State of WV v. Lilly
Annotate this Case
January 1995 Term
___________
No. 22541
___________
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Plaintiff Below, Appellee,
v.
BRUCE ALLEN LILLY
Defendant Below, Appellant
AND
___________
No. 22542
___________
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
Plaintiff Below, Appellee,
v.
CECIL WAYNE LILLY
Defendant Below, Appellant
_______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Greenbrier County
Honorable Charles M. Lobban, Judge
Criminal Action Nos. 93-F-83 and 93-F-84
REVERSED AND REMANDED
_______________________________________________________
Submitted: May 16, 1995
Filed: July 17, 1995
Richard H. Lorenson
Prosecuting Attorney of
Greenbrier County
Lewisburg, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellee
Paul S. Detch
Barry L. Bruce
Lewisburg, West Virginia
Barry L. Bruce & Associates
Attorney for the Appellant,
Lewisburg, West Virginia
Bruce Allen Lilly
Attorney for the Appellant
Cecil Wayne Lilly
JUDGE FOX delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON and JUSTICE RECHT did not participate.
RETIRED JUSTICE MILLER and JUDGE FOX sitting by temporary
assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. To successfully challenge the validity of a search warrant on the basis of false information in the warrant affidavit, the defendant must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the affiant, either knowingly and intentionally or with reckless disregard for the truth, included a false statement therein. The same analysis applies to omissions of fact. The defendant must show that the facts were intentionally omitted or were omitted in reckless disregard of whether their omission made the affidavit misleading.
2. A search warrant affidavit is not invalid even if it contains a misrepresentation, if, after striking the misrepresentation, there remains sufficient content to support a finding of probable cause. Probable cause is evaluated in the totality of the circumstances.
3. Probable cause for the issuance of a search warrant exists if the facts and circumstances provided to a magistrate in a written affidavit are sufficient to warrant the belief of a prudent person of reasonable caution that a crime has been committed and that the specific fruits, instrumentalities, or contraband from that crime presently may be found at a specific location. It is not enough that a magistrate believes a crime has been committed. The magistrate must also have a reasonable belief that the place or person to be searched will yield certain specific classes of items. There must be a nexus between the criminal activity and the place or person searched and thing seized. The probable cause determination does not depend solely upon individual facts; rather, it depends on the cumulative effect of the facts in the totality of circumstances.
4. A key issue in determining whether information provided by an informant is sufficient to establish probable cause is whether the information is reliable. An informant may establish the reliability of his information by establishing a track record of providing accurate information, the informant's lack of a track record requires some independent verification to establish the reliability of the information. Independent verification occurs when the information (or aspects of it) is corroborated by independent observations of the police officers.
Fox, Judge:
See footnote 1
The issue before us, brought in the context of a
proceeding pursuant to Rule 11(a)(2) of the West Virginia Rules of
Criminal Procedure,See footnote 2 challenges the sufficiency of the information
considered by a magistrate in determining probable cause for the
issuance of a search warrant. We hold that the appellants' motion
to suppress should have been granted because we find the information was insufficient to establish probable cause.
Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the circuit court.
I.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On 13 April 1993, Greenbrier County Deputy Sheriff
Corporal D.L. Livingston requested a warrant to search the
residence of the appellants, Bruce Allen Lilly and Cecil Wayne
Lilly. This request was based on information received from a
supposedly confidential and reliable informant who said the
appellants were growing marijuana at their residence.
Following a search of their residence, the appellants
were arrested and charged with violations relating to the
manufacture and possession of controlled substances and alcoholic
liquors. Prior to trial, the appellants moved to suppress the
seized evidence on the grounds the search warrant affidavit was
"bare bones and conclusory" and insufficient to establish probable
cause. The affidavit provided, in relevant part:
"A reliable confidential informant informed
Cpl. H. Whisman, that accused was growing
marijuana plants in above residence. Cpl.
Livingston spoke to informant and was advised
by informant that accused has 30-50 plants in
residence and also advised Cpl. Livingston
that informant has seen the plants within the
last 5 days and accused told informant that
the plants were marijuana." /s/ Corporal D.L.
