State v. N. R. L.
Annotate this Case
Download PDF
FILED: April 11, 2012 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON In the Matter of N. R. L., a Youth. STATE OF OREGON, Respondent, v. N. R. L., Appellant. Petition Number 04J090305 Washington County Circuit Court J090305 A144789 Michele C. Rini, Judge pro tempore. Argued and submitted on November 07, 2011. Christa Obold-Eshleman argued the cause and filed the briefs for appellant. Cecil A. Reniche-Smith, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent. With her on the brief were John R. Kroger, Attorney General, and Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General. Before Schuman, Presiding Judge, and Wollheim, Judge, and Nakamoto, Judge. NAKAMOTO, J. Affirmed. 1 NAKAMOTO, J. 2 Youth appeals the juvenile court's judgment that he pay restitution in the 3 amount of $114,071.13. Youth argues that the juvenile court erred in denying his motion 4 to empanel a jury because Article I, section 17, of the Oregon Constitution entitled him to 5 a jury trial on the issue of restitution. Youth contends that the amendments to the 6 restitution statute, ORS 419C.450, changed the statute's purpose from penal to "quasi- 7 civil," which therefore requires compliance with Article I, section 17. Contrary to youth's 8 position, in a juvenile proceeding, the youth offender's obligation to pay restitution to a 9 victim remains penal in nature, despite the statutory amendments; restitution is not a 10 11 quasi-civil recovery device. We affirm. The following facts are not in dispute. Youth unlawfully entered a 12 warehouse and damaged property. Youth admitted to committing acts that, if committed 13 by an adult, would constitute burglary in the second degree and criminal mischief in the 14 first degree. Before the dispositional hearing, youth moved for a jury trial and argued 15 that he was entitled to a jury trial for the determination of restitution pursuant to Article I, 16 section 17. The juvenile court denied youth's motion for a jury trial and ordered 17 restitution in the following amounts: $5,000 to the State of Oregon on behalf of North 18 Pacific Management; $5,000 to the state on behalf of Oregon Worsted; and $15,023.25 19 and $89,047.88 to the state on behalf of Liberty Mutual. 20 On appeal, youth reprises his argument that, because the restitution statute 21 for juvenile proceedings provides victims with a quasi-civil recovery device, he was 22 entitled to a jury trial on restitution under Article I, section 17. We review the juvenile 1 1 court's interpretation of Article I, section 17, for legal error. State v. Rangel, 328 Or 294, 2 298, 977 P2d 379 (1999). 3 Article I, section 17, provides that, "[i]n all civil cases the right of Trial by 4 Jury shall remain inviolate." Or Const, Art I, § 17. "In analyzing the meaning of a 5 provision of the Oregon constitution, [the] court looks to the specific wording of the 6 provision, the case law surrounding it, and the historical circumstances that led to its 7 enactment." Lakin v. Senco Products, Inc., 329 Or 62, 68, 987 P2d 463 (1999), clarified 8 on recons, 329 Or 369, 987 P2d 476 (1999). In Lakin, the court explained that a person 9 has the same right to jury trial in a civil case as he or she would have had in 1857, when 10 the Oregon Constitution was adopted. See id. at 72 ("[T]he framers of the Oregon 11 Constitution clearly understood the meaning of the right to a jury trial in a civil case and 12 that they intended that that right would remain * * * secure against violation or 13 impartment."). Thus, "a jury trial is guaranteed only in those classes of cases in which 14 the right was customary at the time the constitution was adopted or in cases of like 15 nature." Molodyh v. Truck Insurance Exchange, 304 Or 290, 295, 744 P2d 992 (1987) 16 (citing Cornelison v. Seabold, 254 Or 401, 404-05, 460 P2d 1009 (1969)). 17 To determine whether cases are of like nature, courts must look at "the 18 particular issue in the proceeding rather than the controversy." See Salem Decorating v. 19 Natl. Council on Comp. Ins., 116 Or App 166, 170, 840 P2d 739 (1992), rev den, 315 Or 20 643 (1993) (right to a jury trial exists where "the issue in this proceeding involves the 21 resolution of a premium audit dispute under a statutory procedure that was established by 22 the legislature in 1987"). Therefore, the relevant inquiry in this case is whether an award 2 1 of restitution under ORS 419C.450 is the type of issue to which the right to a jury trial 2 would have attached when Article I, section 17, was adopted. 