Satterfield v. Claypole
Annotate this Case
September 1993 Term
___________
No. 21585
___________
LOWELL SATTERFIELD,
Plaintiff Below, Appellee,
v.
EUGENE CLAYPOLE, MARION RUSSELL, GARY JORDAN,
JAMES ROWAN, JAMES SLUSSER, JERRY MILLER,
JOHN DARCUS, AND RICK YANERO, INDIVIDUALLY AND
AS REPRESENTATIVES AND OFFICIALS OF U.M.W.A. DISTRICT 31,
AN UNINCORPORATED LABOR ASSOCIATION, AND U.M.W.A. DISTRICT 31,
Defendants Below,
U.M.W.A. District 31,
Appellant
_______________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Marion County
Honorable Fred L. Fox, II, Judge
Civil Action No. 90-C-84
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS
_______________________________________________________
Submitted: November 2, 1993
Filed: December 9, 1993
Jacques R. Williams
Hamstead, Hamstead & Williams
Morgantown, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellee
Peter F. Dinardi
Morgantown, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellant
JUSTICE BROTHERTON delivered the Opinion of the Court.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
Pursuant to Section 301(a) of the Labor Management
Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.S. § 185(a), federal law preempts state law
when a union member brings suit against the district or local union
based upon alleged violations of the district or local union
constitution.
Brotherton, Justice:
This appeal involves an alleged breach of employment
contract claim by the appellee, Lowell Satterfield, against the
officials of United Mine Workers of America District No. 31.
Satterfield alleges that the union wrongfully laid him off from his
position as assistant compensation director twice during his tenure
as an elected official of the district union. Following a jury
trial, the appellee was awarded $50,000.00. The union appeals,
arguing that the Marion County Circuit Court erred in failing to
rule on whether an employment contract existed and in ruling that
federal labor law did not preempt state law. The circuit court
denied post-trial motions to this effect by order dated July 6,
1992.
In 1985, Satterfield was elected to the position of
assistant compensation director for the local office of District 31
of the United Mine Workers of America, a position created by the
terms of the district's constitution. His term of office began on
June 20, 1985. During the time that he was elected and took
office, District 31 was under their third Constitution. Under its
provisions, the assistant compensation director was a mandatory
position, since the Constitution used the term "shall" when stating
that the office of assistant compensation director should be
elected by a plurality of the vote. His term of office was four
years. The assistant compensation director was also a member of
the board of directors.
On September 19, 1985, the fourth Constitution came into
effect. In that Constitution, a lay-off procedure for Board
members was established in order to reduce costs. Satterfield
voted in favor of the lay-off procedure, which was to be done on
basis of seniority, although he now attempts to excuse his vote by
explaining he did not have advice of counsel when voting. On
January 1, 1987, Satterfield was laid off, until March 9, 1987. He
was laid off again from November 28, 1987, through June 20, 1989,
when his term of office expired.
In its principle assignment of error, the appellant
contends that federal law should have preempted state law because
of the labor issues involved. We agree. Section 301 of the Labor
Management Relations Act (LMRA) establishes federal jurisdiction
for "suits for violation of contracts . . . between any . . . labor
organizations (representing employees in an industry affecting
commerce as defined in this chapter)." 29 U.S.C. § 185(a) [29
U.S.C.S. § 185(a)]. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that "a union
constitution can be 'a contract between labor organizations' within
the meaning of Section 301(a)" (of the Labor Management Relations
Act/Taft-Hartley Act). United Association of Journeymen and
Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry of the United
States and Canada, AFL-CIO v. Local 334, United Association of
Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipefitting Industry
of the United States and Canada, 452 U.S. 615, 620, 101 S. Ct. 2546,
69 L. Ed. 2d 280 (1981).
Plumbers & Pipefitters involved a suit, removed to the
federal district court, by a local union against its parent
international union to enjoin enforcement of an order requiring the
locals to be consolidated as a violation of the international
constitution. The court ruled in favor of the international union.