Livingston.
An evidentiary hearing on the motion to suppress was held
on 22 November 1993. The focus of this hearing concerned the
sufficiency and truthfulness of the search warrant affidavit. At
the hearing, counsel for Cecil Lilly called the magistrate who
issued the search warrant, Brenda Smith, to testify. Magistrate
Smith stated she did not electronically record any testimony
regarding the affidavit nor was a court reporter present. On
cross-examination, the prosecuting attorney asked Magistrate Smith
if she could recall any of the circumstances surrounding the
issuance of the warrant. Specifically, he asked if she believed
Corporal Livingston had a "follow-up conversation" with the
informant in addition to the original tip that the appellants were
growing marijuana in their house. Counsel for Cecil Lilly objected
to the testimony and argued it was impermissible to take additional
evidence beyond the "four corners" of the affidavit. The objection
was overruled. Magistrate Smith responded by stating she "issued
the warrant based upon the wording in there that said the informant
had been in the residence and did know and was informed by the
accused that that was marijuana . . . that was the reason that I
felt the informant was reliable."
The prosecuting attorney called Corporal Livingston to
testify. On cross-examination, Corporal Livingston indicated that
he had no personal knowledge of the informant's reliability or
veracity and his prior statement about the informant's reliability
was based on Corporal Jake Whisman's statement that he previously used the informant. According to Corporal Livingston, Corporal
Whisman told him the informant "basically wasn't playing with a
full deck, but all the information he had given him had been
reliable." Corporal Whisman testified that over the years he spoke
with the informant on a number of occasions when he needed general
information about people and the area where the informant lived.
He further said that approximately ten to twelve years ago the
informant gave him information to apprehend a person who
subsequently was institutionalized for a mental problem. Corporal
Whisman stated he had not used the informant for a case which
resulted in a conviction.
After hearing the testimony, the circuit court scheduled
another hearing to be held on 14 December 1993, to rule on the
motion to suppress. As the conclusion of that hearing, the circuit
court denied the motion. Thereafter, the appellants accepted a
conditional plea agreement whereby they were to plead guilty to the
felony offense of manufacturing a controlled substance. On appeal,
the appellants assert the circuit court erred when it denied their
motion to suppress.
II.
DISCUSSION
The appellants on this appeal raise several important
Fourth Amendment issues: (a) Whether the magistrate violated the
"four-corner" doctrine when she allegedly relied and used information outside the affidavit to find probable cause; (b)
whether the police intentionally or recklessly gave false
information to the magistrate to secure the search warrant; and (c)
whether the information given to the magistrate was sufficient.
Finally, the prosecuting attorney asks this Court to decide the
vitality of the "good faith" exception to West Virginia
proceedings. We find only two of these contentions merit
discussion. After a brief discussion as to the standard of review
applicable to this case, we address both contentions seriatim.See footnote 3
A.
Standard of Review
The standard of review of a circuit court's ruling on a
motion to suppress now is well defined in this State. See State v.
Farley, W. Va. , 452 S.E.2d 50 (1994) (discussing at length
the standard of review in a suppression determination).See footnote 4 By employing a two-tier standard, we first review a circuit court's
findings of fact when ruling on a motion to suppress evidence under
the clearly erroneous standard. Second, we review de novo
questions of law and the circuit court's ultimate conclusion as to
the constitutionality of the law enforcement action. Under the
clearly erroneous standard, a circuit court's decision ordinarily
will be affirmed unless it is unsupported by substantial evidence;
based on an erroneous interpretation of applicable lawSee footnote 5; or, in
light of the entire record, this Court is left with a firm and
definite conviction that a mistake has been made. See State v.
Stuart, W. Va. , , 452 S.E.2d 886, 891 (1994). When we
review the denial of a motion to suppress, we consider the evidence
in the light most favorable to the prosecution.
B.
Intentional Use of False Information
First, the appellants argue the magistrate was mislead by
information that the affiant officer knew was false or would have
known was false if not for a reckless disregard of the truth.
