State v. Phillips

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An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of A p p e l l a t e P r o c e d u r e . NO. COA12-415 NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS Filed: 6 November 2012 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA v. Brunswick County Nos. 08 CRS 6413, 53383-84 WILLIAM STEVENSON PHILLIPS Appeal by Defendant from judgments entered 1 September 2011 by Judge Ola M. Lewis in Brunswick County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 11 October 2012. Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Amy Kunstling Irene, for the State. Appellate Defender Staples Hughes, by Assistant Appellate Defender Paul M. Green, for Defendant. STEPHENS, Judge. Procedural History and Evidence On 17 November 2008, Defendant William Stevenson Phillips was indicted for various sexual offenses committed against two minors: one count of rape, two counts of sexual offense, and -2one count of indecent liberties with the minor Erin1 ; and one count of sexual offense and one count of indecent liberties with Erin s older sister, Beth. The matter was tried before a jury at the 15 August 2011 criminal session of superior court in Brunswick County. The evidence at trial tended to show the following: was born in December 1994 and Erin in July 1997. Beth The girls biological father or fathers are unknown, and they spent their early years living with their mother and stepfather, Ron. After the girls mother died in 2002, they continued to reside with Ron, and eventually with Kim, Ron s live-in girlfriend whom the girls called Mom. Ron s mother, Mary, lived nearby and was viewed by Erin and Beth as a grandmother. Defendant was in the Navy and was often away from Brunswick County, but when he was home in the summer or on weekends, he lived with Mary. Erin and Beth called Defendant Uncle Stevie. Erin and Beth spent a great deal of time at Mary s house, including sleeping over on Mary s living room couches. Erin testified that, beginning in about 2005 when she was seven years old, Defendant began touching and penetrating her 1 To protect the identities of the child victims in this case, pseudonyms are used for the victims and for some other persons mentioned in this opinion. The first use of each pseudonym appears in quotation marks. -3vagina with his fingers during these sleepovers. Erin also testified that Defendant put his fingers into her vagina more than once when she was seven and once after she turned eight. Defendant also asked Erin to touch his penis and tried to insert his penis into her vagina, but after only slight penetration Erin was able to get away from Defendant and run to her own home. Around the time of Erin s eighth birthday, Defendant showed her a video which she described as two girls messing with some boys penises. At about the same time, Defendant approached Erin as she lay face down on Mary s couch so Defendant could not touch her vagina. Defendant pulled down Erin s panties and pushed his penis into her butt. around, causing Defendant to leave. to Erin on multiple occasions. This hurt Erin and she spun Defendant exposed himself Defendant told Erin that if she told anyone what he was doing, he would claim Erin was lying or had asked Defendant to do these things. Erin did not mention the abuse to anyone. Beth testified that, in 2005 when she was about ten years old, she awoke on the couch in Mary s house to find Defendant tugging at her shorts. Defendant began touching her vagina both over and under her shorts. Defendant told Beth to take off her -4shorts, but he retreated to his room when Beth threatened to scream. Leaving his bedroom door open so Beth could see him, Defendant completely undressed. asked her to take off her Beth testified that Defendant panties on occasions and asked Beth to touch his at least two other penis multiple times. Defendant also played a pornographic video for Beth, called her into the bathroom while he was masturbating on numerous occasions, and told Beth he would hurt her if she told anyone about his actions. Beth and Erin were both unaware of Defendant s sexual advances toward the other. Beth did later tell her aunts about Defendant s actions, but the aunts only contacted the police. a thing. told Mary of Beth s report and never Mary denied that Defendant would do such In early 2008, Beth told Kim about Defendant s sexual abuse. The same year, Erin reported Defendant s abuse to Kim as well. Kim reported the girls claims to their stepfather, Ron, who in turn contacted law enforcement. Sergeant Laurie Watson of the Brunswick County Sheriff s Department interviewed Beth and Erin in February 2008. Dr. Victor Shukla, a psychiatrist, treated Beth from June 2009 to November 2010, and testified that she exhibited characteristics consistent with those of a child victim of sexual abuse. Shukla -5diagnosed predominant Beth with bipolar depression behavioral problems. with disorder, psychotic mixed type and features, severe various Dr. Amy Sifford, a licensed professional counselor, treated Beth from August 2009 to December 2010 and also testified that Beth exhibited characteristics consistent with those of a child victim of sexual abuse. Beth with bipolar disorder and various Sifford diagnosed behavioral problems. Sifford also treated Erin and found that