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals, raising the issue sua sponte,
held that the federal district court lacked jurisdiction because
there would not be sufficient impact on labor-management relations
or industrial peace. The Supreme Court reversed, stating that
prevailing state law viewed union constitutions as contracts. Id.
at 621. See Machinists v. Gonzales, 356 U.S. 617, 618-19, 78 S. Ct. 923, 2 L. Ed. 2d 1018 (1958). The Court held that because union
constitutions are "contract[s]" within the plain meaning of
§ 301(a), and the local and international unions are "labor
organizations," the federal district court had jurisdiction under
§ 301(a) of the LMRA. Plumbers & Pipefitters, 452 U.S. at 627.
In particular, the Supreme Court in Plumbers &
Pipefitters pointed out that the prevailing state law view that a
union constitution was a contract between parent and local unions
was "widely held in the States around the time § 301(a) wasenacted." Id. at 621 (citations omitted). The Court explained
that view:
Congress was also concerned that unions be
made legally accountable for agreements into
which they entered among themselves, an
objective that itself would further stability
among labor organizations. Therefore, Section
301(a) provided federal jurisdiction for
enforcement of contracts made by labor
organizations to counteract jurisdictional
defects in many state courts that made it
difficult or impossible to bring suits against
labor organizations by reason of their status
as unincorporated associations. See Charles
Dowd Box Company v. Courtney, supra, at 510, 7 L. Ed. 2d 483, 82 S. Ct. 519 93 Cong.Rec. 5014
(1947) (comments of Sen. Ball, a floor leader
of the bill) . . . . Surely Congress could
conclude that the enforcement of the terms of
union constitutions -- documents that
prescribe the legal relationship and the
rights and obligations between the parent and
affiliated locals -- would contribute to the
achievement of labor stability. Since union
constitutions were probably the most common-
place form of contract between labor
organizations when the Taft-Hartley Act was
enacted (and probably still are today), and
Congress was obviously familiar with their
existence and importance, we cannot believe
that Congress would have used the unqualified
term "contract" without intending to encompass
that category of contracts represented by
union constitutions. Nothing in the language
and legislative history of Section 301(a)
suggests any special qualification or
limitation on its reach, and we decline to
interpose one ourselves.
Id. at 624-25 (emphasis added).
However, both the respondents in Plumbers & Pipefitters
and in this case argue that § 301(a) jurisdiction was never
intended to extend to disputes arising under union constitutions
because, as stated in Plumbers & Pipefitters, "the 80th Congress
clearly did not intend to intervene in the internal affairs of
labor unions." Id. at 625. The Court in Plumbers & Pipefitters
disagreed, stating that "the respondent's argument falls wide of
the mark. There is an obvious and important difference between
substantive regulation by the National Labor Relations Board of
internal union governance of its membership, and enforcement by the
federal courts of freely entered into agreements between separate
labor organizations." Id. at 626. The Court concluded that "it is
far too late in the day to deny that Congress intended the federal
courts to enjoy a wide-ranging authority to enforce labor contracts
under § 301. We do not need to say that every contract imaginable
between labor organizations is within § 301(a). It is enough to
hold, as we do now, that union constitutions are." Id. at 627.
Although Plumbers & Pipefitters determined that union
constitutions were within the scope of § 301(a), the court refused
to decide whether "individual union members may bring suit on a
union constitution against a labor organization." Id. at 627,
n.16. Thus, we next address the question of whether federal law
would preempt under § 301(a) when a union member sues the local or
district under its union constitution.
The United States Supreme Court discussed this issue in
Wooddell v. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, Local
71, et al., 502 U.S. ___, 112 S. Ct. 494, 116 L. Ed. 2d 419 (1991).
Wooddell involved a union member's suit against the local and its
officers, based upon both the local and international
constitutions, in District Court, seeking injunctive relief, lost
wages, benefits, additional compensatory damages, punitive damages,
and attorney fees. The District Court dismissed all claims against
the defendants on a summary judgment motion. The United States
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed the dismissal of
one claim, but otherwise affirmed the district court's dismissals.
The Sixth Circuit stated, among other holdings, that § 301(a) did
not authorize an action to be brought by an individual union
member. On certiori, the United States Supreme Court reversed and
held that the federal district court had subject matter
jurisdiction under the "between labor organizations" provision of
§ 301(a), 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). Section 301(a) provides that
"[s]uits for violation of contracts between an employer and a labor
organization representing employees in an industry affecting
commerce as defined in this chapter, or between any such labor
organizations, may be brought in any district court of the United
States having jurisdiction of the parties . . . ." 29 U.S.C.