Franks v. Delaware, 438 U.S. 154, 98 S. Ct. 2674, 57 L. Ed. 2d 667 (1978); State v. Walls, 170 W. Va. 419, 294 S.E.2d 272 (1982).See footnote 6 To
succeed in a Franks/Walls-type challenge to the validity of a
search warrant, a defendant must establish by a preponderance of
the evidence that the affiant, either knowingly and intentionally
or with reckless disregard for the truth, included a false
statement within the warrant affidavit. Franks, 438 U.S. at 155-
56, 98 S. Ct. at 2676-77, 57 L. Ed. 2d at 672; Wood, ___ W. Va. at
___, 352 S.E.2d at 105. The same analysis applies to omissions of
fact. The defendant must show that the facts were intentionally
omitted or in reckless disregard of whether they thereby made the
affidavit misleading.See footnote 7 Recklessness may be inferred from an
omission in an affidavit only when the material omitted would have
been critical to the finding of probable cause. United States v.
Ozar, 50 F.3d 1440, 1445 (8th Cir. 1995).
The reviewing court then must determine whether, either
absent the false material or supplemented with the omitted
material, the remaining content of the affidavit is sufficient to
establish probable cause. See Franks, 438 U.S. at 156, 98 S. Ct. at 2676-77, 57 L. Ed. 2d at 672; George, ___ W. Va. at ___, 408 S.E.2d at 299. If the remaining content is insufficient to
establish probable cause, the warrant must be voided and the
evidence or statements gathered pursuant to it excluded. Thompson,
___ W. Va. at ___, 358 S.E.2d at 818. Mere negligence or innocent
mistake is insufficient to void a warrant. Franks, 438 U.S. at
171, 98 S. Ct. at 2684, 57 L. Ed. 2d at 682.
Under Franks/Walls, a statement in a warrant is not
false, however, merely because it summarizes facts in a particular
way; if a statement can be read as true, it is not a
misrepresentation. In Wood, 177 W. Va. 352, 352 S.E.2d 103 (1986),
we emphasized the degree of deference to be given to the findings
of a circuit court where there is conflict. Such deference also is
appropriate where two interpretations reasonably may be drawn from
the facts and one of the interpretations supports the circuit
court's determination. Clearly, Woods establishes the proposition
that findings of a circuit court concerning whether an affidavit
contains deliberately falsified information are not subject to
reversal unless they are clearly wrong. See also United States v.
Fawole, 785 F.2d 1141 (4th Cir. 1986). Again, a search warrant is
not invalid even if it contains a misrepresentation, if, after
striking the misrepresentation, there remains sufficient content to
support a finding of probable cause. Probable cause is evaluated
in the totality of the circumstances.
Specifically, the appellants argue the affiant officer,
Corporal Livingston, permitted the inclusion of inconsistent
statements and false impressions in the affidavit and concealed or
overstated other information with regard to the informant's
reliability and veracity; however, this statement was based on
Corporal Whisman's comment that he previously used the informant.
As we have previously reasoned, in considering the findings of a
circuit court under the Franks/Walls standard of review, we only
look to determine whether the record as a whole supports the
findings. In this case, we only need to determine whether there is
evidence that supports the statement that the informant was
credible and reliable and whether the affiant discussed the
informant with Corporal Whisman. Upon review of the facts, we hold
there was sufficient evidence to support the circuit court's
determinations.See footnote 8 Despite the nature of the informant's knowledge,
there is no evidence that the affiant officer doubted the
informant's credibility, and Franks/Walls requires only that an
officer reasonably believe the allegations to be true. See United
States v. Chavez, 902 F.2d 259, 265 (4th Cir. 1990), citing Franks,
438 U.S. at 165, 98 S. Ct. at 2681, 57 L. Ed. 2d at 678. Therefore,
after a thorough review of the evidence presented at the
suppression hearing, we conclude the circuit court was not clearly erroneous in crediting the testimony of the affiant officer and in
rejecting the appellants' argument.See footnote 9
C.