Erin also exhibited characteristics sexual abuse. consistent with those of a child victim of Sifford noted that Erin was anxious, withdrawn, and struggling academically. She diagnosed Erin with depressive disorder. The State also presented testimony from Jane and Kate. Defendant is Kate s biological uncle, and he moved in with Kate and her mother when Kate was thirteen. Kate testified that, one night in their home, Defendant began talking to her about sex and asked her if she was a virgin. A few nights later, Defendant entered Kate s bedroom, sat on her bed, began touching her, and then had vaginal intercourse with her. Kate testified that Defendant put his fingers in her vagina and had vaginal intercourse with her, but never had anal sex with her. Defendant continued to have sex with Kate two or three times a -6week for about six months at a time when Kate was thirteen or fourteen years old. about the abuse. Defendant told Kate not to tell anyone Defendant s abuse of Kate occurred about six to seven years before the crimes charged in this case. Jane is Mary s granddaughter. She described Defendant as her adopted uncle because of Defendant s close relationship with Mary. Mary. As a child, Jane sometimes spent the night with Defendant, who was about four years older than Jane, was living with Mary at that time. Jane testified that when she was ten or eleven years old, she awoke in the living room where she had been sleeping to find Defendant s hands . . . all over me. Defendant put his fingers inside her vagina. Jane also testified about another incident that occurred when she was in ninth grade and Defendant had graduated from high school. and Defendant were walking together near his truck. Jane Defendant suddenly pushed Jane down halfway into the truck and raped her. Defendant s abuse of Jane began about fifteen to sixteen years before the crimes charged in this case. The sex offense charge involving Beth was dismissed, and the jury acquitted Defendant of raping Erin. Defendant was convicted of the remaining charges, and the trial court imposed -7consecutive presumptive-range months in prison. sentences totaling 512 to 634 Defendant appeals. Discussion On appeal, Defendant brings forward eight issues: the trial court erred by (1) failing to instruct whether on lesser included offenses, (2) allowing lay witnesses to vouch for the complainants, (3) allowing expert allowing hearsay allowing testimony certain with testimony, (6) expert inadequate excluding testimony, (4) foundation, (5) evidence of the complainants prior sexual abuse, and (7) admitting uncharged misconduct evidence. Defendant also argues that (8) his trial counsel provided ineffective assistance. arguments 2 (in part), 3 (in part), We dismiss Defendant s 4, and 5. As remainder of argument 3, we find no prejudicial error. to the As to Defendant s remaining arguments, we find no error. I. Jury Instructions Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by failing to instruct on attempted rape and attempted first-degree sexual offense of Erin as lesser included offenses of those with which Defendant was charged. that the instruction was Specifically, Defendant contends required because penetration was doubtful and conflicting. the evidence We disagree. of -8Defendant first-degree did sexual not offense, instructions as given. error. request an nor instruction did he object on attempted to the jury Accordingly, we review only for plain State v. Lawrence, __ N.C. __, __, 723 S.E.2d 326, 333 (2012). The plain error rule . . . is always to be applied cautiously and only in the exceptional case where, after reviewing the entire record, it can be said the claimed error is a fundamental error, something so basic, so prejudicial, so lacking in its elements that justice cannot have been done, or where the error is grave error which amounts to a denial of a fundamental right of the accused, or the error has resulted in a miscarriage of justice or in the denial to appellant of a fair trial or where the error is such as to seriously affect the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings or where it can be fairly said the instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury s finding that the defendant was guilty. This Court and the United States Supreme Court have emphasized that plain error review should be used sparingly, only in exceptional circumstances, to reverse criminal convictions on the basis of unpreserved error. Id. (citations, quotation marks, and brackets omitted). We only address Defendant s argument as to the first-degree sexual offense charges. Because Defendant was acquitted of rape, any alleged error in the jury charge on that count cannot -9have been prejudicial to him, and thus cannot have constituted plain error. See id. As to the substance of Defendant s argument, [t]he law is well settled that the trial court must submit and instruct the jury on a lesser included offense when, and only when, there is evidence from which the jury could find that defendant committed the lesser included offense. However, when the State s evidence is positive as to every element of the crime charged and there is no conflicting evidence relating to any element of the crime charged, the trial court is not required to submit and instruct the jury on any lesser included offense. The determining