ALLEN v. REED

ALLEN v. REED
1900 OK 50
63 P. 867
10 Okla. 105
Decided: 03/23/1900
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

GEORGE W. ALLEN et al.
v.
HOWARD REED et al., as Board of Election Commissioners of Grant County.

MCATEE, J.:

¶1 The case involves a consideration of the acts of congress under which the Territory of Oklahoma has been organized, of the purpose of congress and the comprehensiveness of its legislation in providing for the government of the Territory.

¶2 It was provided by the Organic Act, sec. 6, passed May 2d, 1890, that:

"The legislative power of the territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States, but no law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil, no taxes shall be imposed on the property of the United States, nor shall the lands or other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of residents, nor shall any law be passed impairing the right to private property, nor shall any unequal discrimination be made in taxing different kinds of property, but all property subject to taxation shall be taxed in proportion to its value."

¶3 The purpose and comprehensiveness of this provision was treated with considerable care by Chief Justice Chase in 1872, in the case of Clinton et al. v. Englebrecht et al. 13 Wall. 434, 20 L. Ed. 659, in which he took occasion to review to some extent the history of the legislation by which congress had up to that time organized the various territories which were in process of preparation for the condition of statehood, and the relative authority of territorial laws enacted subsequently to their organization as territories by the congressional enactment, and by the passage of the several organic acts under which these organizations were effected.

¶4 And it was said in that case, that:

"The theory upon which the various governments for portions of the territory of the United States have been organized, has ever been that of leaving to the inhabitants all the powers of self government consistent with the supremacy and supervision of national authority, and with certain fundamental principles established by congress."

¶5 He reviewed in the opinion the various ordinances adopted by congress providing for the government of the territories beginning with that of 1787 for the Northwest Territory, in which "it provided for the appointment of the governor and three judges of the court, who are authorized to adopt for the temporary government of the district, such laws of the original states as might be adapted to its circumstances."

¶6 And speaking thereafter of the territories, up to the organization of the territory of Missouri, he said, speaking of the manner and purpose with which congress had theretofore acted, that:

"In all the territories full power was given to the legislature over all ordinary subjects of legislation. The terms in which it was granted were various, but the import was the same in all."

¶7 He then went on to say, that:

"In 1836 the territory of Wisconsin was organized under an act which seems to have received full consideration, and from which all subsequent acts for the organization of territories have been copied, with few and inconsiderable variations. Except those in the Kansas and Nebraska acts in relation to slavery, and some others growing out of local circumstances, they all contained the same provisions in regard to the legislature and the legislative authority, and to the judiciary and the judicial authority, as the act organizing the territory of Utah.

"The language of the section conferring the legislative authority in each of these acts is this:

"'The legislative power of said Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, consistent with the constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act; but no law shall be passed interfering with the primary disposal of the soil. No tax shall be imposed upon the property of the United States, nor shall the lands or other property of non-residents be taxed higher than the lands or other property of residents.'"

¶8 And it was said in Hornbuckle v. Toombs, 18 Wall. 648, 21 L. Ed. 966, by the supreme court of the United States, that:

"As a general thing subject to the general scheme of local government chalked out by the Organic Act and such provisions as are contained therein, the local legislature has been entrusted with the enactment of the entire system of municipal law, subject also, however, to the right of congress to revise, alter and revoke at its discretion. The powers thus exercised by the territorial legislature are entirely as extensive as those exercised by any state legislature."

¶9 Sixteen years later the supreme court of the United states, by Justice Field, in the cast of Maynard v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190, 31 L. Ed. 654, 8 S. Ct. 723, said that:

"What were 'rightful subjects of legislation,' when these acts organizing the territories were passed, is not to be settled by reference to the distinctions usually made between legislative acts and such as are judicial or administrative in their character, but by an examination of the subjects upon which legislatures had been in the practice of acting with the consent and approval of the people they represented. A long acquiescence in repeated acts of legislation on particular matters is evidence that those matters have been generally considered by the people as properly within legislative control. Such acts are not to be set aside or treated as invalid, because, upon a careful consideration of their character, doubts may arise as to the competency of the legislature to pass them. Rights acquired, or obligations incurred under such legislation, are not to be impaired because of subseqeuent differences of opinion as to the department of government to which the acts are properly assignable. * * * It will be found from the history of legislation that, while a general separation has been observed between the different departments, so that no clear encroachment by one upon the province of the other has been sustained, the legislative department, when not restrained by constitutional provisions and a regard for certain fundamental rights of the citizen which are recognized in this country as the basis of all government, has acted upon everything within the range of civil government. ( Loan Ass'n v. Topeka, 20 Wall. 655, 22 L. Ed. 455.) Every subject of interest to the community has come under its direction. It has not merely prescribed rules for future conduct, but has legalized past acts, corrected defects in proceedings, and determined the status, conditions and relations of parties in the future."

¶10 The supreme court of the United States having thus declared that a long acquiescence in repeated acts of legislation upon particular matters was sufficient evidence that those matters were generally considered by the people as properly within legislative control, and since it will be admitted, without argument or citation of example, that legislation and the enactment of election laws by legislatures through the common practice of the various states of the union in enacting such laws, which have been approved by the people through their representatives, is a rightful subject of legislation, and since the supreme court had also expressly declared that "it has ever been the theory upon which the territories have been organized that all the powers of self-government consistent with the supremacy and supervision of national authority, should be left to the inhabitants of the territories themselves," and that "the legislative department, when not restrained by constitutional provisions, and the fundamental rights of the citizen, has acted upon everything within the range of civil government," and that "the powers thus exercised by the territorial legislatures are entirely as extensive as those exercised by any state legislature" it was but natural and to be expected that the people of the territories would, looking to their own comfort and to their own rights in the matter, enact legislation which should provide in their best judgment for the location of county seats to suit their own convenience. and such has been the common practice in the territories.

¶11 When the territory of Wyoming was organized, it embraced within its territorial limits, as one county, all the territory which was, by an act of the territorial legislature, subsequently divided into three separate counties. The supreme court of the United States, in the case of County Commissioners of Laramie Co. v. County Commissioners of Albany Co., 92 U.S. 307, 23 L. Ed. 552, in 1876, sanctioned this legislative act of the territory of Wyoming, Judge Clifford delivering the opinion of the court, and saying that:

"Corporations of the kind (counties) are properly denominated public corporations, for the reason that they are but parts of the machinery employed in carrying on the affairs of the state, and it is well settled law, that the charters under which such corporations are created may be changed, modified or repealed, as the exigencies of the public service or the public welfare may demand. (2 Kent Com. 12th Ed. 305; Ang. & A. Corp. 10th Ed. sec. 31; McKim v. Odom, 3 Bland 407; St. Louis v. Allen, 13 Mo. 400; The Schools v. Tatman, 13 Ill. 27; N. Yarmouth v. Skillings, 45 Me. 133.)

