STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. FUQUAN K. KNIGHT, ET AL.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0377-20 A-0437-21 STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION AS REDACTED December 21, 2023 FUQUAN K. KNIGHT, a/k/a FUQUAN K. KNIGHT, JR., APPELLATE DIVISION Defendant-Appellant. ____________________________ STATE OF NEW JERSEY, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. SHAQUAN K. KNIGHT, a/k/a SHAQUAN KYLE, and SHAQUAN KYLEKNIGHT, Defendant-Appellant. ____________________________ Submitted (A-0377-20) and Argued (A-0437-21) November 6, 2023 – Decided December 21, 2023 Before Judges Sabatino, Marczyk, and Chase. On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 19-01-0010. Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant Fuquan K. Knight (Andrew R. Burroughs, Designated Counsel, on the briefs). Morgan A. Birck, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, argued the cause for appellant Shaquan K. Knight (Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney; Morgan A. Birck, of counsel and on the briefs). Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent State of New Jersey in A-0377-20 (Caitlinn Raimo, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the briefs). Hannah Faye Kurt, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause for respondent State of New Jersey in A-0437-21 (Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex County Prosecutor, attorney; Hannah Faye Kurt, of counsel and on the brief). The opinion of the court was delivered by SABATINO, P.J.A.D. These two appeals, which we consolidate for purposes of this opinion, arise out of a joint trial in which two brothers, Fuquan K. Knight (defendant in A-377-20) and Shaquan K. Knight (defendant in A-437-21), were found guilty by a jury of armed robbery and other offenses. 1 The State's proofs showed that 1 For sake of clarity, we refer to defendants and their father by their first names in this opinion; no disrespect is intended. 2 A-0377-20 defendants, along with their father Kyler Knight, robbed the victim behind a deli, threatening him with a knife and at gunpoint. The victim identified defendants to the police as two of the three robbers, confirming his identification of them at a pretrial Wade2 hearing. The victim died of unrelated causes before trial, but his earlier testimony at the Wade hearing and his post-robbery 9-1-1 call to the police were presented to the jury over defendants' objection. Other evidence substantiated defendants' guilt, including, among other things, surveillance videos that recorded events inside and outside the deli, as well as incriminating items seized by police from their residence. Defendants did not call witnesses or testify at trial, but disputed the victim's identification and their involvement in the robbery. The trial court sentenced Fuquan, who was twenty-seven at the time of the robbery, to an aggregate custodial term of sixteen years. The judge sentenced Shaquan, who was nineteen at the time of the robbery, to a term of eleven years. Both sentences were subject to an eighty-five percent parole ineligibility period under the No Early Release Act ("NERA"), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. Defendants raise substantially overlapping issues on appeal, contesting their convictions and respective sentences. 2 United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218 (1967). 3 A-0377-20 A key issue raised by both defendants is whether the trial court erred by allowing the jury to observe multiple times, in slow motion and with pauses, an approximately six-second segment of a surveillance video. That video, which was filmed through a glass door in the rear of the deli, shows the victim quickly being escorted by the three culprits outside the building. One culprit appears to be pointing a firearm at the victim, and another appears to be pushing defendant forward. The State presented the video as part of its case-in-chief without objection, and then played it again several times in closing argument without objection, once in slow motion. During both days of their deliberations, the jurors requested the video to be replayed several more times, in slow motion and at other varying speeds and with intermittent pauses. The trial judge permitted those jury playbacks under her supervision in the courtroom, over defendants' objection. Defendants contend they were unduly prejudiced by these video playbacks, citing research indicating that slow-motion presentations can increase a viewer's perception or inferences of intentional conduct. To date, there are no published New Jersey opinions that address the question. As a matter of first impression, we hold that—subject to offsetting concerns of undue prejudice—surveillance video footage may be presented to