factor is the presence of evidence to support a conviction of the lesser included offense. State v. Boykin, 310 N.C. 118, 121, 310 S.E.2d 315, 317 (1984) (citations omitted). Here, Defendant was charged counts of first-degree sexual offense against Erin. was based upon anal of Erin s penetration intercourse vagina. and the other Instructions on with two One count on the digital lesser included offenses of first degree rape [and sexual offense] are warranted only when there is some doubt or conflict concerning the crucial element of penetration. State v. Wright, 304 N.C. 349, 353, 283 S.E.2d 502, 505 (1981). The trial transcript reveals that Erin s reports were not inconsistent or doubtful as to penetration. Rather, she -10consistently stated that Defendant had penetrated with his penis and vaginally with his fingers. her anally Erin further testified that on some occasions Defendant had also touched her vagina over her penetrating her. panties and inside her panties without Erin s testimony about the latter incidents merely suggests that, in addition to at least two instances of first-degree sexually sexual abused offense her in against other Erin, ways. Such Defendant had also evidence does not constitute doubt or conflict concerning the crucial element of penetration. See id. at 353, 283 S.E.2d at 505. Defendant not has shown that the trial Accordingly, court s failure to instruct on attempted first-degree sexual offense was error, let alone plain error. This argument is overruled. II. Lay Witness Testimony Defendant allowing lay next argues witnesses to complainants in this case. that vouch the for trial the court erred credibility of by the We disagree. Generally, [t]he admissibility of evidence at trial is a question of law and is reviewed de novo. [However, w]hen a defendant fails to object at trial to the improper admission of evidence, the reviewing court determines admitted evidence constitutes plain error. if the erroneously State v. McLean, -11205 N.C. App. 247, 249, 695 S.E.2d 813, 815 (2010) (citations omitted). Our case law has long held that a witness may not vouch for the credibility of a victim. State v. Giddens, 199 N.C. App. 115, 121, 681 S.E.2d 504, 508 (2009), affirmed per curiam, 363 N.C. 826, 689 S.E.2d 858 (2010). Defendant allowing first certain asserts testimony that from the trial court Watson about her handling sexual offense cases involving children. erred in experiences Specifically, Defendant challenges the following testimony: Q. Sergeant Watson, have investigated children who allegations and you weren t they were telling the truth? you have certain ever made that A. Yes, I have. [Defense counsel]: Objection. THE COURT: Noted for the record. testify. She can A. Yes, I have. Q. And during any of those investigations, have you ever actually closed out any investigations because you determined that the children were not telling the truth? A. Yes, I have. Defendant contends that Watson was thus permitted to testif[y], in effect, that she filed charges in this case because determined the complainants were telling the truth. she We find -12this assertion utterly meritless. We begin by noting that Defendant only objected to the first question quoted above, and even then made only a general objection. [A] general objection, if overruled, is ordinarily not effective on appeal. State v. Parker, 140 N.C. App. 169, 183, 539 S.E.2d 656, 665 (2000) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see also N.C.R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (requiring that a party seeking review must have made a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if context ). the specific grounds were not apparent from the We do not believe the specific ground for exclusion that Defendant argues on appeal was apparent from the context of the questioning before the trial court. Accordingly, Defendant is entitled only to plain error review of this question. We conclude that asking a detective who handles sex offense cases whether she has ever been uncertain about a supposed victim s allegations in no way suggests anything about Watson s opinion of the credibility of the complainants in this case. Rather, the question and response reveal only that the detective has sometimes encountered cases in which she had doubts about the complainants. The court did not err in permitting Watson to -13answer the question, let alone likely alter the outcome of the trial by so doing. As to the State s follow-up question, which in the absence of an objection from Defendant we also review only for plain error, we again see no vouching for the complainants whatsoever. The question and response merely establish that, at least once in the past, Watson had closed out an investigation determining a complainant s allegations were not true. after Watson was not asked whether she always or even usually closed out such investigations, and testimony somehow vouching suggested prejudicing children thus could are not lead the jury by Defendant, fabricate we Defendant. testimony claims of persuaded to the Indeed, abuse this inference of rather than that some acknowledging sexual that would appear to bolster Defendant s theory of the case, namely, that Erin and Beth made up the allegations against him. Defendant also notes that a Department of Social Services ( DSS ) social