"Such corporations are composed of all the inhabitants of the territory included in the political organization; and the attribute of individuality is conferred on the entire mass of such residents, and it may be modified or taken away at the mere will of the legislature, according to its own views of public convenience, and without any necessity for the consent of those composing the body politic. (1 Greenl. Ev. 12th Ed. sec. 331.)

"Corporate rights and privileges are usually possessed by such corporations; and it is equally true that they are subject to legal obligations and duties, and that they are under the entire control of the legislature, from which all their powers are derived. * * *"

"Institutions of the kind, whether called counties or towns, are the auxiliaries of the state in the important business of municipal rule, and cannot have the least pretention to sustain their privileges or their existence upon anything like a contract between them and the legislatures of the states, because there is not and cannot be any reciprocity of stipulation, and their objects and duties are utterly incompatible with everything of the nature of compact. * * * Opposition is sometimes manifested; but it is everywhere acknowledged that the legislature possesses the power to divide counties and towns at their pleasure, * * *. Political subdivisions of the kind are always subject to the general laws of the state. * * * Such corporations are the mere creatures of the legislative will; and, inasmuch as all their powers are derived from that source, it follows that those powers may be enlarged, modified or diminished at any time, without their consent, or even without notice. They are but subdivisions of the state, deriving even their existence from the legislature. Their officers are nothing more than local agents of the state; and their powers may be revoked or enlarged and their acts may be set aside or confirmed at the pleasure of the paramount authority, so long as private rights are not thereby violated. ( Russel v. Reed, 27 Pa. 170.)

"Civil and geographical division of the state into counties, townships and cities," said Thompson, C. J., "had its origin in the necessities and convenience of the people; but this does not withdraw these municipal divisions from the supervision and control by the state in matters of internal government. * * * There must, in the nature of things, be reserved, by necessary implication, in the creation of such corporations, a power to modify them in such manner as to meet the public exigencies. Alterations of the kind are often required by public convenience and necessity. * * * Cases doubtless arise where injustice is done by annexing part of one municipal corporation to another, or by the division of such a corporation and the creation of a new one, or by the consolidation of two or more such corporations into one of larger size Examples illustrative of these suggestions may easily be imagined."

¶12 And again, the legislature of the territory of Montana, acting under a provision of the organic act of that territory, providing that they might legislate upon "all rightful subjects of legislation," passed an act in 1883 "authorizing the citizens of Jefferson county to vote upon the question of removing the county seat of said county from Radersburg to Boulder City," and providing for the election.

¶13 The validity of the election was sustained by the supreme court of that territory, under the election law of the territory, the court saying that:

"If there is a fair vote and an honest count, the qualified voters must not be disfranchised by having the election declared void, because the officers conducting the same were not duly sworn or chosen, or were not qualified for the office or for any technical irregularity," and that: "The great question is whether the voice of the majority has been honestly and fairly expressed," and "the question is, was there a fair vote and an honest count." ( Wells et al., v. Taylor, 3 P. 255).

¶14 The legislature of the territory of Arizona enacted a law, which was approved February 25, 1885, in which it was provided, that:

"The qualified voters of Mohave county should at the next general election designate by ballot the locality for the county seat of said county."

¶15 The act was sustained by the supreme court of that territory, the court saying, that:

"One question we must dispose of at the threshold. It has been urged with great force and ability that the law authorizing the election is invalid in that it attempts to delegate legislative powers to the voters of Mohave county. The location of a county seat should be determined by the people of a county. Their interests and convenience should alone be consulted. So, in most of the states, laws have been enacted by which a vote of the people should determine the question. No case has been cited that decides such laws to be invalid. They have been acquiesced in by the courts and the law makers too long now to question their validity." ( Territory v. Board of Supervisors of Mohave Co., 12 P. 730; citing, Calaveras Co. v. Brockway, 30 Cal. 325; State v. Stearns, 11 Neb. 104, 7 N.W. 743; Boren v. Smith, 47 Ill. 482.)

¶16 The legislature of the territory of Wyoming having enacted a law to divide one county into three, which was special and local legislation, and the supreme court of the United States having ratified and sanctioned this act, and the legislature of the territory of Montana having, in 1883, passed an act authorizing the citizens of Jefferson county to vote upon the question of removing the county seat of said county from Radersburg to Boulder City, which was special and local legislation, and the legislature of the territory of Arizona having in February, 1885, enacted that the qualified voters of Mohave county should be authorized to hold a similar election to determine the locality for the county seat of said county, and this legislation having been approved in one instance by the supreme court of the United States and in the other two instances by the supreme courts of those territories, as lawful, under the organic act of those territories, providing that the legislative power of the territory should "extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States," congress thereafter, on the 30th day of July, 1886, put an end to such special and local legislation by enacting, that:

"The legislatures of the territories of the United States now or hereafter to be organized, shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: * * * locating or changing county seat; * * *." (24 U.S. Stat. at Large, 170.)

¶17 And thereby conceding, so far as congress could concede, without another express declaration upon the subject, that while the legislatures of the territories should be prohibited thenceforth from enacting a special election law for any particular county of the territory, and should be prohibited from legislation locating the county seat of any particular county, that it would no farther than that interfere with the interests and convenience of the people in passing a general election law with respect to the location of county seats of the territories which the legislatures of the territories had theretofore uniformly conceded to have the power to enact under the provision that: "The legislative power of the territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States."

¶18 Such was the law as contained in the organic act of the territories generally, including Montana and Arizona, the legislative acts thereunder by the legislatures of those territories, enacting local and special legislation concerning the removal of county seats, the construction of their supreme courts upon it and the provisions made by congress, in which, while it carefully provided that the legislatures of the territories of the United States "should not pass local or special laws * * * locating or changing county seats," it refrained from an enactment which would have prohibited the legislatures of the territories from passing general election laws, but permitted the right to pass those laws to remain in the territorial legislatures where they had been, by the uniform construction of the territorial courts and the supreme court of the United States, conceded to be, and thereupon congress passed the Organic Act for this Territory, May 2, 1890, Statutes of 1893, p. 38, sec. 1, in which it was provided, that:

"Whenever the interest of the Cherokee Indians in the land known as the Cehrokee Outlet shall have been extinguished and the president shall make proclamation thereof, said outlet shall thereupon and without further legislation become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma."