§ 185(a) (emphasis added).
In Smith v. Evening News Association, 371 U.S. 195, 83 S. Ct. 267, 9 L. Ed. 2d 246 (1962), the Court defined "the word
'between' in § 301" to refer to "'contracts,' not 'suits' . . . ."
Id. at 200-01. Thus, the Court in Wooddell determined that:
[A] suit properly brought under § 301 must be
a suit either for violation of a contract
between an employer and a labor organization
representing employees in an industry
affecting commerce or for a violation of a
contract between such labor organizations. No
employer-union contract is involved here; if
the District Court had § 301 subject-matter
jurisdiction over petitioner's suit against
his union, it is because his suit alleges a
violation of a contract between the two
unions, and because § 301 is not limited to
suits brought by a party to that contract,
i.e., because one in petitioner's position may
properly bring such a suit.
Id., 502 U.S. at ___, 116 L. Ed. 2d at 428.
In reaching its conclusion, the Wooddell Court reviewed
Plumbers & Pipefitters, supra, and found that federal jurisdiction
existed when the suit by the local union was for a violation of a
contract between two unions within the meaning of § 301. Id., 502
U.S. at ___, 116 L. Ed. 2d at 429. The Court also examined its
decision in Smith v. Evening News, supra, wherein it concluded that
an employee's suit against his employer to enforce a collective
bargaining contract between the employer and the union collective
bargaining agent was one provided for in § 301. Quoting the
reasoning set forth in Smith v. Evening News, the Wooddell Court
noted that a contrary ruling could result in the possibility that:
"individual contract terms might have
different meanings under state and federal law
[which] would inevitably exert a disruptive
influence upon both the negotiation and
administration of collective agreements."
Id., at 200-201, 9 L. Ed. 2d 246, 83 S. Ct. 267,
quoting Teamsters v. Lucas Flour Co., 369 U.S. 95, 103, 7 L. Ed. 2d 593, 82 S. Ct. 571 (1962).
Similar considerations bear on this case.
Congress expressly provided in § 301(a) for
federal jurisdiction over contracts between an
employer and a labor organization or between
labor organizations. Collective-bargaining
agreements are the principal form of contract
between an employer and a labor organization.
Individual union members, who are often the
beneficiaries of provisions of collective
bargaining agreements, may bring suits on
these contracts under § 301. Likewise, union
constitutions are an important form of
contract between labor organizations. Members
of a collective-bargaining unit are often the
beneficiaries of such interunion contracts,
and when they are, they likewise may bring
suit on these contracts under § 301.
If they could not, unacceptable
consequences could ensue . . . . Respondents
contend that construing § 301 as we do signals
an unwarranted intrusion on state contract law
that Congress could not have intended. It is
argued that the federalization of the law of
union-member relationships should be limited
to the specific provisions found in the
L.M.R.D.A.See footnote 1 But if § 301, fairly construed and
absent a later statute such as the L.M.R.D.A.,
covers the suit we now have before us, we
should reach that result even with the
appearance of a later statute such as the
L.M.R.D.A. unless there is some more
persuasive reason derived from the later
legislation itself that Congress intended to
narrow the reach of § 301. We are unable to
discern any satisfactory basis for implying
such a partial repeal of that section.
Id., 502 U.S. at ___, 116 L. Ed. 2d at 430 (emphasis added).
The Wooddell Court refused to decide the merits of the
breach of contract claim after concluding that federal jurisdiction
existed under § 301, based on the alleged violation of the
constitution between the local and international labor
organizations. Thus, Wooddell goes a step further than Plumbers &
Pipefitters, and holds that § 301(a) controls when a union member
brings suit against either the local or international union based
upon the international and the local constitutions, since
constitutions are considered contracts between two labor
organizations for the purposes of § 301. Id., 502 U.S. at ___, 116 L. Ed. 2d at 430.
Wooddell did not specially address whether federal law
would preempt state law when a union member sued the local or
district based solely on the local or district constitution. It
did, however, cite with approval several United States Court of
Appeals opinions in which federal law was held to preempt in
similar circumstances.