worker testified, without objection, about her job duties as a DSS investigator: Q. And is this what you have been doing the entire seventeen years you have been with D.S.S. or have you had different roles while you were there? -14A. No, I had different roles. I started as an in-home worker back when it was called treatment. I guess it s probably best to explain those investigations; now they are called family assessments but we still have an investigative route, but back then it was investigations and that s when a report is being made, it s to determine whether or not this is true. They call it substantiated or unsubstantiated. Unsubstantiated is when they find it s not true. Once it s found to be true, if it is true, then they determine whether or not there is a need for continued services. Some cases are found to be true but it may have been a one[-]time offense. It may have been corrected in the process. It may have been due to other circumstances that have been resolved in some way and they don t need additional services but if additional services are needed, then it s sent to in-home treatment. And that s what I did for the first five years I worked at D.S.S. was treatment. Treatment also did our in second complaints, so if a client complaint came in, or a report came in on a new case, on a case is already open with me, I would then complete the investigation. So I would investigate those cases that came in as second complaints. We flatly reject Defendant s contention that this testimony was, in effect, that the girls allegations of physical and sexual abuse had been found true by investigators. testimony cast the light of substantiation Nor did this on earlier testimony by Sifford that she had learned from a DSS social worker about allegations [by Erin] and that there had been an -15investigation and that there were charges filed and the court hearing was coming up. alone nor slightest in Neither the social worker s testimony conjunction resemblance to with Sifford s vouching for remark the bear the complainants credibility. We likewise reject Defendant s assertion that admission of the following testimony from Watson was error: Q. Based on your training and experience, Sergeant Watson, what is the likelihood of a child making up an allegation of sexual abuse and then keeping up that lie through the legal proceedings? [Defense counsel]: Objection. THE COURT: Overruled, she may answer if she knows. A. Based on my training and experience, it is very unlikely that they would be able to keep up the lie over so many years. . . . . Q. Based on your training why is that? and experience, A. Because children, based on my training and experience of working with children in just that unit for six years, children normally do not lie unless they are told to lie or they are coached to lie about, especially about sexual abuse or physical abuse, and if you if children are asked repeatedly and they are being untruthful, they are unable to keep up the same lie that -16they told initially through different people and over the amount of years. Again, Defendant s general objection to the first question quoted above was ineffective, and Defendant failed to make any objection at all to the second question he now challenges on appeal. Thus, he would be entitled only to plain error review. Parker, 140 N.C. App. at 183, 539 S.E.2d at 665. However, Defendant does not explain how these statements prejudiced him. Such a bare assertion of plain error, without supporting argument or analysis of prejudicial impact, does not meet the spirit or intent of the plain error rule. N.C. App. quotation __, __, marks 705 S.E.2d omitted). 787, 793 State v. Whitted, __ (2011) Accordingly, we (citation dismiss and these arguments. Defendant next contends that it was plain error for the trial court to testimony by challenges Kim s permit Kim and impermissible Sifford.2 statement that, vouching and Specifically, after Beth told hearsay Defendant Kim about Defendant forcing her to watch a pornographic movie, Beth just 2 Sifford testified as an expert witness; it is unclear why Defendant discusses her testimony along with other lay witnesses, particularly since other portions of Sifford s testimony are addressed by Defendant in his third argument. In any event, Defendant has failed to present a proper argument of plain error for this Court to address on appellate review. -17wanted to know if I [Kim] believed her and that Kim had told Beth she did believe her. Sifford was permitted to testify as follows: Q. Did [Beth] talk to you do you recall if she talked to you on that day about interactions with her father and her grandmother about the court hearing? A. Yes, her [step-]father believed her and was quite angry with the uncle, but her [step-]grandmother did not believe her and that created a lot of anxiety about whether or not she would be believed by other people. Again, Defendant fails to explain how the brief and passing comments of either witness had a probable impact on the outcome of his trial. committed Defendant further contends that the trial court plain investigator to penetration[.] error in permitting testify that However, a Erin plain Watson had and described reading of the a DSS actual transcript excerpts cited by Defendant reveals that the two witnesses were not vouching for Erin s credibility