¶19 And by section four:

"That for the purpose of facilitating the organization of a temporary government in the Territory of Oklahoma, seven counties are hereby established therein, to be known, until after the first election in the Territory, as the First county, the Second county, the Third county, the Fourth county, the Fifth county and the Sixth county, the boundaries of which shall be fixed by the governor of the territory until otherwise provided by the legislative assembly thereof. The county seat of the First county shall be at Guthrie. The county seat of the Second county shall be at Oklahoma City. The county seat of the Third county shall be at Norman. The county seat of the Fourth county shall be at El Reno. The county seat of the Fifth county shall be at Kingfisher City. The sixth county seat shall be at Stillwater. The Seventh county shall embrace all that portion of the Territory lying west of the one hundredth meridian, known as the Public Land Strip, the county seat of which shall be at Beaver: Provided, that the county seats indicated by this act may be changed in such manner as the territorial legislature may provide."

¶20 The portion of Oklahoma then existing as opened and settled country and provided for by the second paragraph of section four of the Organic Act, had been opened on the 22nd day of April, 1899, without the preceding provident provision of an Organic Act or of any legislation organizing a territorial government. The act, as it will be seen, provided that the counties and their county seats were located "for the purpose of facilitating the organization of a territorial government," and for that purpose it was provided that the county seats "shall be at the special points respectively named in the statute," and that "the county seats located by this act may be changed in such manner as the territorial legislature may provide." In the enactment of this legislation it was apparently conceded by the congress that the statute of July 30, 1886, which provided that the legislature of the territories should not thereafter pass local or special laws "locating or changing county seats" might be found to be inconvenient, and not adapted to the exigency existing in the part of Oklahoma then being provided for, since no body of laws had theretofore been provided for the people, and that the territorial legislature should be left free concerning the county seats named and the provision was then made, that "the county seats located by this act may be changed in such manner as the territorial legislature may provide;" that is, that with respect to the seven counties therein provided for, they should not be hindered or hampered by the Act of July 30, 1886, by which it was provided that the legislatures of the territories "shall not pass local or special laws," "locating or changing county seats," and that the territorial legislature should be left entirely free and unrestricted by the act of 1886, and should change such county seats in such manner, by either "local or special" legislation as the territorial legislature might see fit to provide. The provision thus made was a provision of enlargement, not as a substitute for, or in lieu of, or in revocation of that provision of the Organic Act which provides that the territorial legislature might legislate upon "all rightful subjects of legislation," or of the general election law for the change of county seats which was not enacted until afterward, but providing that, inasmuch as that general power was already conceded by the decisions of the courts and the legislation of congress, and inasmuch as a new condition was here presented in which congress was dividing the territory already settled into counties whose boundaries were thereafter to be ascertained, and was at the same time undertaking to say where the county seats thus established "shall be," and that inasmuch as the people and the legislature, acting in their behalf, might be hampered by so much special legislation with respect to the boundaries of the counties and the fixing of their county seats, that the territorial legislature should in that particular instance be set free from limitations provided in the statute of July 30, 1886, by which a general restriction had been imposed upon all territorial legislatures, by which they were prohibited from enacting "local or special" laws in the matter of "locating or changing county seats."

¶21 And congress, by the enactment of that provision, did not undertake to concede to the territorial legislature a power to legislate by providing a general election law providing for the removal of county seats by an election to be held by the people of the counties of Oklahoma, since that power was conceded to them by the previous decisions of the courts and by the legislation of congress. But congress did then undertake to provide, and did provide, that the territorial legislature should not in any manner be restricted by the prohibition contained in the act of July 30, 1886, against special or local legislation against changing county seats, but that, for that time and for those seven counties, "That the county seats indicated by this act may be changed in such manner as the territorial legislature may provide."

¶22 Such being the condition of the law, the territorial legislature, at its first session, enacted chapter twenty-two of the Statutes of 1890, entitled "County Seats" providing for the manner and means of "locating and relocating county seats." It provided upon what conditions the board of county commissioners "at any called or special or regular session" were authorized to call an election for the purpose of locating or changing the county seat of any county in Oklahoma. This act took effect December 25, 1890, and remained the law and, except as slightly amended by the legislative assembly at the session of 1893, is now the law of this Territory, and is now embodied in chapter twenty-three of the Statutes of 1893.

¶23 It is provided by section three of the Organic Act, among other things, as a part of the duties of the secretary of the territory, that:

"He shall transmit one copy of the laws and the journal of the legislative assembly within thirty days after the end of each session thereof, to the president of the United States and to the secretary of the interior, and at the same time two copies of the laws and journals of the legislative assembly to the speaker of the house of representatives and the president of the senate, for the use of congress. * * *."

¶24 The Organic Act was passed May 2, 1890. The general election law enacted by the territorial legislature became a law on the 25th day of December, 1890, and in pursuance of the third section of the Organic Act and for the information of the president, the secretary of the interior and congress, the copies of the general election law had, undoubtedly, been transmitted to them, as provided by the Organic Act, by the secretary of the territory.

¶25 And in this condition of the law, it having been conceded by the supreme court of the United States, as has been said that such corporations as these counties are, composed of all the inhabitants of the territory included in the political organization, that the attribute of individuality is conferred on the entire mass of such residents, and may be modified or taken away at the mere will of the legislature, according to its own views of public convenience, and that they are under the entire control of the legislature from which all their powers are derived, and that it is everywhere acknowledged that the legislature possesses the power to divide the counties at their pleasure, and that political subdivisions of this kind are always subject to the general laws of the state; that the theory upon which the various governments for portions of the territory of the United States have been organized, has ever been that of leaving to the inhabitants all the powers of self government consistent with the supremacy and supervision of national authority, and, as declared by the supreme court of Arizona, that the location of a county seat should be determined by the people of a county, their interests and convenience alone consulted, and that such laws had been too long acquiesced in by courts and the law makers to now question their validity; and in view of the legislation which congress had enacted on July 30, 1886, to check the practice in the territorial legislatures of legislating locally and specially touching the location and change of county seats, and in view, again, of its own legislation, by which it had undertaken to suspend the operation of the Act of July 30, 1886, for the benefit of the seven counties first located in Oklahoma, of which the county seats had been located, and to provide that, with respect to those counties the territorial legislature should not be hampered, but might change them in such manner as it should see fit to provide, it thereupon came on to enact further provisions for the opening of the Cherokee Outlet, and more than two years after the enactment of the general election law of Oklahoma, it provided on March 3, for opening the Cherokee Outlet, sec. 10, pp. 71 and 72, Statutes of 1893, that:

"The president of the United States is hereby authorized * * * by proclamation to open to settlement any or all of the lands not allotted or reserved, * * * and also subject to the provisions of the act of congress, approved May 2, 1890, (the Organic Act) entitled an act to provide a temporary government for the Territory of Oklahoma. * * * The secretary of the interior was, under the direction of the president, directed to prescribe rules and regulations, not inconsistent with this act, for the occupation and settlement of said lands, to be incorporated in the proclamation of the president, which shall be issued at least twenty days before the time fixed for the opening of said lands."