3 In Oregon, juvenile delinquency proceedings were created by statute, not 4 by common law, and did not even exist when Article I, section 17, was adopted. In fact, 5 before the end of the nineteenth century, the term "delinquency" was unknown at 6 common law. State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. Fitch, 192 Or App 56, 60, 84 P3d 190, rev den, 7 337 Or 282 (2004). Rather, under common law "[j]uveniles under the age of seven were 8 held legally incapable of forming criminal intent, while those over the age of 14 were 9 held fully responsible for their actions." Id. In the late 1880s, the legislature enacted 10 Oregon's first statute granting "trial courts limited discretion to treat juveniles differently 11 from adults." Id. at 61. In 1907, Oregon created its first juvenile court system that was 12 separate from the criminal system used for adults. Id. (citing State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. 13 Reynolds, 317 Or 560, 567-68, 857 P2d 842 (1993)). However, the juvenile court did not 14 have exclusive jurisdiction in juvenile matters and exercised concurrent jurisdiction with 15 adult courts. Reynolds, 317 Or at 568. In 1959, the legislature created a separate juvenile 16 court system with exclusive jurisdiction over matters involving children under 18 years 17 old. Id. at 569. That system remains in place today, with an exception created by Ballot 18 Measure 11 for juveniles from 15 to 17 years old who are charged with certain serious 19 felonies. See ORS 137.707; ORS 419C.005. 20 The juvenile court system still bears many similarities to the adult criminal 21 justice system. Reynolds, 317 Or at 572-73 (discussing similarities); State v. Thompson, 22 166 Or App 370, 380, 998 P2d 762, rev den, 331 Or 192 (2000) (same); State v. Trice, 3 1 146 Or App 15, 19-20, 933 P2d 345, rev den, 325 Or 280 (1997) (same). Nevertheless, 2 Oregon courts have held that juvenile proceedings are sui generis, i.e., these proceedings 3 are unique and neither criminal nor civil. Reynolds, 317 Or at 575 ("[T]he legislature so 4 changed the way that a juvenile is treated as to create a proceeding that is sui generis."); 5 see also Thompson, 166 Or App at 382 ("[J]uvenile delinquency proceedings are not 6 criminal proceedings."); Fitch, 192 Or App at 64 (concluding that "juvenile adjudications 7 are not the legal equivalent of criminal prosecutions"). 8 Because juvenile delinquency proceedings are sui generis and did not 9 exist when Article I, section 17, was adopted in 1857, youths generally are not entitled to 10 a trial by jury in such proceedings. See Reynolds, 317 Or at 574 ("noting that no federal 11 or Oregon authority heretofore has required a jury trial in juvenile court" under either 12 Article I, section 11 (criminal jury trial) or section 17 (civil jury trial)). Youth argues, 13 however, that the determination of a restitution award specifically--not a juvenile 14 delinquency proceeding generally--is "of like nature" to claims that existed at common 15 law and were tried by jury at the time Article I, section 17, was adopted. Specifically, 16 youth asserts that the issue of damages for the destruction of a victim's property is "of 17 like nature" to a civil conversion or trespass claim. 18 Oregon appellate courts have not previously considered the issue youth 19 now raises--i.e., whether the award of restitution in a juvenile delinquency proceeding is 20 "civil" or "penal" in nature. In the adult criminal context, though, the Supreme Court has 21 held restitution to be a sentencing device, not a "quasi-civil recovery device." See State 22 v. Dillon, 292 Or 172, 180, 637 P2d 602 (1981) (analyzing the penal nature of ORS 4 1 137.103 to 137.109 (1977)); see also State v. Hart, 299 Or 128, 138-39, 699 P2d 1113 2 (1985) (analyzing whether the same restitution statutes entitled the defendant to a jury 3 trial). Notwithstanding certain similarities between restitution awards and civil damages 4 awards, the court in Dillon held that civil law concepts were inapplicable to criminal 5 restitution awards because the court's "primary focus * * * is on the rehabilitative or 6 deterrent effect the sentence will have on the defendant, not the extent to which the 7 victim will be compensated." 