
choose rather to focus on the intention of the person entrusting the vehicle to the
custodian. Footnote: 17
If the son not only was an insured, but also was operating the vehicle with either the
express or implied consent of the named insured, then it is quite possible that he could
have in turn given the requisite permission to another driver which would have brought
the other driver within the realm of liability coverage. This scenario, however, is not
before the Court and, therefore, we leave it unresolved at this time.Footnote: 18
The Appellant relies upon the following policy definition of "uninsured highway
vehicle" in support of his argument: "[a] motor vehicle to which no insurance policy or
other financial security is applicable at the time of the accident[.]" The Appellant
maintains that if there is no liability coverage, and since the driver carried no insurance,
then under the above-mentioned policy provision, the car becomes uninsured. Footnote: 19
See supra note 9.Footnote: 20
West Virginia Code § 55-13-11, as amended, provided, in relevant part that "'[w]hen
declaratory relief is sought, all persons shall be made parties who have or claim any
interest which would be affected by the declaration and no declaration shall prejudice the
rights of persons not parties to the proceeding.'" Nisbet, 162 W. Va. at 528, 251 S.E.2d at
779.
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.