¶26 And also enacted, sec. 14, Statutes of Oklahoma, 1893, p. 73, that:

"Section 14. Before any of the aforesaid lands are open to settlement it shall be the duty of the secretary of the interior to divide the same into counties which shall contain as near as possible not less than five hundred square miles in each county. In establishing said county lines the secretary is hereby authorized to extend the lines of the counties already located so as to make the area of said counties equal, as near as may be, to the area of the counties provided for in this act: * * * Provided further, that as soon as the county lines are designated by the secretary he shall reserve not to exceed one-half section of land in each county, to be located for county seat purposes, to be entered under sections twenty-three hundred and eighty-seven and twenty-three hundred and eighty-eight of the Revised Statutes, and all reservations for county seats shall be specified in any order or proclamation which the president shall make for the opening of the lands to settlement."

¶27 Under the provisions of this act, which authorized the secretary of the interior, under the direction of the president, to prescribe rules and regulations "for the occupation and settlement" of the lands of the Cherokee Strip, the secretary reserved half sections of land "located for county seat purposes" in each of the several counties into which the Cherokee Outlet was then divided. It will be observed that when the first opening of Oklahoma occurred and the seven counties were opened and occupied for settlement, on the 22nd day of April, 1889, that congress did not provide any laws or organization for the county. It had not made any reservation of lands for county seat purposes, so that when the seven counties of which it was composed, and which were established by section four of the Organic Act, no land was reserved at all for public purposes. All of the land included in each of said counties into which the Territory was thereby divided had been appropriated to private use, and that congress, when it undertook to legislate and to fix the county seats by the act of May 2, 1890, for the land which had then theretofore been opened and completely occupied more than a year before, it said in express terms at what point the county seat of each of the said respective counties "shall be;" but by the proviso annexed to the act, (section four of the Organic Act,) the people were not only left at liberty to have a general election law, under section six of the Organic Act, providing that "the legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation," as the same had been uniformly interpreted by the courts and by the congress itself in the act of July 30, 1886, but in order that absolute freedom might be given upon the subject, it also made that special provision for the particular case then in hand, by which the general legislation and restriction of the act of July 30, 1886, that "the legislatures of the territories * * * shall not pass local or special laws," "locating or changing county seats." And the people and their legislature were thus left wholly at liberty on the subject, and when, afterward, the general election law, contained in chapter thirty-three of the Statutes of 1890, was enacted, which is now still in existence in chapter thirty-three of the Statutes of 1893, providing upon what terms and conditions and under what circumstances the people of the respective counties of the Territory might proceed thereunder, and more than two years thereafter congress provided for the opening of the Cherokee Outlet, by the act of March 3, 1893, as hereinbefore stated, it did not fix county seats for the respective counties, nor say where the county seats should respectively be, nor undertake to establish them at all, but, acting wholly for the benefit of the people and for their convenience alone, and in pursuance of the statute which authorized the secretary of the interior to prescribe rules and regulations, under the direction of the president, for the "occupation and settlement" of the lands of the Cherokee Outlet, the reservations authorized by the act "to be located for county seat purposes" were made. The act was one solely for the convenience and benefit of the people. It was a reservation to be accepted, if the people of the respective counties saw fit, or to be refused, if they saw fit, or to be accepted and afterwards abandoned, if they deemed it to their best interests, and acting under that legislation for the changing of the location of county seats which had been passed by the legislature of Oklahoma two years before, and of which congress had full notice, as provided under section three of the Organic Act, and according to the terms of the Organic Act itself, by section 1: "Whenever * * * the president shall make proclamation thereof, said outlet shall thereupon and without further legislation, become a part of the Territory of Oklahoma." And the Cherokee Outlet and its lands became, by such opening and by the provision herein last before recited, "a part of the Territory of Oklahoma," subject to all its laws, by the express enactment of congress, among which laws was the law for the changing of the location of county seats, contained in chapter twenty-two of the Statutes of the Territory of 1890.

¶28 It is too late now to argue that the election law enacted by the territorial legislature was not, from the time of its enactment, of valid and effective force. Adequate provision was made by the Organic Act, by which congress had full information at the time of its enactment of the general county seat election law of 1890. Congress took no notice of it, did not annul or disapprove it, but permitted it to stand as proper and approved legislation, and we must, therefore, regard it as of final, effective and conclusive force.

¶29 The same proposition has been asserted by the circuit court of the United States for Oregon, in 27 Fed. Rep. p. 351, in which it is said, that:

"The fact that congress has never disallowed or disapproved the act * * * and has not legislated directly on the subject, goes far to establish its validity as not inconsistent with the Organic Act."

¶30 Upon a similar objection to a territorial statute, it was said by Chief Justice Chase in Clinton v. Englebrecht, 13 Wall. 434, 20 L. Ed. 659, that:

"In the first place, we observe that the law has received the implied sanction of congress. It was adopted in 1895. It has been upon the statute book for more than twelve years. It must have been transmitted to congress soon after it was enacted, for it was the duty of the secretary of the Territory to transmit to that body copies of all laws, on or before the first of the next December in each year. The simple disapproval by congress at any time would have annulled it. It is no unreasonable inference, therefore, that it was approved by that body."

¶31 The general election law for the change of the location of county seats having been fully approved December 25, 1890, and not up to this time having been revoked or disapproved by congress, and a period of nine years having elapsed, we have the express affirmation of the supreme court of the United States, by its chief justice, that "it is no unreasonable inference, therefore, that it (this election law) was approved by that body."

¶32 The conclusion of Chief Justice Chase that if the act passed by the legislature of the Territory, which had remained upon the statute book for a period of twelve years, without any disapproval by congress, that the reasonable inference was that it was approved by that body, is in harmony with all that has been said on the subject before, by either the supreme courts of Arizona and Montana, which we have cited, the supreme court of the United States as it has spoken in County Commissioners of Laramie Co. v. County Commissioners of Albany Co., 92 U.S. 307, 23 L. Ed. 552, and in the voice of congress itself, speaking in the act of July 30, 1886, by which it expressly prohibited the territorial legislatures from enacting special and local laws for the location or change of county seats, and in which it left undisturbed the right to fix such county seats by a general act, under the authority given that the "legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation, not inconsistent with the constitution and laws of the United States," and with the Organic Act, by which congress undertook especially to provide that the legislature of the Territory itself should not be hampered in providing with reference to the county seats of the first seven counties, which were organized by section four of the Organic Act, but should be left free to be changed "as the territorial legislature may provide."

