Cox v. Brockway, Inc. (N.Y.)

Cox v. Brockway, Inc. (N.Y.)
1985 OK 80
708 P.2d 1085
Case Number: 61291
Decided: 10/08/1985
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

ALBERT COX, APPELLANT,
v.
BROCKWAY, INC. (N.Y.), AND GLASS BOTTLE BLOWERS ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA, APPELLEES.

Appeal from the District Court of Pontotoc County; Ronald L. Jones, Trial Judge.

¶0 Appellant brought action against his employer, appellee in this case, and his union, alleging that as a result of their wrongful actions he was deprived of job seniority. The trial court sustained a demurrer by appellee to appellant's second amended petition on the basis of the running of the statute of limitations for such an action established subsequent to appellant's initial filing by the decision in DelCostello v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 462 U.S. 151, 103 S. Ct. 2281, 76 L. Ed. 2d 476 (1983). Appellant challenges the retroactive application of this case in his action in state court.

AFFIRMED.

Hall, Saunders & Edwards by G.E. Saunders, Ada, for appellant.

Mayhue, Mayhue & Axton by John B. Axton, Ada, for appellees.

LAVENDER, Justice.

[708 P.2d 1086]

¶1 Appellant Albert Cox initiated this action on February 18, 1983. Named as defendants in this cause were appellee Brockway, Inc., appellee's employer, and Glass Bottle Blowers Association of the United States and Canada, appellant's union. Appellant alleged that appellee had wrongfully stripped him of some seventeen years of job seniority when he had returned to a bargaining unit position following a twenty month stint in management. The basis of appellant's claim against the union was an assertion of a willful refusal to fairly represent him in the subsequent dispute with [708 P.2d 1087] appellee. In a second amended petition, appellant clarified the time of culmination of the union's refusal as occurring April 22, 1981.

¶2 The trial court in this case sustained a series of appellee's demurrers to appellant's petition and subsequent amended petitions. The final sustainment and dismissal with prejudice as to appellee, from which the present appeal is presented, was entered by the trial court upon a finding that the statute of limitations applicable to appellant's cause of action was the six month period adopted in the case of DelCostello v. International Brotherhood of Teamsters.

¶3 As stated by appellant in his petition in error in this Court, the present action was brought pursuant to section 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act, codified at 29 U.S.C. § 185(a). Section 301(a) was not expressly governed by an applicable statute of limitations. In dealing with actions brought under this section the courts had dealt with this problem by "borrowing" various state statutes of limitations which they found to be analogous. During this period prior to DelCostello state statutes of limitations dealing with matters ranging from vacation of arbitration awards

¶4 Citing the previously recognized need of the subject matter of section 301 as peculiarly calling for uniform law,

¶5 The decision in DelCostello was given effect retrospectively in the cases

¶6 In entertaining a section 301(a) action a state court is acting to enforce a right created by federal law.

¶7 Appellant argues that it is unfair to allow the retroactive application of the statute of limitations in this case. The question of whether and to what extent a new rule shall be given retroactive effect is one of judicial policy, rather than of hard and fast rules.

¶8 Applying these criteria to the case at hand we find the Supreme Court discussion in DelCostello as to the historical precursors of the present rule and its purpose to be dispositive of the first two elements for consideration. The Court clearly found the application of the section 10(b) limitations provision to have historical as well as logical precedent. It was not then a "bolt out of the blue." The purpose of the rule was twofold; to achieve a desired uniformity on this point of federal law as well as to establish a mechanism for rapid settlement of labor disputes. We must accede to the finding implicit in the Court's application of the rule to the cases before it for decision that this purpose is furthered by retroactive application.

¶9 We come then to the final element, the equities of the present case. This is the heart of appellant's argument. On this point appellant states that he relied in good faith on the belief that the statute of limitations applicable was that for actions in tort. Appellant, however, fails to cite any authority which might give rise to such a belief. On the contrary, the cases cited by appellant, when they considered the question at all, applied limitations periods dealing with actions on contract.

¶10 One remaining point of significance weighs against appellant in this assessment of equities. The decision of the trial court was rendered upon appellant's petition. Appellant has not been forced to engage in extensive preparations on the merits of the case with the prospect of now finding such work to have been in vain. Appellant, in essence, has been stopped before he got started. In such an instance there appears no great hardship from the application of the regular common law rule favoring retroactive application.