jurors in slow motion or at other varying speeds, or with intermittent pauses, if 4 A-0377-20 the trial court in its discretion reasonably finds those modes of presentation would assist the jurors' understanding of the pertinent events and help them resolve disputed factual issues. We further hold—again subject to offsetting concerns of undue prejudice—that trial courts in their discretion may grant a jury's requests during deliberations to replay the videos in such modes one or more times, provided that the playbacks occur in open court under the judge's supervision and in the presence of counsel. We discern no reversible error concerning the video playbacks in this case, which would have aided the jurors in resolving the parties' disputes over the robbers' identities and their respective actions with the victim behind the deli. Going forward, we offer several non-exclusive factors to guide the court when considering whether to allow videos to be shown in varying speeds or with intermittent pauses during the trial and summations, and on a jury's request during deliberations. We further recommend that the Model Criminal Jury Charge Committee consider crafting an instruction to guide jurors when surveillance videos are presented in such modes. In the unpublished portion of this opinion, we conclude defendants' remaining arguments to set aside their convictions are unpersuasive, although we remand solely for reconsideration of their sentences. 5 A-0377-20 I. The facts relating to the robbery are largely based on the victim's testimony at the Wade hearing, as well as the surveillance videos played at trial. A. Wade Hearing On October 11, 2018, the victim, Thaddeus Osbourne, went to Poppie's Deli3 in East Orange to cash a betting slip. He had won $500 in cash. As was later revealed, Osbourne was also at the deli to buy marijuana. Shaquan was at the deli, wearing a black hoodie with white letters on it. Osbourne identified him at the Wade hearing, stating that he knew Shaquan from the neighborhood and had bought marijuana from him once before. While inside the deli, Shaquan offered to sell marijuana to Osbourne, and, when Osbourne tried to pay him, Shaquan told him to walk outside because it was "too hot," meaning there were too many police around. As Osbourne followed Shaquan outside to the rear of the deli, a man grabbed him, pushed him towards the back of the building, and held a knife to his neck. Another person held a gun to his face. Osbourne later identified the person with the knife as Kyler, describing him as a shorter "older guy" with a 3 The store in question was referred to in the record as Poppie's, Poppy's, and Poppie's Deli. For the sake of consistency, we refer to it as Poppie's. 6 A-0377-20 beard, dark skin, and a burgundy hoodie. He identified Fuquan as the person with the gun, stating he had dreadlocks and wore a black and gold hoodie. Osbourne said the gun was black with a brown handle, and approximately shoulder width in length. 4 He never saw the knife, but only felt it against his neck. According to Osbourne, while he was held at gunpoint and knifepoint, Shaquan patted him down, searched his pockets, and took his keys and wallet . Osbourne testified that an observer in a parking lot yelled at defendants to "stop or whatever." Kyler yelled back that Osbourne owed them money, which made the observer "mind his business or whatever." When the robbery was completed, defendants ran off and Osbourne yelled to them asking for his keys, which defendants threw back to him. After the robbery, Osbourne said that he briefly followed defendants— observing that they headed towards Princeton Street—and then returned to his home on Evergreen Place and called 9-1-1. Osbourne told the operator that he had been robbed and that he did not know the perpetrators.5 During crossexamination, Osbourne agreed he had lied about not knowing the robbers, but 4 The State contended it was a sawed-off shotgun. 5 The 9-1-1 call, which we discuss in Part III, was played for the jury. 7 A-0377-20 then clarified that he did not know them personally and did not know their names. When the police arrived, they drove Osbourne back to Poppie's and watched the surveillance video together inside the deli. Osbourne identified one of the suspects in the video (Shaquan) and provided the police with descriptions of all three suspects. The police then transported Osbourne to the station and obtained a recorded statement, which included photo identifications of Fuquan and Shaquan. Osbourne testified that although he did not know their names, he had previously seen Shaquan five or six times, had purchased marijuana from him once before, and had seen Fuquan with Shaquan once. Osbourne initially told the police that he had left Poppie's and was walking to his car when he was robbed. However, during his testimony, he agreed that he had lied about this, and that he had been trying to buy marijuana. Although he did not tell the police this during his original statement, he claimed that he had mentioned this detail to an unnamed police officer while at the station. He also stated that he never brought up this detail again, until the day before the Wade hearing, when he disclosed this fact to the prosecutor's office. He explained that he had not mentioned the marijuana because he thought it was irrelevant. A few days later, Osbourne returned to the station and identified Kyler's photograph as depicting the third suspect. 