The interpretation [of § 301(a)] we adopt
today has been the law in a number of Federal
Circuits for some time and was adopted ten
years ago by the Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit in a case specifically involving
the IBEW constitution. See Kinney v.
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers, 669 F.2d 1222 (1981); see also, e.g.,
DeSantiago v. Laborers International Union of
North America, Local No. 1140, 914 F.2d 125
(CA8 1990); Pruitt v. Carpenters Local Union
No. 225, 893 F.2d 1216 (CA11 1990); Lewis v.
International Brotherhood of Teamsters,
Chauffeurs, Warehousemen, and Helpers of
America, Local Union No. 771, 826 F.2d 1310
(CA3 1987).
Id., 502 U.S. at ___, 116 L. Ed. 2d at 430-31.
A review of the Court of Appeals' opinions cited in
Wooddell illustrates that suits brought by a union member under the
local or district constitution have been considered preempted by
federal law in several jurisdictions. In Kinney v. International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 669 F.2d 1222 (9th Cir. 1981),
the Ninth Circuit held that, under § 185(a) of the Labor Management
Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.A., "[a]n individual union member may bring
suit on a union constitution against a labor organization." Id. at
1229. In Pruitt v. Carpenter's Local Union No. 225, 893 F.2d 1216
(11th Cir. 1990), the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals addressed
a situation in which a suit was brought by a union member/candidate
for local office against the union when the position to which he
had been elected was eliminated. The Court of Appeals held that:
[t]he court believes that the appellant's
cause of action is completely pre-empted. By
its terms, section 301 provides that "[s]uits
for violations of contracts between an
employer and a labor organization . . . or
between any such labor organization may be
brought in the district court of the United
States." The term "contracts" includes union
constitutions, see United Association of
Journeymen & Apprentices v. Local 334, 452 U.S. 615, 619-20, 101 S. Ct. 2546, 2548-49, 69 L. Ed. 2d 280 (1981), and the phrase "[s]uits
for violations of contracts" includes suits by
employees for violations of union
constitutions. See, e.g., Alexander v.
International Union of Operating Engineers,
624 F.2d 1235 (5th Cir. 1980) (employees sue
union under section 301 when union enters into
unwanted agreement); cf. Franchise Tax Board,
463 U.S. at 25 n.28 (Court ha[s] not taken a
restrictive view of who may sue under § 301
for violations of such contracts) (emphasis
original). In the present case, the complaint
essentially asserts that the union breached
its bylaws and its constitution when it
fraudulently refused to instate the appellant.
The complaint thus created a "suit for
violation[] of contract[]" within the meaning
of section 301, and the appellant's cause of
action was preempted by federal law.
Id. at 1219. Similarly, in DeSantiago v. Laborers International
Union of North America, Local No. 1140, 914 F.2d 125 (8th Cir.
1990), the Eighth Circuit held that a claim by union members
against the local, alleging that the local had intentionally
interfered with their employment contract and violated both the
international and local constitutions, was preempted by federal
law. Id. at 128. See also Lewis v. International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, et al., Local Union No. 771, 826 F.2d 1310, 1312-14 (3rd
Cir. 1987).
While the Fourth Circuit has not yet had the occasion to
address this precise issue, it has discussed related issues in a
manner which leads us to conclude that it would agree with Pruitt.
In White v. National Steel Corp., 938 F.2d 474 (4th Cir. 1991),
cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 1122 S. Ct. 454, 116 L. Ed. 2d 471 (1991),
the Fourth Circuit reviewed claims brought by sixty-two former
employees against National Steel, alleging that National Steel had
breached individually negotiated employment contracts. The United
States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia
ruled that § 301(a) preempted the employees' claims in part. On
appeal, the Fourth Circuit affirmed in part and reversed in part,
holding that § 301(a) did not preempt when the claims were based on
individually negotiated employment contracts rather than a
collective bargaining agreement.See footnote 2 Id. at 482-83. The Court in
White explained that the plaintiffs were not in positions covered
by a collective agreement, nor were they even represented by the
union at all. Id. at 484. The Court made it clear, however, that
if the employees' claims had been based upon a duty created by a
collective bargaining agreement, § 301 would preempt that claim.