¶33 The position of the lower court was, that:

"When congress provided for the location of the county seat of Grant county, without giving authority to change it, the right of the legislature to authorize such change ceased. The Organic Act defining the powers of the legislative assembly and the act of congress authorizing the location of the county seats in the Cherokee Strip, must be construed together. The later act modifies the former, and the legislature can pass no law authorizing any change in the location of such county seats until permitted to do so by congress. The act of the territorial legislature (that is, the act of December 25, 1890) under which the special election for May 16 is attempted to be held is, in my judgment, as at present advised, in conflict with the act of congress authorizing the location of the county seat of Grant county, and is, therefore, void."

¶34 We understand the proposition to be that congress, having authorized the secretary of the interior to make rules and regulations for the "settlement and occupation" of the Outlet, and such "reservations for county seats" having been made and included in the order and proclamation of the president, that this legislation by congress upon upon that subject was complete, and that it excluded and destroyed the power of the enactment upon the matter of changing county seats, made by the legislature under the authority given to it by the Organic Act, to legislate upon "all rightful subjects of legislation." We cannot agree with this contention. The effect of it, if upheld, would be to permit the provisions of the act providing for the mere "settlement and occupation" of the country and the reservations for county seat purposes," which were manifestly made in the interest of, and for the benefit of, the people and in order that they might not be excluded from having some location upon which to place the county seats and transact the public business, and to infer therefrom the complete revocation and extinction of all those powers which had been granted to all territories in the past, and which they had been conceded by the courts and congress to have; that is, of choosing for themselves touching the change of county seats. It would result in a repeal of statutes by inference, and against the right of the people to vote upon this most important subject. If it had been the intention of congress to repeal the enactment of former years, and to revoke the legislation of the Territory of 1890, the general election law for removal of county seats, it could readily have done so in explicit terms and by express statutory revocation, and it would undoubtedly have done so. And this is the reasonable inference, rather than that inference which would deprive the people of the right to vote upon a subject which concerns the people of the counties so much and the congress of the United States and the rest of the country not at all.

¶35 The reasonable view to take of this provision is that congress meant to give, by the proviso authorizing the territorial legislature to relocate the county seats of the first seven counties of Oklahoma, a special authority to the legislature to act by local or special legislation in the premises, and that when it provided for the reservations of half sections of land in each of the counties to be located in the Cherokee Strip, that it was a special provision for that occasion only, and in order that the people might not be without a reservation or portion of the public land upon which the public business might be transacted and that it was not intended as a restriction of the general powers of the legislature to legislate "upon all rightful subjects of legislation," and of the general power thereunder, uniformly conceded by the courts and by the later legislation of congress itself, in the act of July 30, 1886, to enact a general election law providing for the removal of county seats. It will not do to undertake to upset the long settled policy of the government of the United States in providing for the government of its territories, settled in the terms which we have herein repeatedly specified for a period of more than sixty years, by which the people in all counties of all the territories have been permitted to choose for themselves or by the local and special legislation of other various territories up to July 30, 1886, concerning the removal of other county seats, and now to infer that congress meant to repeal this whole policy, persisted in for so many years and legislated into the Organic Acts of so many territories, simply because the secretary of the interior and the president were authorized to open the Cherokee Outlet for "occupation and settlement" and "reserve" half sections of land therefor. It has been repeatedly held that when congress confers authority upon the legislative assembly of a territory, and in pursuance of this power, laws are enacted for the government of the people thereof, such enactment must be respected and upheld, unless clearly in conflict with some higher law. ( Innis v. Bolton, 17 P. 264.)

¶36 And that:

"Such acts are not to be set aside or treated as invalid, because upon a careful consideration of their character, doubts may arise as to the competency of the legislature to pass them." ( Maynard v. Hill, 125 U.S. 190, 31 L. Ed. 654, 8 S. Ct. 723.)

¶37 And that:

"The theory upon which the various governments for portions of the territory of the United States have been organized has ever been that of leaving to the inhabitants all the powers of self government consistent with the supremacy and supervision of national authority." ( Clinton v. Englebrecht, 13 Wall. 434, 20 L. Ed. 659.)

¶38 And it was said by the supreme court of Massachusetts, by the greatest of its chief justices, Shaw, then presiding, that the uniform rule, well established, was "never to declare a statute void, unless the nullity and invalidity of the act are placed in their judgment beyond reasonable doubt." ( Wellington Case, 16 Pick. 95.) A rule which was adopted by the supreme court of the United States in Ogden v. Saunders.

¶39 And that:

"If I could rest my opinion in favor of the constitutinality of the law on which the question arises on no other ground than this doubt, so felt and acknowledged, that alone, would, in my estimation, be a satisfactory vindication of it. It is but a decent respect due to the wisdom, the integrity and the patriotism of the legislative body by which any law is passed, to presume in favor of its validity until its violation of the law is presumed beyond all reasonable doubt." ( Ogden v. Saunders, 12 Wheat. 213, 6 L. Ed. 606.)

¶40 And our experience with the rule in criminal proceedings will adequately inform us touching the force and weight of reasoning which must produce a conclusion "beyond a reasonable doubt." And that is the rule we must follow if we now undertake to set aside the acts of our territorial legislature in authorizing, as it did, the act for the change of county seats.

¶41 A question somewhat analogous has arisen in the bigamy cases in Idaho. Congress provided by the act of March 22, 1882, with respect to all the territories, sec. 38:

"That no polygamist, bigamist, or person cohabiting with more than one woman, and no woman cohabiting with any of the persons described as aforesaid in this section, in any territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, shall be entitled to vote at any election held in any such territory or other place, or be eligible for election or appointment to or be entitled to hold any office or place of public trust, honor, or emolument in, under, or for any such territory or place, or under the United States."

¶42 Thereafter, the territorial legislature of Idaho, in 1885, undertook to, and did, enact what was known as the "Test Oath Statute" requiring a person offering his vote at an election, if required, to swear:

"That you are not a member of any order, organization or association which teaches, advises, counsels or encourages its members, devotees, or any other persons to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy or plural or celestial marriage as a doctrinal rite of such organization; that you do not, either publicly or privately, or in any manner whatever, teach, advise, counsel or encourage any person to commit the crime of bigamy or polygamy or any other crime defined by law either as a religious duty or otherwise; that you regard the constitution of the United States, and the laws thereof, and of this territory, as interpreted by the courts, as the supreme law of the land, the teachings of any order, organization or association to the contrary notwithstanding * * * so help you God."