292 Or at 181. Indeed, the court recognized in Dillon that 8 the criminal restitution statute "borrows from civil law in that it limits the type and 9 amount of restitution to that which could be recovered as special damages in a civil suit," 10 id. at 179, but characterized that borrowing as "merely a limitation of criminal sentencing 11 authority" to order "whatever recompense it deems would have rehabilitative and 12 deterrent effect," id. at 180. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 In Hart, the court adhered to the view that an award of restitution as part of a criminal sentencing proceeding is not tantamount to a civil award: "'[R]estitution was clearly not intended to be the equivalent of a civil award. For example, it does not necessarily fully compensate the victim. * * * Unlike a civil recovery, defendant cannot be required to pay beyond his ability to pay. Instead, * * * a restitution order does not impair a person's right to bring a civil action against the defendant * * *. Thus, restitution must be understood as an aspect of criminal law, not as a quasi-civil recovery device.'" 22 Hart, 299 Or at 139 (quoting Dillon, 292 Or at 179-80) (brackets in Hart). "The theory 23 of restitution," the court explained, "is penological in nature: It is intended to serve 24 rehabilitative and deterrent purposes by causing a defendant to appreciate the relationship 25 between [the] criminal activity and the damage suffered by the victim." Hart, 299 Or at 5 1 2 138 (citing Dillon, 292 Or at 179). Subsequently, in State v. Hval, 174 Or App 164, 25 P3d 958, rev den, 332 3 Or 559 (2001), this court determined whether a restitution award pursuant to ORS 4 811.706, part of the Oregon Vehicle Code, provided a defendant with the right to a jury 5 trial. ORS 811.706 provides: 6 7 8 9 10 "When a person is convicted of violating ORS 811.700 or 811.705, the court, in addition to any other sentence it may impose, may order the person to pay an amount of money equal to the amount of any damages caused by the person as a result of the incident that created the duties in ORS 811.700 or 811.705." 11 Because ORS 811.706 is significantly similar to the criminal restitution statute, ORS 12 137.106, the court considered both statutes in its analysis. Hval, 174 Or App at 176-81. 13 The court identified three characteristics of a conventional award of criminal restitution, 14 describing them as the "earmarks of a penal sanction." Id. at 180-81. First, an award of 15 restitution is "discretionary with the court, both in its imposition and its amount." Id. at 16 181. Second, "the person who will receive the award [the victim] does not receive it as a 17 matter of right, nor will that person necessarily be compensated in full." Id. Lastly, the 18 restitution statute is "imposed as an aspect of a defendant's sentence, to serve 19 rehabilitative and deterrent purposes." Id. Because of the predominately penal function 20 of the award authorized by ORS 811.706, the court held that the defendant was not 21 entitled to a civil jury trial for the imposition and the determination of the amount of the 22 restitution award. Id. 23 24 In 2003, after Hval was decided, the legislature amended both the criminal and the juvenile restitution statutes. ORS 137.106 (1999), amended by Or Laws 2003, ch 6 1 670, § 1; ORS 419C.450 (2001), amended by Or Laws 2003, ch 670, § 4. As amended, 2 ORS 419C.450 provides, in part: 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "(1)(a) It is the policy of the State of Oregon to encourage and promote the payment of restitution and other obligations by youth offenders as well as by adult offenders. In any case within the jurisdiction of the juvenile court * * * in which the youth offender caused another person any physical, emotional or psychological injury or any loss of or damage to property, the victim has the right to receive prompt restitution. * * * If the court finds from the evidence presented that a victim suffered injury, loss or damage, in addition to any other sanction it may impose, the court shall: 11 12 13 "(A) Include in the judgment a requirement that the youth offender pay the victim restitution in a specific amount that equals the full amount of the victim's injury, loss or damage as determined by the court." 