Probable Cause Existed to Support Issuance of Warrant
The appellants launch a two-pronged attack on the
probable cause finding in this case. First, they argue the
magistrate could not have made an informed decision because the
allegations in the affidavit concerning the informant's veracity
were "bare bones and conclusory[.]" Second, at oral argument, the
appellants contended the affiant officer provided the magistrate
with no independent information nor with proof there was any
surveillance work to corroborate the highly unilluminating
statements of the informant.
Probable cause for the issuance of a warrant exists if
the facts and circumstances provided to a magistrate in a written
affidavit are sufficient to warrant the belief of a prudent person
of reasonable caution that a crime has been committed and that the
specific fruits, instrumentalities, or contraband from that crime
presently may be found at a specific location.See footnote 10 It is not enough that a magistrate believes a crime has been committed. The
magistrate also must have a reasonable belief that the place or
person to be searched will yield certain specific classes of items.
There must be a nexus between the criminal activity and the place
or person searched and thing seized. I Franklin D. Cleckley,
Handbook on West Virginia Criminal Procedure I-358 (1994). The
probable cause determination does not depend solely upon individual
facts; rather, it depends on the cumulative effect of the facts in
the totality of circumstances.
Here, the issue of probable cause is impacted by the use
of a confidential informant. A key issue in determining whether
information provided by an informant is sufficient to establish
probable cause is whether the information is reliable. An
informant may establish the reliability of his information by
establishing a track record of providing accurate information.
Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 233, 103 S. Ct. 2317, 2329, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 545 (1983). However, where a previously unknown
informant provides information, the informant's lack of a track record requires some independent verification to establish the
reliability of the information. See State v. Hlavacek, 185 W. Va.
371, 407 S.E.2d 375 (1991); State v. Adkins, 176 W. Va. 613, 346 S.E.2d 762 (1986); State v. Schofield, 175 W. Va. 99, 331 S.E.2d 829 (1985). Independent verification occurs when the information
(or aspects of it) is corroborated by independent observations of
the police officers. Gates, 462 U.S. at 241-45, 103 S. Ct. at
2333-36, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 550; Draper v. United States, 358 U.S. 307,
313, 79 S. Ct. 329, 333, 3 L. Ed. 2d 327 (1959). Thus, we must
decide whether the informant had a sufficient track record of
providing accurate information and, if not, whether any aspect of
the informant's information was corroborated.
We begin by observing that Corporal Livingston's
affidavit did not disclose why the informant could be considered
"reliable." Moreover, the affidavit failed to disclose whether any
information previously provided by the informant related to an
investigation of his own narcotic or drug-related activities or
similar activities by other persons and, if so, whether the
information was important or incidental in those investigations or
whether the information resulted in any search, arrest, or
conviction. Here, there is not even an averment that the informant
provided reliable information in the past--which obviously is
preferable to the statement in the affidavit that the person
supplying the information is reliable. The malady of this general
averment is that it still "leaves the nature of that [past] performance undisclosed, so that the judicial officer making the
probable cause determination has no basis for judging whether the
[affiant's] characterization of [the informant as reliable] is
justified"--the magistrate remains relegated, albeit in a more
attenuated sense, to relying on an affiant's reliability judgment.
1 Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure § 3.3(b) at 636 (2nd ed.
1987). Therefore, the allegation of reliability in Corporal
Livingston's affidavit should have been "entitled to only slight
weight." United States v. Miller, 753 F.2d 1475, 1480 (9th Cir.
1985).
