Jorgenson vs. Vener
Annotate this CaseDavid Jorgenson and Laura Jorgenson
Plaintiffs and Appellants,
v.
Michael J. Vener, M.D.,
Defendant and Appellee.
[2002 SD 20]
South Dakota Supreme Court
Appeal from the Circuit Court of
The Third Judicial Circuit
Codington County, South Dakota
Hon. Robert L. Timm, Judge
Daniel R. Fritz
Fritz Law Offices
Aberdeen South Dakota
And
Jakes R. Welsh
Bradford, Coenen & Welsh
Omaha, Nebraska
Attorneys for plaintiffs and appellants,
Reed Rasmussen
Julia M. Dvorak of
Siegel, Barnett and Schutz, L.L.P.
Aberdeen, South Dakota
Attorneys for defendant and appellee.
Argued November 16, 2001
Reassigned 12/21/2001
Opinion Filed 2/6/2002
SABERS, Justice (on reassignment).
[¶1.] David Jorgenson (Jorgenson) developed an infection in his lower right leg as a result of surgery to repair a shattered tibia and ankle. Jorgenson’s attending physician, Dr. Michael Vener (Vener), did not discover the infection for approximately three months. Jorgenson sued Vener for medical malpractice under the loss of chance doctrine. The trial court granted summary judgment for Vener, Jorgenson appealed, and we reversed. Jorgenson v. Vener, 2000 SD 87, ¶24, 616 NW2d 366, 373 (Jorgenson I). Now, Jorgenson pursues damages for the loss of a ten-fifteen percent chance that he could have saved his leg from amputation. The trial court granted summary judgment for Vener again, Jorgenson appeals again, and we reverse and remand for trial.
FACTS STANDARD OF REVIEWSummary judgment is authorized "if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." We will affirm only when there are no genuine issues of material fact and the legal questions have been correctly decided. All reasonable inferences drawn from the facts must be viewed in favor of the non-moving party. The burden is on the moving party to clearly show an absence of any genuine issue of material fact and an entitlement to judgment as a matter of law.
Holzer v. Dakota Speedway, 2000 SD 65, ¶8, 610 NW2d 787, 792 (quoting SDCL
15-6-56(c)) (citations omitted). Thus, we independently review the record without being bound by the trial judge’s factual assessments. Carpenter v. City of Belle Fourche, 2000 SD 55, ¶6, 609 NW2d 751, 756; Fritzel v. Roy Johnson Constr., 1999 SD 59, ¶7, 594 NW2d 336, 338; Spenner v. City of Sioux Falls, 1998 SD 56, ¶7, 580 NW2d 606, 609.
[¶10.] WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DETERMINING THAT JORGENSON'S DEPOSITON TESTIMONY PRECLUDED A CAUSE OF ACTION FOR LOSS OF CHANCE.
[¶11.] This Court recognized a cause of action for loss of chance in Jorgenson I and reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. 2000 SD 87 at ¶17, 616 NW2d at 371. Vener now argues that Jorgenson is precluded from asserting a cause of action for loss of chance because he testified that, under the circumstances, he would have chosen amputation. Even if that statement were relevant and admissible to determine damages for loss of chance, it would not be sufficient to eliminate genuine issues of material fact.
[¶12.] The issue in this case is not whether Jorgenson’s deposition
testimony negates the possibility of a different outcome precluding his recovery on a loss of chance claim. Rather, the issue is whether Jorgenson should be given the opportunity to prove to a jury the amount of damages he suffered as a result of the doctor’s negligence. To uphold the trial court’s grant of summary judgment would effectively reverse our first Jorgenson decision because it defeats the purpose of adopting the loss of chance doctrine.
[¶13.] In Jorgenson I, this Court stated that “[t]he loss of chance doctrine involves the idea that a doctor, by doing something wrong, has decreased the patient’s chance of recovery or survival.” Id. at ¶12 (citing Margaret T. Mangan, Comment, The Loss of Chance Doctrine: A Small Price to Pay for Human Life, 42 SDLRev 279, 283 (1997)). A plaintiff may then be entitled to recover damages for this lost chance. Jorgenson has the right to prove the existence and value of his damages to a jury. Article VI § 6 of the South Dakota Constitution guarantees the right to trial by jury. Article VI § 6 provides: “[t]he right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate and shall extend to all cases at law without regard to the amount in controversy[.]” (emphasis added). “A jury determination of the amount of damages is the essence of the right to trial by jury[.]” In re Certif. of Questions of Law: Knowles v. United States, 1996 SD 10, ¶10, 544 NW2d 183, 187 (quoting Moore v. Mobile Infirmary Ass’n, 592 So2d 156, 161 (Ala 1991)). Jorgenson should not be deprived of the opportunity to prove the value of such damages simply because of an after-the-fact statement. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for jury trial.