8 A-0377-20 B. The Investigation Officer Hassan Gafaar was one of the police who initially responded to the robbery. Osbourne described to Officer Gafaar the robbery and the suspects, whom he then portrayed as strangers. Gafaar first took Osbourne to Poppie's, where they reviewed the surveillance video, and then drove him to police headquarters for a statement. At headquarters, the lead detective assigned to the case, Felix Lantigua, met with Officer Gafaar and Osbourne. This conversation was not recorded, and it was meant to gather "the basics" of the incident, including what happened, a description of the suspects' clothing, and what weapons they used. Next, Detective Lantigua canvassed the area to locate surveillance cameras. Law enforcement collected videos from the interior of Poppie's and from a liquor store neighboring Poppie's, which showed the front and back of the deli. After watching the videos, Lantigua recognized Shaquan, whom he knew from the community. At some point Lantigua also identified Fuquan as the suspect in the black and gold top. Based on his familiarity with Fuquan and Shaquan, Lantigua collected photos of them for Osbourne to view. During his later testimony, the detective also identified Kyler as the suspect in the burgundy sweatshirt. 9 A-0377-20 Detective Lantigua then took a formal statement from Osbourne. During this statement, Osbourne did not disclose that he had cashed in a bet or had attempted to buy marijuana from Shaquan. According to Lantigua, Osbourne said "he was familiar with two of the suspects from having encounters numerous times in the area." Based on this information, Lantigua presented Osbourne with the two photos of Fuquan and Shaquan. He described this procedure as a "one on one" photo array, and said it was an appropriate identification method if the witness was familiar with the suspects, as Osbourne was. Osbourne identified both defendants as the robbers. Based on these identifications, Lantigua obtained arrest warrants for Fuquan and Shaquan. Lantigua went to defendants' home to arrest them, but only Kyler was present.6 Lantigua "immediately" recognized Kyler as the third suspect, based on his facial hair and because "he walked with a limp." However, he did not immediately arrest Kyler because he was not "familiar with [him] and neither was the victim." Lantigua then asked an officer to generate a six-photo array for Kyler, which Sergeant Stephen M. Rochester administered. identified Kyler's photograph. Osbourne positively Consequently, Lantigua obtained an arrest 6 It appears from testimony that defendants' home was located within a few blocks of the deli. 10 A-0377-20 warrant for Kyler and attempted to effectuate the warrant that same day, but no one was home. He went back to defendants' home that evening to retrieve surveillance footage from the shared spaces in the home, which was a multifamily residence. After reviewing this surveillance footage, Lantigua obtained a search warrant for defendants' unit. Two days later, Lantigua and other officers effectuated the search warrant at defendants' residence. They found clothing that matched the garments apparently worn during the robbery by Shaquan and Kyler, as well as a wallet containing Osbourne's identification cards and debit card. The officers did not retrieve a gun, knife, or the clothing apparently worn by Fuquan. C. The Indictment and Pretrial Events In January 2019, a grand jury indicted Fuquan on the following four counts: (1) second-degree conspiracy to commit robbery against Osbourne, N.J.S.A. 2C:5-2(a)(1); (2) first-degree armed robbery, N.J.S.A. 2C:15-1; (3) third-degree unlawful possession of a shotgun, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(c)(1); and (4) second-degree possession of a shotgun for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39- 11 A-0377-20 4(a). Shaquan was similarly indicted on only the first two counts and not the weapon possession charges.7 In October 2019, the court held a Wade hearing on defendants' motion to suppress Osbourne's out-of-court identification of Fuquan and Shaquan, which involved a single-photo array of each defendant. In addition to describing the robbery and subsequent