¶43 The validity of the territorial statute was contested in the case, and it having been argued that, inasmuch as congress had by the act of March 22, 1882, legislated upon the subject, it had exhausted the subject, and that the territorial legislature had no further power to act in the matter, inasmuch as the territorial statutes treating of the same matter conflicted with the congressional enactment.

¶44 The supreme court of the territory, in Innis v. Bolton, 17 P. 264, said, that:

"Counsel contends that by this act congress undertook to legislate upon the whole subject of disfranchisements growing out of polygamy, bigamy, and unlawful cohabitation, and therefore by implication withdrew or revoked the former grant of legislative power to the territories. We are unable to find anything in the act itself to warrant this conclusion. The act creates additional disqualifications, and it is to that extent, we think, to be regarded as an amendment to the organic law. Repeal by implication is not favored, and we cannot believe it was the intention of congress to take away the power over this subject delegated by sec. 1600 of the Revised Statutes, but think the intention was only to engraft or place another limitation upon that power. This view seems more in consonance with the policy heretofore pursued by the general government towards the territories. It is true that the congress has the paramount right, and may directly legislate for the government of any territory, and may directly repeal or abrogate any act of the territorial legislature. But it is also true that when congress confers power upon the legislative assembly of a territory, and in pursuance of this power, laws are enacted for the government of the people thereof, such enactments must be respected and upheld, unless clearly in conflict with some higher law.

"The act of March 22, 1882, disfranchises bigamists, polygamists, and those who are guilty of unlawful cohabitation, and disqualifies them from holding office. Section 2 of our statute contains substantially the same provision, as to this class of persons, and then further disqualifies all who counsel, advise, aid and abet in the commission of these offences. Section 16 of the statute (hereinbefore quoted) establishes the mode by which the disqualifications fixed by the former section and by the act of congress may be ascertained and determined. We see no reason why the legislature, under the delegation of power, could not do this, and therefore conclude the power was concurrent, and, so far as this question is concerned, that these acts may stand together."

¶45 The same question again arose in Wooley v. Watkins, 22 P. 102. The court there said, that:

"This theory of interpretation is in effect, that congress, by the act referred to, repealed those provisions of the Organic Act above recited, which confer power upon the territorial legislature to prescribe the qualifications and disabilities of voters of the Territory. This view may commend itself for ingenuity, but cannot be regarded as sound. It is not a correct construction of the statutes referred to. If congress intended that act to have any such effect, it would have so declared by express terms, and would not have left its intention to inference. Repeal by inference or implication is not favored in the law. It is, held to occur only where different statutes cover the same ground, and there is a clear and irreconcilable conflict between the earlier and the later. ( Board v. Coal Co., 93 U.S. 137; Chew Heong v. United States, 112 U.S. 536, 5, 28 L. Ed. 770, 5 S. Ct. 255 Sup. Ct. Rep. 255.) A careful reading and comparison of the provisions of the act of congress of March 22, 1882, and those of the act of the territorial assembly of February 3, 1885, which bear upon this subject, fail to develop such a clear and irreconcilable conflict between them as bring them within the rule above stated; but, on the contrary, plainly shows that the power conferred by congress upon the territorial assembly to prescribe the qualifications and disabilities of voters in the territory is not absolute and exclusive of the power of congress to legislate upon the same subject, but is concurrent, and must be exercised subject to the constitutional limitations and restrictions imposed by congress in the Organic Act."

¶46 Further discussing the question of the limitations of the Organic Act upon the question of suffrage, that court says:

"An act of congress is not an act of a territorial legislature, and vice versa. Each may act upon the same subject, from its own standpoint, and the acts of each may be valid. In such case their powers are clearly concurrent. But in the act of 1882 the act of congress does not cover, nor profess to cover, the same ground as the act of the territory. It does not deal with memberships in any organization as a qualification to vote. The one subject is not even germane to the other; or, if it has a remote relation, as is contended, congress did not choose to enter on the ground covered by the territorial legislature. The counsel cites, in addition to the Edmunds Act, Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1 at 22-24, 5 L. Ed. 19; Prigg v. Com., 16 Pet. 618; Passenger Cases, 7 How. 400, and elementary authorities. All the cases cited involve the relation between the several state governments and the United States. In them it is a question of which sovereignty has the power to dispute. Congress exercises power delegated by the states. If the former have those powers, the latter, except in exceptional cases, does not possess them. No such relations of antagonism exist between congress and territories. The will of congress and that of territorial legislatures are not two distinct wills, within the holding of some of those cases, but are for certain purposes (of which the act in question is one) one and the same will. While in their operation they are distinct, there is the relation of superior and inferior in all territorial affairs; and the superior may prohibit or nullify the acts of the inferior. Until it does so, the acts of the inferior are as valid, within its province as the acts of the superior. If it were true (although it is not true) that sec. 8 of the Edmunds Act covered the whole ground of sec. 501, and that each was intended as a punishment for the same offence, under the authority cited by the appellant, ( Houston v. Moore, 5 Wheat. 1, 5 L. Ed. 19) it would seem that the combined acts would be only concurrent, and that both would be valid. See, also, Innis v. Bolton, 17 P. 264. But it is not necessary to go to the extent indicated in that case, as the two acts do not cover the same ground. After a careful consideration of this case, we do not find the act of the territorial legislature in conflict with any provisions of the federal constitution, or with any act of congress. The ruling and the judgment of the court below must be affirmed."

¶47 The same principle of construction was under discussion in the Territory of Montana, in the case of Sperling v. Calfee, 19 P. 204. It was there said, that:

"Counsel for appellants contend in their brief and in their argument that this judgment is void upon its face, having been entered by the clerk upon default in vacation; that he thereby performed a judicial act, which, under the Organic Act, he could not do. The Organic Act names the courts of the territory, and, to a limited extent, defines their jurisdiction; but the rules of procedure in the courts thus established are left nearly or entirely to the different territorial legislatures. * * * Of course, in case of any difficulties arising out of this state of things, congress has it in its power at any time to establish such regulations, on this as well as on any other subject of legislation as it shall deem expedient and proper. The fact that congress has never disallowed or disapproved the act conferring this power on the clerks of the courts, and has not legislated directly on the subject, goes far to establish its validity as not inconsistent with the Organic Act. The statute under consideration was adopted from the code of California, and the courts of that state have held, as far as we have discovered, that the power conferred by it on clerks of courts was ministerial and not judicial."