Discounting the affidavit's allegation of the informant's
veracity, however, does not end our inquiry. "[E]ven if we
entertain some doubt as to the informant's motives, [an
informant's] explicit and detailed description of alleged
wrongdoing, along with a statement that the event was observed
firsthand, entitles [his] tip to greater weight than might
otherwise be the case." Gates, 462 U.S. at 234, 103 S. Ct. at
2330, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 545. Furthermore, under the totality of the
circumstances announced in Gates, "veracity" and "basis of
knowledge" are no longer viewed as independent prerequisites to a
finding of probable cause: "[A] deficiency in one may be
compensated for, by a strong showing as to the other, or by other
indicia of reliability" such as corroborating evidence gathered by
law enforcement. Gates, 462 U.S. at 233, 103 S. Ct. at 2329, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 545.See footnote 11 In the case sub judice, the affidavit states the
"informant had seen the plants within the last 5 days and accused
told informant that the plants were marijuana." Considering the
discretionary nature of the magistrate's determination, we find the
informant's statement, although general, was based on firsthand
observations and demonstrated an adequate "basis in knowledge."See footnote 12
As a result, the central question becomes whether there was
sufficient corroboration of the informant's veracity to support an overall finding of probable cause. See Thompson, ___ W. Va. at
___, 358 S.E.2d at 818 (even under Gates, information establishing
probable cause must "attest[] to the 'veracity' and basis of
knowledge of the person supplying the information"). See also
State v. Hlavacek, 185 W. Va. 371, ___, 407 S.E.2d 375, 382 (1991)
("when information received from a confidential informant is relied
upon in an affidavit for a search warrant, the affidavit must
contain information which establishes the informant's basis of
knowledge and lends credibility to the informant's statements").
The appellants' second argument goes precisely to the
issue of corroboration. This argument is both appealing and
persuasive. There are several different ways for the police to
corroborate an informant's "veracity." One way is to independently
confirm what the informant said is true.See footnote 13 Another way is to create
circumstances under which the informant is unlikely to lie. Here,
the magistrate was not provided with any information as to why and
how the informant made his observations. For example, such
information may include whether the informant made his observations
in the context of a controlled surveillance operation and reported
intermittently to a supervising police officer who was able to corroborate the informant's access to the appellants.See footnote 14 Relevant
information also may include whether a questionably reliable report
given by an informant consists of facts readily verifiable so, if
the warrant is issued, lies likely would be discovered quickly and
favors falsely curried would dissipate rapidly. Accord 1 LaFave,
supra, § 32.3(f) at 686-87. Finally, the corroboration requirement
could be met by information contained in police files about the
appellants. See United States v. Scalia, 993 F.2d 984, 988 (1st
Cir. 1993) (corroboration may derive from second-hand information
in the police intelligence files).
Even considering the discretionary nature of a
magistrate's determination and our limited task on appeal only to
ensure that there is a "substantial basis" for the conclusion,
under the totality of circumstances presented before the magistrate
in this case, we are compelled to say the finding of probable cause
was without such a "substantial basis." Indeed, no aspects of the
informant's prediction were corroborated by independent
observations of the police. Thus, the value of the information was
diminished because of the complete lack of corroboration. As we
stated in Adkins, "[t]here are no facts in the affidavit indicating the police investigation had tended to corroborate the informant's
tip such as existed in the Gates' affidavit." State v. Adkins, ___
W. Va. ___, ___, 346 S.E.2d 762, 774 (1986). Moreover, the
reliability of the information was not enhanced by the fact that
the informant was able to describe some factual details that were
not easily discovered.See footnote 15 See Gates, 462 U.S. at 245, 103 S. Ct. at
2335, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 552-53. To the contrary, the information in
the affidavit was "bare bones" at best and standing alone hardly
could support a finding of probable cause under either Gates or
Adkins.
Accordingly, we hold that the issuance of the search
warrant was not supported by probable cause and, therefore, violated the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Section 6 of Article III of the West Virginia Constitution.See footnote 16
III.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we find the Circuit Court of
Greenbrier County erred by denying the appellants' motion to
suppress. Therefore, we reverse the order of the circuit court
denying the motion and remand this case for further proceedings.
Reversed and remanded.