[¶14.] GORS, Acting Justice, concurs.
[¶15.] AMUNDSON, Justice, concurs specially.
[¶16.] GILBERTSON, Chief Justice, and KONENKAMP, Justice, dissent.
AMUNDSON, Justice (concurring specially).
[¶17.] The issue in this case is whether Jorgenson had an opportunity for a better result during the time of his treatment by Vener. The New Mexico Supreme Court discussed the lost chance doctrine in Alberts v. Schultz and held as follows:
The injury is the lost opportunity of a better result, not the harm caused by the presenting problem. It is not the physical harm itself, but rather the lost chance of avoiding the physical harm . . . . [t]he causal connection between the negligence and the resultant injury must be medically provable.
The chance of a better result may be conceptualized as a window of time that existed before the malpractice took place; in that window of time the healthcare provider had an opportunity to timely implement proper medical treatments that would avoid or minimize the occurrence of the injury. Through negligent misdiagnosis, inappropriate therapy, or unnecessary delay, the window of time was closed. The act of malpractice may have immediately shut the window of time, or it may have caused a delay during which the window of time expired. The claim is not for the subsequent injury, but for the fact that it is now too late to do anything to avoid the injury. Correcting the problem is no longer possible . . . .
Rather, the patient must present evidence that the harm for which he or she originally sought treatment—the presenting medical problem—was in fact made worse by the lost chance.
975 P2d 1279, 1284-85 (NM 1999).
[¶18.] In this case the plaintiff should be allowed to prove that his window of opportunity for a better result was closed due to negligent treatment, which in fact is shown to have made the condition worse. And, therefore, I concur in the majority writing.
GILBERTSON, Chief Justice (dissenting).
[¶19.] I respectfully dissent. I would affirm the trial court’s summary judgment based on the evidentiary admissions of Jorgenson.
[¶25.] Because Jorgenson testified that the earlier discovery of his infection would not have changed his course of action, I would hold that there can be no recovery for the lost chance in this case. As in McDaniel, Jorgenson has merely shown that the doctor’s alleged negligence caused the loss of a chance to consider the two-year treatment to try and save his leg at a possible success rate of seventy-five percent as opposed to sixty percent. He has not shown the loss of a chance to actually obtain the treatment. Indeed, he testified that obtaining the treatment was not the better result for him. I would not hold that a plaintiff be required to undergo the treatment in order to recover on a loss of chance claim, only that he deem it a possibility at a better outcome and consider it accordingly.
[¶26.] It is indisputable that our Constitution provides a litigant the right to have factual issues tried by a jury. But where there is no issue of fact, there is no
right to a jury trial. Here, there was no question of fact left for a jury to consider, as Jorgenson’s own testimony has already given the answer. Jorgenson’s deposition testimony, that he would still choose amputation given an increased fifteen percent chance of success, factually negates the possibility of a better outcome and thereby precludes his recovery on a loss of chance claim. Simply put, Jorgenson testified his way out of court. Therefore, I would affirm the trial court’s decision.
KONENKAMP, Justice (dissenting).
[¶27.] With today's ruling, medical patients can refuse remedial treatment and still maintain a viable malpractice suit against their doctors for failing to provide that treatment. If that seems absurd, then read the majority opinion again, for that is exactly what it holds. The plaintiff here can both disclaim a medical remedy and sue for having been denied it. Thus, a patient's own decisions about courses of treatment become wholly irrelevant. The doctor must pay for not giving a patient a choice the patient would never have chosen. The expansion of liability here is breathtaking. Medical malpractice law now becomes a Pickwickian parlor game. There will be compensation for loss, even if only illusory, a product of statistics, conjured up and displayed in so many pixels. All a jury needs to do is count them, and, of course, add dollar signs.