¶48 The subject was discussed in Davis v. Beason, 133 U.S. 333, 33 L. Ed. 637, 10 S. Ct. 299, Mr. Justice Field writing the opinion, in which it was said:

"These limitations are the only ones placed upon the authority of territorial legislatures against granting the right of suffrage or of holding office. They have power, therefore, to prescribe any reasonable qualifications of voters and for holding office not inconsistent with the above limitations. In our judgment, sec. 501 of the Revised Statutes of Idaho Territory, which provides that 'no person under guardianship, non compos mentis or insane, nor any person convicted of treason, felony or bribery in this territory, or any other state or territory in the Union, unless restored to civil rights; or any person who is a bigamist or polygamist, or who teaches, advises, counsels or encourages any person or persons to become a bigamist or polygamist, or to commit any other crime defined by law, or to enter into what is known as plural or celestial marriages, or who is a member of any order, organization or association or otherwise, is permitted to vote at any election, or to hold any position or office of honor or trust, or profit within this territory is not open to any constitutional or legal objection. With the exception of persons under guardianship or of unsound mind, it simply excludes from the privilege of voting, or of holding any office of honor, trust or profit, those who have been convicted of certain offenses, and those who advocate a practical resistance to the laws of the Territory, and justify and approve the commission of crimes forbidden by it. The second subdivision of sec. 504, of the Revised Statutes of Idaho, requiring every person desiring to have his name registered as a voter to take an oath that he does not belong to an order that advises a disregard of the criminal law of the Territory, is not open to any valid legal objection to which our attention has been called.

"The position that congress has by its statute covered the whole subject of punitive legislation against bigamy and polygamy, leaving nothing for territorial action on the subject, does not impress us as entitled to much weight. The statute of congress of March 22, 1882, amending a previous section of the revised statutes in reference to bigamy, declares that no polygamist, bigamist, or any person cohabiting with more than one woman, and no woman cohabiting with any of the persons described as aforesaid in this section, in any territory or other place over which the United States have exclusive jurisdiction, shall be entitled to vote at any election held in any such territory or other place, or be eligible for election or appointment to or be entitled to hold any office or place of public trust, honor or emolument in, under, or for any such territory or place, or under the United States. (22 Stat. 31, ch. 47, sec. 8.)

"This is a general law applicable to all territories and other places under the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States. It does not purport to restrict the legislation of the territories over kindred offenses, or over the means for their ascertainment and prevention. The case in which the legislation of congress will supersede the legislation of a state or territory, without specific provision to that effect, are those in which the same matter is the subject of legislation by both. There the action of congress may well be considered as covering the entire ground. But here there is nothing of this kind. The act of congress does not touch upon teaching, advising and counseling the practice of bigamy and polygamy, that is, upon aiding and abetting in the commission of those crimes, nor upon the mode adopted by means of the oath required for registration, to prevent persons from being enabled by their votes to defeat the criminal laws of the country."

¶49 It was said by Chief Justice Marshall, in Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cranch 87, 3 L. Ed. 162, that:

"The question whether a law be void for its repugnancy to the constitution is at all times a question of much delicacy, which ought seldom, if ever, be decided in the affirmative in a doubtful case. The court, when impelled by duty to render such a judgment, would be unworthy of its station could it be unmindful of the solemn obligations which that station imposes. But it is not on slight implication and vague conjecture that the legislature is to be pronounced to have transcended its powers, and its acts to be considered as void. The opposition between the constitution and law should be such that the judge feels a clear and strong conviction of their incompatibility with each other."

¶50 Since, therefore, it has been abundantly settled that repeal by implication will not be favored, and since it is true that when congress confers the power upon the legislative assembly of a territory and in pursuance of this power, laws are enacted for the government of the people thereof, such enactment must be respected and upheld, unless clearly in conflict with some higher law, and there is some clear and irreconcilable conflict between the statutes, and unless the statute which is relied upon to found the inference or revocation be clear and full and unmistakable, and it has been the purpose of congress manifestly to prohibit and nullify the acts of the territorial legislature, the act of the legislature will stand, and an attempt at repeal by inference of the territorial act will be disapproved.

¶51 And the fact that congress has never disallowed or disapproved the act conferring this power on the clerks of courts, and has not legislated directly on the subject, and that a decent respect due to the wisdom, the integrity and the patriotism of the legislative body by which the law has been passed to presume in favor of its validity until its violation of the law of congress is seen to be beyond all reasonable doubt, we cannot agree with this inference.

¶52 But the citation of these authorities may, indeed, not be deemed necessary in view of the legislation of congress itself, since, in the act of July 30, 1886, in the provision to prohibit the passage of "local or special laws" in the territories, the prohibition upon this subject was against "locating or changing county seats," congress itself in the enactment recognized the difference between the original location of a county seat, and the changing of it afterwards, and deemed it necessary in the attempt to forbid such legislation, to prohibit, not only legislation with reference to the "location" of county seats, but also, in specific terms and other language, forbade "special and local" legislation by the territorial legislatures, which should undertake to "change" them. And it may, therefore, be conclusively held that, since the authority of the secretary of the interior, which was exercised by him in opening the Cherokee Outlet, was merely to reserve three hundred and twenty acres for county seat purposes, and that congress did not even provide that the county seats should be upon these reservations, as it had provided in the Organic Act that the respective county seats of the seven counties therein provided for "shall be" at the respective county seats therein named, and that the act providing for the opening of the Cherokee Outlet, to-wit. the act of March, 1893, following the spirit and terms of its own legislation, treated only of a provision of a half section of land to be made for the benefit of the people themselves, and "reserved" such half section therefor, and left the whole topic of "changing county seats" unmentioned, untreated of and not legislated for, except by the act of July 30, 1886, by which "special and local" legislation on the subject of "change" of county seats was prohibited to the territorial legislatures.

¶53 It has been said that: "This is an ex parte hearing, without notice, and the writ should not issue unless the right is clear and unquestioned," and that "the supreme court of Kansas in the case of Conley v. Fleming et al., 14 Kan. 381, said 'in the selection of a county seat the electors are not limited to existing cities and counties, but may choose a site for a new town, and locate the county seat thereon.'"

¶54 The citation of authority is inapplicable. The statute which the supreme court of Kansas interpreted and applied in Conley v. Fleming, sec. 2, entitled, "An Act Concerning the Location of County Seats," which "took effect March 3, 1868," and which is sec. 1708 of the Complied Laws of Kansas, 1885, provides:

"That when the county seat of any county has been located by a vote of the electors of the county, the place to which it is proposed to remove the county seat shall be designated, in the petition, and the balloting at the election shall be for or against the removal of the county seat to the place so designated and no election for the relocation of any such county seat shall be ordered or had within five years from the last preceding election, touching the location or relocation of any such county seat."