as to penetration, but rather were merely explaining the terms Erin used to refer to her and Defendant s various body parts. Further, as to all of these instances of challenged testimony, Defendant makes only a bare assertion of plain error, without supporting argument or analysis of prejudicial impact, and accordingly, we do not -18address his contentions. Whitted, __ N.C. App. at __, 705 S.E.2d at 793 (citation and quotation marks omitted). Likewise, we do not address Defendant s argument that it was misleading for the State and its witnesses to use the term disclosure when referring to the pretrial statements of Erin and Beth. Defendant asserts that the term disclosure can only refer to a truthful statement, but fails to cite any authority for this proposition. Accordingly, we deem this argument abandoned pursuant to N.C.R. App. P. 28(b)(6). In sum, all of Defendant s arguments regarding lay witness testimony are without merit and/or unpreserved for appellate review. III. Expert Witness Testimony Defendant next argues that the trial court committed plain error in allowing certain expert testimony by Sifford and Shukla which he contends was impermissible vouching.3 3 We disagree. Defendant argues error in the admission of Shukla s treatment notes as well. Those notes were admitted into evidence over Defendant s general objection. We observe that, because Shukla s testimony as to the same facts and opinions came in without objection, Defendant has waived that objection (assuming it was effective in the first place). See Nunnery v. Baucom, 135 N.C. App. 556, 564, 521 S.E.2d 479, 485 (1999) ( Having once allowed the evidence to come in without objection, the defendants waived their objections to the evidence and lost the benefit of later objections to the same evidence. ) (citation and quotation marks omitted). In addition, on the single -19Because Defendant did not object to the admission of the testimony he now challenges on appeal, we review for plain error only. Lawrence, __ N.C. at __, 723 S.E.2d at 333. notes, expert witness testimony that the child As Defendant victim in a sexual abuse case is believable is inadmissible credibility evidence under Rules of Evidence 608 and 405, and constitutes prejudicial error. State v. Aguallo, 318 N.C. 590, 597-600, 350 S.E.2d 76, 81-82 (1986). Further, [i]n a sexual offense prosecution involving a child victim, the trial court should not admit expert opinion that sexual abuse has in fact occurred because, absent physical evidence supporting a diagnosis of sexual abuse, such testimony is an impermissible opinion regarding the victim s credibility. However, an expert witness may testify, upon a proper foundation, as to the profiles of sexually abused children and whether a particular complainant has symptoms or characteristics consistent therewith. State v. Stancil, 355 N.C. 266, 266-67, 559 S.E.2d 788, 789 (2002) (per curiam) (citations and quotation marks omitted). Defendant first makes a bare assertion of plain error in the admission of testimony by Shukla which Defendant contends constituted vouching that Beth actually had been sexually abused occasion Defendant objected to expert testimony discussed herein, he did so only via general objection and thus failed to preserve the admission of the testimony for anything other than plain error review. -20by Defendant. Defendant has failed to properly argue plain error, and we do not address this argument. Whitted, __ N.C. App. at __, 705 S.E.2d at 793. Defendant Shukla about next Beth, challenges which he the following characterizes testimony as from impermissible vouching for Beth s credibility: Q. Okay, Doctor Shukla, are there any, you said it was originally for a different purpose, but are there any specific problems that [Beth] did mention to you during your sessions with her that she felt she was having difficulty as a result of the sexual abuse with [Defendant]? A. Yes, there are profound effects on a child who goes through this type of experience. And, unfortunately, she went through a difficult time, she said. The effects were visible as she described to me by different staff and [Beth], herself. She had a lot of anger problems. . . . It became a very disturbed child who also experienced sleep disturbances. She was hallucinating. She was also having flashbacks of [Defendant] and his sexual advances towards her . . . . So she had been, yes, profoundly [a]ffected by the events as she had stated a number of times. Defendant also challenges Shukla s testimony that, by the age of seven to eleven, happened to them. children can recall accurately what has We believe that all of this testimony falls squarely into the consistent with characteristics testimony permitted by our case law. See Stancil, 355 N.C. at 266-67, 559 -21S.E.2d at 789. Shukla never testified that Beth was sexually abused, and further, he did testify that Beth s symptoms could also have been caused by bipolar disorder. Defendant asserts plain error in the admission of testimony from Sifford that everyone she treats is a victim of abuse and that nine out of ten had suffered sexual abuse. Sifford also stated that she believed it was highly unlikely that a child would be untruthful about sexual abuse. Defendant contends that this testimony was in effect, that [Sifford] was sure that [Beth] and [Erin] were being