14 ORS 419C.450(1)(a)(A) (emphases added.) According to youth, the amendments to the 15 juvenile restitution statute removed the "distinctive earmarks of penal sanctions" that 16 were the basis of our holding in Hval and have transformed the juvenile restitution statute 17 into a quasi-civil recovery device. We address youth's two primary arguments 18 concerning the amendments in turn. 19 First, youth asserts that ORS 419C.450 is no longer discretionary with the 20 court both in its imposition and its amount. Before the 2003 amendments, the court's 21 authorization to award restitution in a juvenile proceeding was discretionary. In part, 22 ORS 419C.450(2) (2001) provided: 23 24 25 "Restitution for injury inflicted upon a person by the youth offender, for property taken, damaged or destroyed by the youth offender * * * may be required as a condition of probation." 26 (Emphasis added.) In 2003, the legislature made it mandatory for the court to order the 27 youth offender to pay the victim restitution for the full amount of the victim's loss or 7 1 injury. See ORS 419C.450(1)(a)(A) ("[T]he court shall * * * [i]nclude in the judgment a 2 requirement that the youth offender pay the victim restitution in a specific amount that 3 equals the full amount of the victim's injury, loss or damage as determined by the Court." 4 (Emphasis added.)). Youth contends that the victim's absolute right to receive 5 compensation in the full amount, without the court's exercise of discretion and 6 consideration of the circumstances of the youth, now makes the restitution award a civil, 7 not penal, recovery device. We disagree. 8 The restitution available to victims under the juvenile restitution statute in 9 one major respect does resemble a civil remedy: the amount awarded for a victim's loss 10 or damage could be recovered as economic damages in a civil action against the youth. 11 Despite that similarity, though, significant differences remain. 12 Importantly, as in a criminal case--and unlike for a civil judgment--the 13 purpose of ordering restitution at a juvenile delinquency proceeding "is not to provide full 14 compensation of all damages to victims of crime." Hart, 299 Or at 138. To the contrary, 15 an award of restitution does not fully compensate the victim because it is restricted to the 16 youth's payment of the victim's economic damages. See ORS 419A.004(23) (the 17 definition of term "[r]estitution" has the same meaning given in ORS 137.103); ORS 18 137.103(3) (restitution is defined as "payment of economic damages to a victim"). The 19 economic damages awardable as restitution are further limited to "objectively verifiable 20 monetary losses" and exclude any future impairment of earning capacity. See ORS 21 137.103(2)(a) ("'Economic damages' * * * [h]as the meaning given that term in ORS 22 31.710, except that 'economic damages' does not include future impairment of earning 8 1 capacity."); ORS 31.710(2)(a) ("'Economic damages' means objectively verifiable 2 monetary losses * * *."). That limit of the award to objectively verifiable monetary 3 losses prevents the court from performing what is typically a jury function, assigning 4 value to subjective noneconomic losses, e.g., pain and emotional suffering. See Dillon, 5 292 Or at 175 (a typical jury function is assigning value to losses like "pain and suffering, 6 loss of consortium, and the like"). Accordingly, the victim is unable to recover 7 noneconomic or punitive damages from the youth offender in a juvenile delinquency 8 proceeding. 9 To recover his or her damages in full, the victim can bring a separate civil 10 action against the youth offender to recover noneconomic or punitive damages, although 11 "the court shall credit any restitution paid by the youth offender to a victim against any 12 judgment in favor of the victim in such civil action." ORS 419C.450(2). The statutory 13 reservation of the victim's right to bring a civil action also supports the conclusion that 14 the goal of restitution is something other than fully compensating the victim. 