events at the hearing, Osbourne testified that he knew Fuquan and Shaquan from around the neighborhood and acknowledged he had purchased drugs from Shaquan once in the past. After the Wade hearing, the court ruled that Osbourne's prior identifications were admissible, finding that Osbourne was truthful, the surveillance videos showed that Shaquan and Osbourne knew each other, and consequently the trial court found it was appropriate for the police to have shown Osbourne a single-photo array when identifying Fuquan and Shaquan. On November 13, 2019, the State notified the court that Osbourne had passed away. While his cause of death was unknown, defendants were not 7 Defendants' father, Kyler, also was charged but was not tried with defendants because he was being held out-of-state on different charges. Kyler did not participate in any aspect of this proceeding, and he subsequently pled guilty to second-degree conspiracy to commit a robbery or bodily injury, N.J.S.A. 2C:52(a)(1), 2C:15-1(a)(2), and third-degree possession of a weapon for unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(d), and was sentenced to a six-year term. 12 A-0377-20 implicated in his passing. The court subsequently granted the State's application to admit Osbourne's Wade testimony at trial under N.J.R.E. 804(b)(1)(A) (prior testimony of an unavailable witness), finding that defendants had a sufficient opportunity to cross-examine Osbourne at the Wade hearing and had a similar motive in conducting this cross-examination. D. The Trial Trial commenced six days later on November 19, 2019, and continued for three non-consecutive days, concluding with testimony on December 4, 2019. The State's proofs included Osbourne's testimony at the Wade hearing and his 9-1-1 call to the police, surveillance video footage taken at and near the deli, the incriminating clothing and victim's wallet found at defendants' residence, and the testimony of police and civilian witnesses. Defendants did not testify or present any witnesses. Through his attorney, Fuquan disputed whether Osbourne was robbed, and, if so, whether he took part in such a robbery. He also disputed possessing a firearm. Shaquan's counsel acknowledged that his client had an interaction with Osborne that day inside the deli, but that he denied taking part in robbing Osbourne outside. In summation, Shaquan's attorney argued that even if Shaquan was one of the three men shown on video with Osbourne behind the building, Shaquan was merely present and was not taking part in any 13 A-0377-20 wrongdoing. The State, meanwhile, characterized Shaquan as the mastermind of the robbery. In the afternoon of its second day of deliberations, the jury informed the court that it was at a "standstill" on one charge and requested guidance should it be unable to reach a decision. The court instructed the jury to continue deliberating, and thirty minutes later, the jury delivered a guilty verdict on all charges. E. Sentencing On February 18, 2020, the court sentenced Fuquan to an aggregate term of sixteen years, and Shaquan to an aggregate term of eleven years. We discuss those sentencing details below in Part V. II. Fuquan argues on appeal: POINT I THE TRIAL COURT DENIED DEFENDANT'S SIXTH AMENDMENT CONFRONTATION RIGHTS WHEN IT PERMITTED THE INTRODUCTION OF THADDEUS OSBORNE'S WADE HEARING TESTIMONY AT TRIAL. POINT II THE TRIAL COURT DENIED DEFENDANT'S CONFRONTATION RIGHTS WHEN IT 14 A-0377-20 PERMITTED THE INTRODUCTION TESTIMONIAL 9-1-1 CALL AT TRIAL. OF A POINT III THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT PERMITTED THE 9-1-1 CALL TO BE PLAYED UNDER THE EXCITED UTTERANCE EXCEPTION TO THE HEARSAY RULE. POINT IV THE TRIAL COURT DENIED DEFENDANT HIS RIGHT TO A FAIR AND RELIABLE TRIAL WHEN IT PERMITTED SURVEILLANCE VIDEO RECORDINGS TO BE REPLAYED IN SLOW MOTION AND PAUSED MULTIPLE TIMES OVER DEFENDANT'S OBJECTION. POINT V THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO ACCEPT A PARTIAL VERDICT. POINT VI THE TRIAL COURT'S CUMULATIVE ERRORS DENIED DEFENDANT A FAIR TRIAL. POINT VII THE [SIXTEEN]-YEAR SENTENCE IMPOSED WAS MANIFESTLY EXCESSIVE GIVEN THE UNIQUE FACTS OF THE CASE. 15 A-0377-20 Meanwhile, Shaquan argues on appeal: POINT I THE TRIAL COURT COERCED A VERDICT WHEN IT MADE CLEAR THE TRIAL WOULD END ON DECEMBER 6 AND REFUSED TO TAKE A PARTIAL VERDICT ON THAT DATE. POINT II THE ADMISSION OF THE VICTIM'S WADE HEARING TESTIMONY WAS HEARSAY AND VIOLATED DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION. POINT III THE ADMISSION OF THE 9-1-1 CALL WAS ALSO HEARSAY THAT VIOLATED DEFENDANT'S CONFRONTATION RIGHTS. POINT IV THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY ON ONE-ON-ONE IDENTIFICATIONS OR LACK OF A BLIND ADMINISTRATOR. POINT V THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ALLOWING THE SURVEILLANCE FOOTAGE TO