¶11 Finally, we acknowledge the great weight of precedent from the federal courts favoring the retroactive application [708 P.2d 1089] of DelCostello in cases in which such an application does not effect a previously rendered judgment.

¶12 Appellant has also made a final assertion in his brief to the effect that DelCostello is limited to cases brought under section 10(b) of the National Labor Relations Act and that his action was not brought under this section. We find this assertion to reflect a misunderstanding of the DelCostello holding. DelCostello did not involve a case brought under the National Labor Relations Act at all, but rather an action brought under section 301(a) of the Labor Management Relations Act; the same section appellant states in his petition in error that his action was brought under. DelCostello applied the statute of limitations from section 10(b) to cases brought under section 301(a). Appellant's argument is utterly devoid of merit.

¶13 For the foregoing reasons we find the action of the trial court in sustaining appellee's demurrer to appellant's second amended petition to be proper. The trial court's ruling is accordingly affirmed.

¶14 SIMMS, C.J., and OPALA and KAUGER, JJ., concur by reason of Federal Law Preemption.

¶15 DOOLIN, V.C.J., and HODGES, HARGRAVE and SUMMERS, JJ., concur.

¶16 WILSON, J., dissents.

Footnotes:

1 462 U.S. 151, 103 S. Ct. 2281, 76 L. Ed. 2281 (1983).

2 The order dismissing appellee also purports to dismiss as to defendant union. However, the record reveals that the union had no pleading pending to support such a ruling, and was not present at the hearing which resulted in the appealed order. Thus the language of the order as to defendant union is a nullity. Spears v. Preble, 661 P.2d 1337, 1343 (Okla. 1983). The trial court has apparently recognized this point as it entertained a motion for summary judgment filed by defendant union subsequent to the date of the order appealed.

3 United Parcel Service, Inc., v. Mitchell, 451 U.S. 56, 101 S. Ct. 1559, 67 L. Ed. 2d 732 (1981) (New York ninety day statute of limitations governing actions to vacate arbitration award found applicable.)

4 United Auto Workers v. Hoosier Cardinal Corp., 383 U.S. 696, 86 S. Ct. 1107, 16 L. Ed. 2d 192 (1966) (Indiana six year statute of limitations governing actions on oral contracts found applicable.)

5 103 S. Ct. at 2289.

6 Id.

7 103 S. Ct. at 2293, 2294.

8 DelCostello involved two cases consolidated for consideration.

9 DelCostello was decided June 8, 1983; four months after the initial filing in this case.

10 See Charles Dowd Box Co., Inc. v. Courtney, 368 U.S. 502, 82 S. Ct. 519, 7 L. Ed. 2d 483 (1962).

11 See Thompson v. Presbyterian Hospital, Inc., 652 P.2d 260, 268 (Okla. 1982).

12 Id.

13 Chevron Oil Co. v. Huson, 404 U.S. 97, 106, 107, 92 S. Ct. 349, 355-56, 30 L. Ed. 296 (1971).

14 Blue Diamond Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers, 436 F.2d 551 (6th Cir. 1970) cert. den. 402 U.S. 930, 91 S. Ct. 1525, 28 L. Ed. 2d 863 (question not considered); Abrams v. Carrier Corp., 434 F.2d 1234 (2nd Cir. 1970) cert. den. 401 U.S. 1009, 91 S. Ct. 1253, 28 L. Ed. 2d 545 (contract); Sandobal v. Armour & Co., 429 F.2d 249 (8th Cir. 1970) (contract); Reliford v. Eastern Coal Corp., 260 F.2d 447 (6th Cir. 1958) cert. den. 359 U.S. 958, 79 S. Ct. 797, 3 L. Ed. 2d 765 (contract).

15 U.P.S. v. Mitchell, supra at note 3, was decided April 20, 1981. Appellant asserts his cause of action arose on April 22, 1981.

16 Graves v. Smith's Transfer Corp., 736 F.2d 819, 822 (1st Cir. 1984); Thompson v. Presbyterian Hosp. Inc., supra, at note 11.

17 See e.g., Graves v. Smith's Transfer Corp., 736 F.2d at 822; Welyczko v. U.S. Air, Inc., 733 F.2d 239, 241 (2nd Cir. 1984); Edwards v. Sea-Land Services, Inc., 720 F.2d 857, 863 (5th Cir. 1983).