15 Although restitution to the victim incorporates an aspect of civil 16 compensation, the nature of the disposition required by the juvenile restitution statute 17 continues to be consistent with the "theory of restitution" as penological in nature. Hart, 18 299 Or at 138 (citing Dillon, 292 Or at 179). In the statute setting forth the purposes of 19 the juvenile justice system, the legislature has declared that the system is founded on--and 20 therefore an award of restitution is relevant to--the youth offender's "personal 21 responsibility, accountability and reformation within the context of public safety." ORS 22 419C.001. In addition, as in the criminal context, restitution in a juvenile delinquency 9 1 proceeding is an aspect of a youth's disposition to serve rehabilitative and deterrent 2 purposes. See Dillon, 292 Or at 179. The Hval court concluded that the pre-2003 3 criminal restitution statute was an aspect of a defendant's sentence because the statute 4 "expressly authorize[d] an award only following a conviction, and the statute specifies 5 that it is to be imposed 'in addition to any other sentence' that the trial court order[ed]." 6 Hval, 174 Or App at 179. Similarly, ORS 419C.450 states that restitution is imposed "in 7 addition to any other sanction [the court] may impose," ORS 419C.450(1)(a), and is 8 "required as a condition of probation," ORS 419C.450(2). Furthermore, a victim cannot 9 enforce the judgment for restitution because it is "in favor of the state," not the victim, 10 and "may be enforced only by the state," unlike a civil judgment for damages suffered by 11 the victim. ORS 419C.450(4). The juvenile court thus imposes restitution as a sanction, 12 an aspect of the youth's disposition, not as a form of civil recovery for the victim. The rehabilitative and deterrent purposes of the restitution award are 13 14 supported by the statute's legislative history. Senate Bill (SB) 617 (2003), which was the 15 genesis for the 2003 amendments to ORS 419C.450, was referred to the House 16 Committee on the Judiciary. In introducing the bill at the public hearing, Attorney 17 General Hardy Myers stated that "[t]his bill in effect seeks to fulfill the constitutional 18 commitment that Oregon has made to crime victims," under Article I, section 42.1 Tape 19 Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, SB 617, May 20, 2003, Tape 199, Side A 1 Article I, section 42 granted victims in juvenile delinquency proceedings, in part, "[t]he right to receive prompt restitution from the convicted criminal [or an alleged youth offender] who caused the victim's loss or injury." Or Const, Art I, § 42(d). 10 1 (statement of Attorney General Hardy Myers). But the Attorney General further 2 explained that offenders "should be under strict legal obligation to make a full restitution 3 to victims and the [Restitution Reform] Task Force believes that such payment is also an 4 important mechanism for offender rehabilitation and reintegration as a productive and 5 law abiding member of our society." Tape Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, 6 SB 617, May 20, 2003, Tape 199, Side A (statement of Attorney General Hardy Myers). 7 Although the bill sought to ensure that crime victims received prompt restitution, the 8 focus of the statutory amendment was also on the improvement of offender accountability 9 and the rehabilitative effect the restitution award would have on the youth offender. See 10 Tape Recording, House Committee on Judiciary, SB 617, May 20, 2003, Tape 199, Side 11 A (statement of Attorney General Hardy Myers) (according to the Oregon Crime Victims' 12 Needs Assessment, "offender accountability is the area within the criminal justice system 13 most needing improvement"). Accordingly, youth's argument that a victim's absolute 14 right to receive compensation makes the restitution award a civil recovery device is not 15 persuasive, because the restitution available to victims does not fully compensate the 16 victim and the judgment for restitution also serves rehabilitative and deterrent purposes. 17 Second, youth argues that another basis of the Hval court's holding, the 18 opportunity to object to the restitution award based on an inability to pay the amount 19 imposed, no longer applies in juvenile proceedings since the 2003 amendments. 