1. Jorgenson’s expert, Dr. Mark Rupp, testified that a diagnosis of the infection in October, when Jorgenson presented with a fever, would have increased Jorgenson’s chances of saving his leg by ten-fifteen percent.
2. See McBride v. United States, 462 F2d 72 (9thCir 1972) (applying Hawaii law); Jeanes v. Milner, 428 F2d 598 (8thCir 1970) (applying Arkansas law); Delaney v. Cade, 873 P2d 175 (Kan 1994); Scafidi v. Seiler, 574 A2d 398 (NJ 1990); Aasheim v. Humberger, 695 P2d 824 (Mont 1985); Thompson v. Sun City Cmty. Hosp., Inc., 688 P2d 605 (Ariz 1984); Thornton v. CAMC, 305 SE2d 316 (WVa 1983); Jones v. Montefiore Hosp., 431 A2d 920 (Pa 1981); Thomas v. Corso, 288 A2d 379 (Md 1972); Kallenberg v. Beth Israel Hosp., 357 NYS2d 508 (NYAppDiv 1974).
3. The majority suggests that Jorgenson should not be held accountable for his testimony because it was “an after-the-fact statement.” The nature of the adversary process, however, relegates all deposition and trial testimony to the category of after-the-fact statements. This testimony is of no less value or weight simply because it is elicited in a deposition. At a minimum, this testimony would be relevant in determining whether Jorgenson breached a duty to mitigate damages. See, e.g., King v. Clark, 709 NE2d 1043, 1048 (IndCtApp 1999) (holding patient’s choice of lumpectomy over mastectomy and refusal to complete all six chemotherapy sessions “contributed as a legal cause to the harm she suffered.”); Borkowski v. Sacheti, 682 A2d 1095, 1111 (ConnAppCt 1996) (recognizing that patient’s conduct did not rise to level of contributory negligence but was relevant in determining defendant’s level of liability); Chudson v. Ratra, 548 A2d 172, 181 (MdCtSpecApp 1988) (holding that while patient’s failure to follow through with treatment did not rise to level of contributory negligence, it was relevant in determining amount of damages).
4. The determination of causation and damages in a loss of chance case may be done by three different basic methods. The two methods representing the extremes of the spectrum, are the “all or nothing” method and the Restatement (Second) of Torts method. The “all or nothing” method allows recovery only in those cases where the plaintiff proves a better than fifty percent chance of recovery. If the plaintiff is successful, the defendant is liable for one hundred percent of the loss; recovery “is not discounted by the chance that the loss might have occurred even absent the tort.” Wendland v. Sparks, 574 NW2d 327, 331 (Iowa 1998) (quoting Joseph H. King, Jr., Causation, Valuation, and Chance in Personal Injury Torts Involving Preexisting Conditions and Future Consequences, 90 Yale LJ 1353, 1365-66 (1981)). If, however, the plaintiff cannot prove a greater than fifty percent lost chance, recovery is precluded entirely.
The majority herein uses the Restatement method, or “any loss” approach to causation, which holds a medical professional “subject to liability to the [plaintiff] for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to perform his undertaking, if (a) his failure to exercise such care increases such harm . . . .” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 323(a). Under this method, the increased risk need not be significant, so long as some harm was caused. This standard of proof is relaxed to the point of being nonexistent.
I would choose to adopt the more moderate and practical “substantial factor” test in reviewing Jorgenson’s loss of chance claim. See Jeanes, 428 F2d at 605; Delaney, 873 P2d at 182. This method relaxes the standard of proof without eliminating it. A plaintiff meets the initial threshold by showing that a significant chance of survival or a better recovery was lost. Id. at 184. This approach is used not only to determine whether a plaintiff should recover, but also the amount of recovery “based upon what [he] lost by being deprived of the opportunity to receive early treatment and the chance of realizing gain in avoiding physical harm or loss of life.” Jorgenson I, 2000 SD 87 at ¶31, 616 NW2d at 374 (Amundson, J., concurring). Liability exposure is apportioned to fault. See McKellips v. St. Francis Hosp., Inc., 741 P2d 467 (Okla 1987). Thus, Jorgenson could recover for Vener’s delayed diagnosis only if: (1) Vener’s conduct was determined by the court to have been negligent; (2) that negligent conduct was a substantial factor in bringing about the ultimate injury; and (3) a fifteen percent lost chance is determined by the court to be significant.
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