¶55 Upon this statute the supreme court of Kansas, in Conley v. Fleming, 14 Kan. 296, by Judge Brewer, said that:

"The two remaining allegations of the petition may be considered together. The place declared the newly-chosen county seat is thus described in the proclamation of the result: 'Farmer City, situated as follows: 40 acres in S. E. 1/4 of N. W. 1/4 of sec. 14; 30 acres off the S. W. 1/4 of the N. E. 1/4 of sec.14,--all in town 21 of range 23, in Linn county, Kansas.' Now, it is alleged that at the time of said election there was no such place as 'Farmer City,' and no city, town or village anywhere within the limits of said 'section 14;' and that at the first election some of the ballots counted as for this place contained the very words of the description in the proclamation, while others added on the word 'and' between the words 'sec. 14' and '30 acres'; and that, classing these ballots as for separate places, neither of them stood first or second in the list of candidates. On the other hand, it is alleged that prior to the first election the place designated and known as 'Farmer City' was selected upon actual view, and placed in nomination as one of the places to be voted for, by a convention of five delegates from each of the six townships, and that such selection was witnessed by two hundred or more persons from different parts of the county; and that the place so selected and named 'Farmer City' became and was quite notorious, and at each of said elections was generally known and understood by the legal electors voting at said election. There seems to have been no dispute as to the facts thus alleged on the respective sides. If the majority of the electors of a county are unwilling to select any of the existing towns for the county seat, but prefer to choose a new place, and start a new town therefor, we know of nothing to prevent them from so doing. Each elector is to give 'the name of the place' for which he votes. This 'place' may be an incorporated city, a village, or an unoccupied quarter section; and if a majority choose a tract of unimproved prairie, the courts have no power to interfere and set aside their selection. The wisdom of such a choice may be questioned, but the power to make it is beyond dispute. Again, if a given tract of land is known by a specific name, the use of that name is a sufficient description. If a certain definite seventy acre tract was generally known as and by the name of 'Farmer City,' the use of that term in a ballot was a sufficient description, and the ballot was not vitiated by a mere imperfection in a further description therein of the land."

¶56 It has been argued in this case, that:

"There may be some question as to whether a board of election commissioners are authorized to act in an election of this kind, but in any event, if acting, they cannot disregard any place petitioned for by the required number of electors. Their acts in this particular are not quasi judicial, nor are they required to exercise discretion The act of placing the names on the ballot is ministerial. Of course, if a controversy should arise as to right of contesting candidates for the same place, no court would attempt to control the decision of the election commissioners as to which was the rightful claimant. Their decision in such matters is conclusive."

¶57 But the reasoning of Judge Brewer does not fit the statute of Oklahoma which we must interpret and apply in this case. The statute which we must apply, sec. 1822, of an act providing for the manner and means of locating and relocating county seats, p. 417 Statutes of 1893, reads as follows:

"Sec. 1822. At the election there shall be written or printed on the ballots to be voted in that county, the words 'For county seat,' naming the town desired to be voted, as the voter may wish to vote, and if a majority of the votes cast at the first election be for any one point named, then that shall be the county seat of that county, and within ninety days after the day of election, the offices, furniture, books and records of the county shall be removed to the point so chosen, and the county seat there established. If, however, at such election no one town in the county receive a majority of all the votes cast the county commissioners shall, when the election returns are canvassed, be bound to call another election within the county, to determine the location of the county seat at such election and shall at such election give notice for twenty days before the time of voting, as before provided, and shall state the names of the two towns receiving the greatest number of votes at the last election, and at such second election the voters shall cast their ballot for one or the other of the two towns so named, and the town receiving the highest number of votes at the second election shall be the point chosen as the county seat, and the county seat shall be there established within ninety days after the vote is canvassed."

¶58 The statute of Kansas referred to simply directed, that: "the balloting at the election shall be for or against a removal of the county seats to the place so designated." And it was incumbent upon the supreme court of Kansas to enforce the writ of mandamus while the board of county commissioners, who were the defendants, were acting in a ministerial capacity only, since the elector was, under the Kansas statute, only required to give the name of the "place" for which he voted, and it was property said in the opinion of Judge Brewer, that:

"This 'place' may be an incorporated city, a village, or an unoccupied quarter section; and if a majority choose a tract of unimproved prairie, the courts have no power to interfere and set aside their selection. The wisdom of such a choice may be questioned, but the power to make it is beyond dispute."

¶59 It is plain that upon the facts of the Kansas case, the application for the writ of mandamus was sustained solely upon the ground that the legislative enactment required upon the ballot, not the name of a town, but of a "place," while the Statute of Oklahoma provides that, in the election for the removal of a county seat in Oklahoma, the ballots shall contain the words, "'for county seat,' naming the town desired to be voted for." And again, "If, however, at such election no one town in the county receive a majority of all the votes," a provision is made for a re-election, and the notice thereof "shall state the names of the two towns receiving the greatest number of votes at the last election, and at such second election the voters shall cast their ballots for one or the other of the two towns named, and the town receiving the highest number of votes at the second election shall be the point chosen as the county seat."

¶60 If the supreme court of Kansas had this statute to pass upon, it may well be presumed that they would have put into practical application and force the observation made in the case of Conley v. Fleming, in referring to the provision that the county seat might be removed to a "place" other than an incorporated city or village, when it said "the wisdom of such a choice may be questioned, but the power to make it is beyond dispute." To be sure, it is beyond dispute under the Kansas statute, neither is it open to dispute under the Oklahoma statute, since the statute explicitly provides that a "town" shall be named upon the ballot and that upon a second election the voting shall be confined to the "two towns" receiving the greatest number of votes, and that of those "two towns" so named, the town receiving the highest number of votes shall be the point chosen as the county seat.

¶61 The case was heard upon the petition and the facts recited therein, ex parte and without notice. It does not pretend to state that any town was voted for. The application was "to compel the board of election commissioners to place the name of 'Centerville' on the official ballot," and that a petition was filed, signed by a number of resident and legal voters of the county naming the "N. W. 1/4, sec. 30," etc., naming such "location" Centerville as one of the places to be voted for. It is no where said or pretended in the application that Centerville was anything more than a "location" or a "place" designated as the N. W. 1/4 of sec. 30, etc., in Grant county. The application was not adequate, under our statute, which requires that none but "towns" shall be voted for as county seats at the election to be held under the statute in question.