20 According to youth, because the amendments to the juvenile restitution statute removed 21 the court's consideration of the financial resources of the youth offender in its 22 determination of whether to order restitution, the restitution award has become more like 11 1 2 a civil recovery device that requires a jury trial. Although we noted in Hval that "a defendant's position under ORS 811.706 3 is not significantly different from that of a defendant faced with a possible restitution 4 award pursuant to ORS 137.106," which allowed a defendant to object to the imposition 5 of restitution based on his or her inability to pay, we also observed that "defendant cites 6 no authority for the proposition that a * * * restitution award * * * becomes civil in 7 nature if a defendant lacks an ability to pay." 174 Or App at 180. Youth, like the 8 defendant in Hval, cites no authority for the proposition that a judgment of restitution 9 becomes civil in nature if the court does not consider the offender's financial 10 circumstances or inability to pay the total amount of restitution initially ordered. 11 Accordingly, we do not find youth's reliance on Hval in this respect to be persuasive. 12 Furthermore, and as youth acknowledges, although the court no longer has 13 discretion to consider a youth offender's financial circumstances in determining the 14 amount of restitution because the judgment must contain the full amount of the victim's 15 economic damages, ORS 419C.450(1)(a)(A), the court may consider the youth offender's 16 ability to pay in other respects. If "the court finds that the youth offender is unable to 17 pay, the court may establish or allow * * * a payment schedule." ORS 419C.450(3)(a). 18 The youth also may file a motion for a satisfaction of judgment after paying 50 percent of 19 the award and after certain requirements have been satisfied, ORS 419C.450(5), and, if 20 the victim does not object, the court "shall hold a hearing" and may enter an order 21 granting full or partial satisfaction of the restitution judgment if the "failure to grant the 22 motion would result in an injustice." ORS 419C.450(7). To determine such potential 12 1 injustice, the court must take into account, among other things, the youth offender's 2 "financial resources * * * and the burden that continued payment of restitution will 3 impose," ORS 419C.450(7)(a), and "[t]he rehabilitative effect * * * of the continued 4 payment of restitution," ORS 419C.450(7)(c). Thus, unlike a civil judgment, the 5 judgment against a youth offender may be discharged by the court based in part on the 6 youth's inability to pay all of the restitution originally ordered. Although youth correctly 7 observes that the opportunities for a payment schedule and a satisfaction of judgment 8 come only after the full amount of the victim's noneconomic damages are determined, 9 sometimes in such a large amount that almost no youth could be expected to have the 10 resources to pay the ordered restitution in full, that observation leads back to youth's 11 unsupported assumption, which we have rejected, that a large restitution award "becomes 12 civil in nature if a defendant lacks an ability to pay." Hval, 174 Or App at 180. 13 Although the juvenile restitution statute, ORS 419C.450, like the criminal 14 restitution statute, reflects a "blend of both civil and criminal law concepts," Hart, 299 Or 15 at 138, restitution within the juvenile justice system continues to serve, at least in some 16 cases, a rehabilitative purpose, as well as a deterrent purpose, two "traditional goals of 17 sentencing," id., by holding the youth offender accountable for his or her actions. 18 Because we conclude that the amendments to the statute did not affect the predominately 19 penal characteristics of the restitution award--and instead arguably reemphasized the role 20 of restitution in "correcting * * * behavior" and impressing upon the offender "the 21 seriousness and cost of his offense," as recognized in Hart, id.--we conclude that juvenile 22 court's order of restitution in a juvenile proceeding is penal, not civil, in nature. 13 1 Accordingly, we affirm the trial court's denial of youth's motion for a civil jury trial on 2 the issue of the imposition and amount of the restitution award. 3 Affirmed. 14
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