Footnote: 1
Pursuant to an administrative order entered by this
Court on 18 November 1994, the Honorable Fred L. Fox, II, Judge
of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit, was assigned to sit as a
member of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals commencing 1
January 1995 and continuing through 31 March 1995, because of the
physical incapacity of Justice W. T. Brotherton, Jr. On 14
February 1995 a subsequent administrative order extended this
assignment until further order of said Court.Footnote: 2
Following the circuit court's denial of the motion to
suppress, the appellants entered into a conditional plea
arrangement with the State. The circuit court approved the
arrangement pursuant to Rule 11(a)(2) of the West Virginia Rules
of Criminal Procedure:
" Pleas. (a) Alternatives. . . .
"(2) Conditional Pleas. With the
approval of the court and the consent of the
state, a defendant may enter a conditional
plea of guilty or nolo contendere, reserving
in writing the right, on appeal from the
judgment, to review of the adverse
determination of any specified pretrial
motion. A defendant who prevails on appeal
shall be allowed to withdraw the plea."
Under the terms of the conditional plea, the appellants pleaded
guilty to the felony offense of manufacturing a controlled
substance, but specifically reserved their right to appeal the
circuit court's denial of the motion to suppress the evidence
found in their residence. Footnote: 3
The appellants argue the magistrate violated the
"four-corner" doctrine when she considered information outside
the warrant and affidavit. We find this argument to be without
merit. The trial transcript clearly shows the magistrate limited
her consideration of facts to only those appearing in the
affidavit. Specifically, as quoted above, she stated, in part:
"I issued the warrant based on the wording in there [the warrant]
that said the informant had been in the residence and did know
and was informed by the accused that there was marijuana. That
indicated to me--that was reason that I felt the informant was
reliable." Our review on appeal, likewise, is limited to the
facts contained in the warrant and affidavit.Footnote: 4
Of course, the crucial decision in this case was the
magistrate's finding of probable cause. Our review of a
magistrate's probable cause determination is deferential. Simply
stated, our task is to determine whether the magistrate had a
substantial basis for the decision. We accord a magistrate's
decision great deference and will not invalidate a warrant by
interpreting an affidavit in a hypertechnical, rather than a
commonsense, manner.Footnote: 5
In Farley, supra, we made it plain that the "clearly
erroneous" rule does not protect findings made on the basis of
the application of incorrect legal standards or made in disregard
of applicable legal standards.Footnote: 6
See also United States v. Jones, 913 F.2d 174, 176
(4th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1052, 111 S. Ct. 766, 112 L. Ed. 2d 785 (1991); State v. George, 185 W. Va. 539, 408 S.E.2d 291 (1991); State v. Thompson, 178 W. Va. 254, 358 S.E.2d 815
(1987); State v. Wood, 177 W. Va. 352, 352 S.E.2d 103 (1986). Footnote: 7
In United States v. Hawkins, 788 F.2d 200 (4th Cir.
1986), the court was asked to decide the issue of whether Franks
is violated when important polygraph information is not disclosed
to a magistrate when a warrant is sought. The court answered no.
"Failure to advise the magistrate of the results of Robinson's
polygraph examination is not the deliberate falsity or reckless
disregard for the truth mentioned in Franks." 788 F.2d at 208. Footnote: 8
At the suppression hearing, Corporal Livingston stated
that Corporal Whisman told him the informant previously had been
reliable. In addition, Corporal Whisman testified at the hearing
that the informant had provided him reliable and truthful
information in the past. Footnote: 9
Even if the record, read generously in favor of the
appellants, might conceivably support some more favorable
scenario--and we do not suggest that it can--we would not meddle.