truthful. testimony was not about Erin and Beth specifically, but about Sifford s abuse victims in general. how these verdict, portions of particularly This and their credibility patients and child sexual Further, Defendant does not explain testimony in We disagree. light probably of the altered the significant jury s evidence against him, including the consistent statements from Beth and Erin about their abuse by Defendant. Cf. State v. Towe, __ N.C. __, __, __ S.E.2d __, __ (2012) (finding plain error in expert witness vouching where the victim s reports about the alleged sexual abuse were inconsistent). Accordingly, Defendant failed to show plain error, and this argument is overruled. IV. Foundation for Expert Testimony has -22In a related argument, Defendant asserts the trial court erred in admitting expert testimony about the characteristics consistent with those of sexually abused children without an adequate foundation. Our Courts We disagree. have long held insufficient to preserve for admissibility of evidence if that appeal the a motion the in limine is question defendant of fails further to the object to that evidence at the time it is offered at trial. State v. Patterson, 194 N.C. App. 608, 615, 671 S.E.2d 357, 361 (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted), disc. review denied, 363 N.C. 587, 683 S.E.2d 383 (2009). Here, Defendant made a motion in limine to exclude expert testimony that Erin and Beth had been sexually abused. However, the motion did not assert an inadequate foundation as the basis for exclusion. An appellant may not swap horses after trial in order to obtain a thoroughbred upon appeal. State v. Benson, 323 N.C. 318, 322, 372 S.E.2d 517, 519 (1988) (citation omitted). In addition, at trial, Defendant did not object to any expert testimony on the basis of inadequate foundation. Thus, preserve this argument for our review. Defendant not Further, Defendant has failed to argue plain error as to this issue. App. at __, 705 S.E.2d at 793. did Whitted, __ N.C. Accordingly, we must dismiss. -23V. Hearsay Testimony Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in allowing hearsay testimony from Shukla and Sifford about Beth s and Erin s psychological symptoms. Defendant did not object to any of this testimony at trial on hearsay grounds, and he does not explain how admission of the testimony constitutes plain error. Id. Accordingly, we dismiss this argument. VI. Exclusion of Evidence About Erin s Prior Allegations of Sexual Abuse Defendant next argues that the trial court erred in excluding evidence of Erin s prior allegations of sexual abuse by her stepfather Evidence 412. and a family friend pursuant to We disagree. Rule 412 prohibits the introduction of evidence concerning the previous sexual activity of a complainant in a rape or sex offense case. Any sexual activity of the complainant other than the sexual act which is at issue in the indictment on trial . . . is deemed irrelevant unless an exception applies. . . . [P]rior abuse . . . [may be] sexual activity within the ambit of Rule 412. . . . . [P]rior accusations of abuse [a]re inadmissible under Rule 412 unless there [i]s evidence that the prior accusations were false. Where the prior accusations [a]re false, the defendant has a fundamental right to cross-examine the witness on such Rule of -24subject matter credibility. relevant to the witness State v. Bass, 121 N.C. App. 306, 309-10, 465 S.E.2d 334, 336 (1996) (citations and quotation marks omitted). At trial, the State moved to exclude evidence of prior allegations of sexual abuse made by both Beth and Erin. The State the cited Rule 412 allegations were false. and argued there was no evidence At trial, Defendant argued only that the prior allegations bore on Erin s credibility whether false or not. Defendant having failed to show that Erin s prior allegations of sexual abuse were false, the trial court properly excluded this evidence. Further, we reject Defendant s attempt to swap horses and argue on appeal that this evidence should have been admitted for the purpose of providing an alternative explanation for Erin s exhibiting characteristics with being a child sexual abuse victim. 322, 372 S.E.2d at 519. consistent See Benson, 323 N.C. at This argument is overruled. VII. Evidence of Prior Sexual Abuse by Defendant Defendant also argues that the trial court erred by admitting evidence about Defendant s prior sexual abuse of other minors under Rules of Evidence 403 and 404(b). We disagree. We review a trial court s conclusion of law that evidence is admissible under Rule 404(b) de novo, and its subsequent -25determination prejudicial State v. balancing impact of Beckelheimer, the the __ probative value evidence for abuse N.C. __, 726 __, and of possible discretion. S.E.2d 156, 159 (2012). Rule 404(b) is a clear general rule of inclusion. The rule lists numerous purposes for which evidence of prior acts may be admitted, including motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake, entrapment or accident. This list is not exclusive, and such evidence is admissible as long as it is relevant to any fact or issue other than the defendant s propensity to commit the crime. In addition, this Court has been markedly liberal in admitting evidence of similar sex offenses by a defendant. . . . Though it is a rule of