BE PLAYED IN SLOW MOTION. POINT VI THE SENTENCE WAS THE RESULT OF AN IMPERMISSIBLE TRIAL PENALTY AND IS 16 A-0377-20 EXCESSIVE WHEN COMPARED TO THE CODEFENDANT'S—HIS FATHER—SENTENCE OF SIX YEARS OF INCARCERATION. We address these issues in a reorganized sequence. III. The first issue we address—a novel one under our case law—concerns the repeated playback of the surveillance video footage in slow motion and at other varying speeds, and in intermittent-pause modes. A. The State played several surveillance videos during the trial, including videos from the interior of Poppie's, from a neighboring property showing different angles of the exterior of Poppie's, and from defendants' residence. The key video at issue here is exhibit S-31, which shows a rear view of Poppie's interior, including its back door which offered a brief glimpse into the back parking lot where the robbery took place. The video has no audio track. 8 Starting at 11:41:38, the video shows four men walking by the back door. The video appears to show Osbourne, closely followed by a man the State contended was Kyler, who seemed to be holding onto Osbourne by the neck or 8 We have reviewed the video evidence as part of our consideration of the issues raised on appeal. The approximate six-second segment in which the four men are filmed passing by Poppie's rear door is the most pertinent. 17 A-0377-20 shoulder. Walking behind them is another man, who the State contended was Fuquan, holding a black and brown object in one hand. The last man walking in the group allegedly is Shaquan, who does not appear to be holding anything. The robbery apparently occurred off-camera. The jurors first were shown this portion of the video (from 11:41:30 to 11:43:05) during the State's case-in-chief, seeing it once at normal speed. Later, during their summations, defendants did not replay any of the videos for the jury. However, Shaquan's attorney told the jury that the State would likely play the videos in slow motion during its own summation. As anticipated, the State replayed in closing argument numerous sections of the videos, mostly at normal speed, and with a few sections fast-forwarded. The State also played in slow motion and with pauses the video showing the rear of Poppie's. Defendants did not object to that presentation. On the first day of deliberations, the jury made a number of requests. They asked to review several of the surveillance videos, hear the 9-1-1 call again, and review Osbourne's Wade testimony. All counsel and the court agreed with Shaquan's attorney's position that the video should be played at normal speed, "[u]nless," the court added, "they ask for something different." Before the playback took place, the jury amended its request and asked for a replay only of the video from the rear interior of Poppie's, requesting that 18 A-0377-20 it be replayed "at least three times, slowly and pause[d]" at 11:41:41, the point when the men the State claimed to be Fuquan and Shaquan walked by the back door. At this point, Fuquan's attorney objected, arguing that case law required the video to be played in the same way as it had been presented at trial. The court asked counsel to use the lunch break to research this point. Following the lunch break, Fuquan's attorney said he was unable to find the case law but presented studies about how playing videos in slow motion "increase[d] the likelihood of conviction." Shaquan's attorney relied on Fuquan's arguments on this point. The State contended the articles cited by the defense were unreliable "junk science," and that playing the videos in slow motion was not interfering with the jury's function but instead was honoring their request. The court disagreed that the studies constituted junk science, but found that defendants' arguments were not supported by case law, and as a trial court, it was not in a position to create new law. Consequently, the court permitted the deliberating jurors to view the videos in slow motion, as they requested. Before doing so, the court directed the jury to select a "pauser," designating a juror to direct the State when to pause, 19 A-0377-20 rewind, and replay the video.9 The State then played the video for the jury that day a total of ten times, at varying speeds and starting points. On the second day of deliberations, the jury asked to see the same sixsecond video clip again, from 11:41:39 to 11:41:45. They specifically asked the court to play the video slowly three times, "zoomed in," and paused at 11:41:41. The State and defendants agreed they could not zoom in the video, as that would constitute altering the evidence. The judge granted the jurors' request, permitting the six-second segment of the video to be played five more times, played at a speed of five times slower, with a final pause at 11:41:41. In total, the jurors watched portions of the video fifteen additional times,10 mostly at slower speeds and sometimes with intermittent pauses. On appeal, both defendants 11 argue that the court erred in allowing the jury to repeatedly view the surveillance videos in slow motion during 9 Defendants did not object to the jury's designation of a pauser, and do not claim error on appeal about that designation. The transcript reflects that, when the videos were replayed in open court, another juror voiced several requests to replay the footage several times in slow motion, and those requests were also honored. 