Id. at 481-82. By contrast, the case now before us involves a
union constitution which, like a collective bargaining agreement,
defines the collective rights of the union membership under that
document. Consequently, we believe that the Fourth Circuit would
find that § 301 controls in this case.
We believe the theories expressed in Plumbers &
Pipefitters, Wooddell, and Pruitt are equally applicable to this
fact situation. Union constitutions are an important form of labor
contract. Wooddell, 502 U.S. at ___, 116 L. Ed. 2d at 430. The
complaint alleges that the district violated its constitution when
the appellee was laid off from his position of assistant
compensation director because of the retroactive application of the
fourth Constitution. Therefore, a "suit[ ] for violation of
contract[ ]" was established within the scope of § 301 of 29
U.S.C.S. 185(a). Moreover, although a significant impact on the
labor market is no longer required, the retroactive application of
a new or revised union constitution could have serious
ramifications on the stability of the labor market. Plumbers &
Pipefitters, 452 U.S. at 624-25. It is logical that federal law
govern because § 301(a) was clearly intended to encompass union
constitutions, which may include union members in several states
which may have different applicable laws. In Local 124, Teamsters,
et al. v. Lucas Flour Co., 369 U.S. 95, 82 S. Ct. 571, 7 L. Ed. 2d 593
(1962), the United States Supreme Court explained that "in enacting
§ 301 Congress intended doctrines of federal labor law uniformly to
prevail over inconsistent local rules." Id. at 104. The
application of federal law promotes the uniform treatment of all
union members under their constitution, regardless of where they
reside.
The appellee counters by pointing to three state court
decisions in which state law was applied. In Rensch v. General
Drivers, Helpers and Truck Terminal Employees, Local No. 120, 129 N.W.2d 341 (Minn. 1964), the Supreme Court of Minnesota affirmed a
lower court order which found improper the retroactive application
of the union by-laws amendment changing an officer's qualifications
for the purpose of ousting the plaintiff from his office. The same
result was reached in Costello v. O'Kane, 111 N.Y.S.2d 174
(N.Y.A.D. 1952), where the New York Appellate Court held that,
under the union's by-laws, an officer could only be removed after
his two-year term had expired. Finally, in Carroll v. NCR
Employees Independent Union, 232 N.W.2d 410 (Ohio App. 1967), a
union officer brought suit for unlawful discharge against the union
which employed him because he wanted to affiliate with another
union. In that case, the Ohio Supreme Court ruled that since the
plaintiff was not claiming any rights arising under the federal
statute, there is no preemption unless the federal statutes had
deprived the state court of jurisdiction. In that case, the Ohio
Court ruled that its jurisdiction was not withdrawn.
The respondents, however, fail to mention that all three
of the cases discussed above occurred prior to the Supreme Court's
interpretation of § 301 in Plumbers & Pipefitters and Wooddell, and
the Federal Court of Appeals' decisions discussed above. Second,
Rensch and Costello did not involve specific allegations of the
applicability of federal law. Here, specific allegations of
federal preemption were made below. Finally, none of the three
state court decisions directly involved a union constitution, which
has been specifically defined by the United States Supreme Court to
be a contract within § 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations
Act. We find these state court opinions to be inapplicable to the
case now before us.
In summary, we conclude that pursuant to § 301(a) of the
Labor Management Relations Act, 29 U.S.C.S. § 185(a), federal law
preempts state law when a union member brings suit against the
local or district based upon alleged violations of the local or
district union constitution.See footnote 3 Accordingly, we reverse the judgment
of the Circuit Court of Marion County and remand this case for
retrial. Upon retrial, the Marion County Circuit Court is directed
to apply federal labor law to the issues in this case.
Reversed and remanded with directions.
Footnote: 1Labor Management Reporting & Disclosure Act of 1959, 73 Stat. 519, as amended, 29 U.S.C. § 401 et. seq.)
Footnote: 2In Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 107 S. Ct. 2425, 96 L. Ed. 2d 318 (1987), the Supreme Court noted that "Section 301 says nothing about the content or validity of individual employment contracts." Id. at 394.
Footnote: 3States retain concurrent jurisdiction over § 301 claims and must apply federal law rather than state contract principles to preempted cases. Lucas Flour, 369 U.S. at 102.
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