inclusion, Rule 404(b) is still constrained by the requirements of similarity and temporal proximity. Prior acts are sufficiently similar if there are some unusual facts present in both crimes that would indicate that the same person committed them. We do not require that the similarities rise to the level of the unique and bizarre. Id. at __, 726 S.E.2d at 159 (citations and quotation marks omitted). [R]emoteness for purposes of 404(b) must be considered in light of the specific facts of each case. The purpose underlying the evidence also affects the analysis. Remoteness in time is less important when the other crime is admitted because its modus operandi is so strikingly similar to the modus operandi of the crime being tried -26as to permit a reasonable inference that the same person committed both crimes. In such cases, remoteness in time goes to the weight of the evidence rather than its admissibility. Id. at __, 726 S.E.2d at 160 (citations and quotation marks omitted). Ultimately, [t]he test for determining whether such evidence is admissible is whether the incidents establishing the common plan or scheme are sufficiently similar and not so remote in time as to be more probative than balancing test of . . . Rule 403. prejudicial under the State v. Frazier, 344 N.C. 611, 615, 476 S.E.2d 297, 299 (1996). Here, minors Defendant Jane and contends Kate was that neither his past sexual sufficiently abuse similar of nor temporally proximate for admission under Rules 404(b) and 403. Following voir dire and arguments of counsel, the trial court permitted Jane and Kate to testify abuse of them when they were minors. about Defendant s sexual The court concluded that the evidence was relevant to show Defendant s plan, scheme, system[,] or design involving the crime charged in [the instant] case[,] determined that its prejudicial impact did not outweigh its probative value, and gave the jury an accordant limiting instruction. -27After careful review, we see no error in the trial court s admission of Jane s involving Jane and and Kate involving Beth and Erin. Kate s were testimony. sufficiently The incidents similar to those Most importantly, all four victims testified that Defendant was an older uncle, an adopted uncle, or like an uncle when he abused them. Defendant initiated the abuse of each victim in the home where he was living at the time and where the victim was either living permanently or spending the night (Mary s home for Jane, Beth, and Erin; Kate s own home in her case). touching the In each case, the abuse began with Defendant victim s vagina and then escalated to digital penetration and, eventually, to attempted or actual intercourse. In addition, the abuse of Jane and Kate was not too remote in time from the crimes charged here. When similar acts have been performed continuously over a period of years, the passage of time serves to prove, rather than disprove, the existence of a plan. Id. at 613-16, 476 S.E.2d at 298-300 (citation and quotation marks omitted) (holding prior incidents occurring over a period of approximately twenty-six years were not too remote to be considered as evidence of [the] defendant s common plan or scheme to sexually abuse female family members ). We see no error in the trial court s determination that Jane s and Kate s -28testimony was relevant for a permitted purpose under Rule 404(b) and no abuse of discretion in its ruling that their testimony was admissible under Rule 403. This argument is overruled. VIII. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel Finally, Defendant ineffective assistance. argues his trial counsel provided We disagree. To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must first show that his counsel s performance was deficient and then that counsel s deficient performance prejudiced his defense. Deficient performance may be established by showing that counsel s representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Generally, to establish prejudice, a defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. State v. Allen, 360 N.C. 297, 316, 626 S.E.2d 271, 286 (citations and quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 549 U.S. 867, 166 L. Ed. 2d 116 (2006). Defendant s entire argument on this point consists of a single sentence: In the event this Court finds any of the foregoing issues to have been inadequately preserved to warrant appellate relief, then trial counsel was ineffective in failing to adequately preserve the issue by motion, objection, proffer -29and/or argument. Defendant fails to argue or explain how his trial counsel s decisions about what motions and objections to make at trial fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, and more importantly, does not even attempt to establish prejudice, as required by Allen and its progeny. It is not the duty of this Court to supplement an appellant s brief with legal authority or arguments not contained therein[.] Goodson v. P.H. Glatfelter Co., 171 N.C. App. 596, 606, 615 S.E.2d 350, 358, supersedeas and disc. review denied, 360 N.C. 63, 623 S.E.2d 582 (2005); see also N.C.R. App. P. 28(a). Accordingly, we overrule this issue on appeal. NO ERROR IN PART; NO PREJUDICIAL ERROR IN PART; DISMISSED IN PART. Judges GEER and MCCULLOUGH concur. Report per Rule 30(e).

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