Our review is only for clear error; where there is more than one
plausible view of the circumstances, a circuit court's choice
among the alternatives cannot be clearly erroneous.Footnote: 10
Probable cause has been defined as reasonable grounds
for belief, supported by less than prima facie proof but more
than mere suspicion. The task of a magistrate in issuing a
warrant is "simply to make a practical, common-sense decision
whether, given all the circumstances set forth in the affidavit
before him, including the 'veracity' and 'basis of knowledge' of
persons supplying hearsay information, there exists a fair
probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found
in a particular place." Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213, 238,
103 S. Ct. 2317, 2332, 76 L. Ed. 2d 527, 548 (1983). In other
words, facts which would lead a reasonably cautious person to
believe the search will uncover evidence of a crime will support
a finding of probable cause.Footnote: 11
In Thompson, we discussed and accepted the Supreme
Court's adoption of the "totality of circumstances" test to
establish reliability and knowledge in meeting the requirement of
probable cause. Specifically, we stated:
"In Gates the [C]ourt reasoned that different
elements of probable cause should not be
understood as separate, independent,
mechanical requirements that have a
technical, talismanic quality. Rather, the
[C]ourt held, all aspects of a warrant
application should be viewed as part of the
bundle of tightly intertwined issues that may
usefully illuminate the common sense,
practical question of whether there is
'probable cause.'" ___ W. Va. at ___, 358 S.E.2d at 818. (Citations omitted). Footnote: 12
Personal knowledge is an adequate substitute for
detailed facts if the informant is otherwise credible. In Walls,
170 W. Va. at 424, 294 S.E.2d at ___, we stated:
"The fact that the affidavit did not detail
the facts supporting the reliability of the
informant does not render it invalid. We
addressed this problem in State v. White, 167
W. Va. 374, 280 S.E.2d 114 (1981), where we
said in Syllabus Point 1:
"'A valid search warrant
may issue upon an averment that an
unnamed informant was an eyewitness
to criminal activities conducted on
premises described in the
warrant.'"Footnote: 13
The fact that an informant provided correct
information in certain aspects of his prediction (even innocent
behavior) increases the probability that other aspects of his
prediction (the criminal behavior) also are correct. Gates, 462 U.S. at 244-45, 103 S. Ct. at 2335-36, 76 L. Ed. 2d at 552.Footnote: 14
Although mere companionship with an individual
suspected of criminal activity does not satisfy the probable
cause standard, such association is "part of the 'practical
considerations of everyday life' which can be considered in
determining whether there is probable cause." United States v.
Wright, 577 F.2d 378, 380 (6th Cir. 1978), quoting United States
v. Harris, 403 U.S. 573, 582-83, 91 S. Ct. 2075, 2081, 29 L. Ed. 2d 723, ___ (1970).Footnote: 15
In reaching our conclusion, we give special
consideration to the fact that the information provided to the
magistrate was not highly detailed. The richness of detail
provided by an informant increases the reliability of the
information. As the Supreme Court stated in Gates:
"The anonymous [tip] contained a range of
details relating not just to easily obtained
facts and conditions existing at the time of
the tip, but to future actions of third
parties ordinarily not easy predicted. . . .
If the informant had access to reliable
information of this type . . . it was not
unlikely that he also had access to reliable
information of the . . . alleged illegal
activities." 462 U.S. at 245, 103 S. Ct. at
2335, 76 L.Ed.2d at ___. (Footnote omitted).
Thus, the amount of detail provided by the informant may alone be enough to make the information trustworthy. On the other hand, general information when coupled with anonymity severely undercuts the reliability of the information.Footnote: 16 We refuse to address the prosecution's alternative reliance on the "good faith" exception to the warrant requirement announced in United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1984). First, we have found that no probable cause existed and the affidavit was merely "bare bones and conclusory[.]" The "good faith" exception does not apply to circumstances where the warrant is based on an affidavit so lacking in indicia of probable cause as to render official belief in its existence entirely unreasonable. See State v. Hlavacek, 185 W. Va. 371, 407 S.E.2d 375 (1991); State v. Adkins, 176 W. Va. 613, 346 S.E.2d 762 (1986); State v. Schofield, 175 W. Va. 99, 331 S.E.2d 829 (1985). Second, appellate courts frequently refuse to address issues that appellants, or in this case the appellee, fail to develop in their brief. In fact, the issue of "good faith" was adverted to in a perfunctory manner unaccompanied by some effort at developed argumentation. Indeed, "it is well . . . settled that . . . that casual mention of an issue in a brief is cursory treatment insufficient to preserve the issue on appeal." Kost v. Kozakiewicz, 1 F.3d 176, 182 (3rd Cir. 1993).
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