State v. Atkinson

251 S.E.2d 677 (1979)

39 N.C. App. 575

STATE of North Carolina v. Wilson Reece ATKINSON.

No. 7821SC893.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

February 6, 1979.

*680 Atty. Gen. Rufus L. Edmisten by Asst. Atty. Gen. Elizabeth C. Bunting, Raleigh, for the State.

White & Crumpler by Fred G. Crumpler, Jr., G. Edgar Parker, V. Edward Jennings, Jr. and David R. Tanis, Winston-Salem, for defendant-appellant.

MITCHELL, Judge.

The defendant assigns as error the trial court's determination that certain statements made by the defendant to the effect that he was driving a car were admissible in evidence. The defendant contends that his intoxication prevented him from voluntarily waiving his Miranda rights or making a meaningful confession. Therefore, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in its ruling upon the admissibility of his statements.

When the State offers a defendant's confession that he has committed the crime charged or some essential element thereof and the defendant objects, the trial court must conduct a voir dire hearing to determine its admissibility. The trial court must hear the evidence, observe the demeanor of the witnesses and resolve any questions by appropriate findings of fact. State v. Jones, 294 N.C. 642, 243 S.E.2d 118 (1978). If the trial court's findings are supported by competent evidence, they are deemed to be conclusive on appeal. State v. Small, 293 N.C. 646, 239 S.E.2d 429 (1977); State v. Fox, 277 N.C. 1, 175 S.E.2d 561 (1970).

In the present case, the trial court conducted such a hearing and found that the defendant had been advised of his Miranda rights. The trial court further found that the defendant stated to the officer that he understood his rights, did not want an attorney and was willing to talk to the officer. These findings are supported by competent evidence and must be considered conclusive.

From these findings, the trial court concluded that the defendant's statements were freely, understandingly and voluntarily made. The fact that the defendant may well have been intoxicated does not negate this conclusion. An admission by an intoxicated defendant is admissible unless the defendant is so intoxicated as to be unconscious of the meaning of his words. State v. McClure, 280 N.C. 288, 185 *681 S.E.2d 693 (1972); State v. Logner, 266 N.C. 238, 145 S.E.2d 867, cert. denied, 384 U.S. 1013, 86 S. Ct. 1983, 16 L. Ed. 2d 1032 (1966). The trial court did not find that the defendant was unconscious of the meaning of his words. We therefore find no error in the trial court's conclusion that the defendant's statements were freely, understandingly and voluntarily made and were admissible in evidence.

The defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing the District Attorney to impeach him by questioning him concerning his prior convictions without first ascertaining whether the defendant was represented by counsel at the time of those prior convictions. As the defendant correctly points out, the use of convictions which are constitutionally invalid under Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 83 S. Ct. 792, 9 L. Ed. 2d 799 (1963) for purposes of impeaching the defendant's credibility deprives him of due process of law. Loper v. Beto, 405 U.S. 473, 92 S. Ct. 1014, 31 L. Ed. 2d 374 (1972). The use of prior void convictions for purposes of impeachment of a criminal defendant deprives him of due process where their use might well have influenced the outcome of the case. However, convictions are presumed valid, and the burden of proof is on the defendant to prove his inability to employ counsel at the time of the conviction which he contends was invalid. State v. Vincent, 35 N.C.App. 369, 241 S.E.2d 390 (1978); State v. Williams, 34 N.C.App. 744, 239 S.E.2d 620 (1977); State v. Buckner, 34 N.C.App. 447, 238 S.E.2d 635 (1977). The record before us on appeal reveals no evidence of any type tending to show that the defendant was not represented by counsel at any of his prior convictions. Therefore, the defendant failed to meet his burden of proof and his assignment of error is overruled.

The defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing the State to use his prior motor vehicle convictions for impeachment purposes. When a defendant takes the stand and testifies, he is subject to cross-examination concerning prior convictions including unrelated violations of motor vehicle laws. Ingle v. Transfer Corp., 271 N.C. 276, 156 S.E.2d 265 (1967); State v. Long, 20 N.C.App. 91, 200 S.E.2d 825 (1973). The determination as to whether such an examination is unfair rests largely in the discretion of the trial court. State v. Blackwell, 276 N.C. 714, 174 S.E.2d 534, cert. denied, 400 U.S. 946, 91 S. Ct. 253, 27 L. Ed. 2d 252 (1970). As nothing in the record indicates that the trial court abused its discretion in this regard, the defendant's assignment of error is overruled.

The defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing the State to use certain prior convictions for impeachment purposes due to their remoteness in time. Prior convictions are relevant to show the defendant's lack of credibility and trustworthiness as a witness. State v. McLean, 294 N.C. 623, 242 S.E.2d 814 (1978). A series of convictions which continue well into the past may be relevant to show a defendant's repeated and abiding contempt for the law and, thereby, his lack of trustworthiness. State v. Ross, 295 N.C. 488, 493, 246 S.E.2d 780, 784 (1978). Therefore, the defendant's prior convictions over the past several years were admissible as tending to show his lack of trustworthiness.

The defendant also assigns as error the failure of the trial court to grant his motions to dismiss at the close of the State's evidence and at the close of all the evidence. He contends that the evidence was insufficient to show that he was driving a car at the time in question. We do not agree.

In ruling upon a defendant's motion to dismiss for insufficiency of evidence, the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to the State and the State must be given the benefit of every reasonable inference deducible therefrom. State v. Snead, 295 N.C. 615, 247 S.E.2d 893 (1978). The evidence before the trial court, when considered in such light, reveals that the defendant was seen leaving his car. When an officer arrived at the car, the motor was still running, and the defendant told the officer that he had run his car off of the *682 roadway. When a second officer arrived, the defendant again stated that he had run off the road. Still later, the defendant was asked if he had been operating a motor vehicle and stated that he had. This evidence was more than sufficient to support a reasonable inference that the defendant had been driving. The motions were properly denied, and this assignment of error is overruled.

Finally, the defendant assigns as error the failure of the trial court to sufficiently instruct the jury concerning the weight and effect of the defendant's statements that he was the driver of the car. As there was evidence tending to indicate that the defendant was intoxicated, he contends that he was entitled to a special instruction informing the jury that they must consider the condition of the defendant at the time he made the statements in determining the weight and credibility to be given those statements.

It is clear that the trial court is required to declare and explain the law arising on the evidence. G.S. 15A-1232. This would require that an instruction be given on every substantive feature of the case, even in the absence of a request for such an instruction. See State v. Hornbuckle, 265 N.C. 312, 144 S.E.2d 12 (1965). However, the trial court need not instruct the jury with any greater particularity than is necessary to enable the jury to apply the law to the substantive features of the case arising on the evidence when, as here, the defendant makes no request for additional instructions. State v. Spratt, 265 N.C. 524, 144 S.E.2d 569 (1965); State v. Patton, 18 N.C.App. 266, 196 S.E.2d 560 (1973).

A substantive feature of a case is any component thereof which is essential to the resolution of the facts in issue. Evidence which does not relate to the elements of the crime itself or the defendant's criminal responsibility therefore are subordinate features of the case. State v. Williams, 289 N.C. 439, 222 S.E.2d 242, death sentence vacated, 429 U.S. 809, 97 S. Ct. 45, 50 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1976). The weight to be accorded the defendant's confessions concerns a subordinate feature of the case and is not a substantive feature thereof which requires a specific instruction in the absence of a special request. State v. Williams, 289 N.C. 439, 222 S.E.2d 242, death sentence vacated, 429 U.S. 809, 97 S. Ct. 45, 50 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1976); State v. Lester, 289 N.C. 239, 221 S.E.2d 268 (1976); State v. Hunt, 283 N.C. 617, 197 S.E.2d 513 (1973). But cf. State v. Isom, 243 N.C. 164, 90 S.E.2d 237 (1955) (request by jury for instruction regarding weight to be given confession of a drunk). This assignment of error is without merit and is overruled.

The defendant received a fair trial free from prejudicial error, and we find

No error.

CLARK and WEBB, JJ., concur.