10 The briefs calculate the total as fourteen additional times. 11 The only significant difference between defendants' two appellate briefs is that Shaquan cites two more articles addressing the dangers of playing videos at a trial in slow motion. 20 A-0377-20 deliberations. They contend the deliberating jurors should have watched the video as it was presented during the trial. They assert the repeated playing of the video in slow motion and at varying speeds with intermittent pauses resulted in the jury being exposed to a "distorted reality." They further argue that, at the very least, the court should have given the jury a limiting instruction about how playing a video at different speeds can manipulate their perception. No such limiting instruction was requested, however. B. As we have previously noted, there has been an "explosive growth in the number of surveillance cameras in operation."12 State v. Watson, 472 N.J. Super. 381, 472 (App. Div. 2022), rev'd on other grounds, 254 N.J. 558 (2023). Police investigations involve "canvassing the surrounding neighborhood not just for potential suspects and eyewitnesses but also for public and privately -owned video cameras that may have captured a reported crime, the events leading up to it, or its aftermath (e.g., flight from the scene)." Ibid. Consequently, such "recordings have become a staple of criminal trials." Ibid. 12 A study published in 2018 reported that, as of that time, within the United States, "there are approximately 30 million surveillance cameras shooting about 4 billion hours of footage each week." Yael Granot, et al., In the Eyes of the Law: Perception Versus Reality in Appraisals of Video Evidence, 24 Psych., Pub. Pol'y & L. 93, 94 (2018). The frequency has surely grown since that article was published. 21 A-0377-20 The probative value of such surveillance footage can be enormous. As our Supreme Court has recognized, "[t]he power of a video of contemporaneously recorded events at the crime scene can hardly be disputed." State v. Garcia, 245 N.J. 412, 431 (2021). "[A] video recording is a valuable tool[,]" and can "enhance[] a judge or juror's assessment of credibility by providing a more complete picture of what occurred." State v. Cole, 229 N.J. 430, 450-51 (2017) (internal citations omitted); see also Garcia, 245 N.J. at 43132 (quoting that same observation). The Court recently recognized that potential evidential value in State v. Watson, which involved a fifty-seven-second surveillance video that showed an entire robbery committed inside the bank. 254 N.J. 558, 570 (2023). Among other things, the video in Watson was highly relevant to the core disputed issue of identification, i.e., whether defendant was the person shown on the video demanding money from the teller, and whether the robber's fingers touched areas where fingerprints could have been left but were not found. Ibid. Our New Jersey courts have not yet addressed in a published opinion the standards for presenting to trial jurors surveillance video footage in slow motion, assuming it satisfies the applicable requirements for authenticity, relevance, and other Rules of Evidence. In particular, we have no precedents specifically addressing the issues raised here concerning the playback of surveillance videos 22 A-0377-20 in slow motion and in other altered modes to jurors at their request during deliberations. Lacking precedential guidance on these discrete issues, the trial court and counsel consulted our somewhat analogous case law regulating the playback during deliberations of video-recorded or audio-recorded trial testimony. Under that case law, a court's decision to replay a recording of trial testimony for deliberating jurors is vested in the discretion of the trial judge. State v. A.R., 213 N.J. 542, 559 (2013). "Absent 'some unusual circumstance,' those requests should be granted." State v. Miller, 205 N.J. 109, 119-20 (2011) (referring to the playback of trial testimony) (quoting State v. Wolf, 44 N.J. 176, 185 (1965)). "Generally, once an exhibit has been admitted into evidence, the jury may access it during deliberations, subject to the court's instructions on its proper use." State v. Burr, 195 N.J. 119, 133-34 (2008) (citing R. 1:8–8). Indeed, "[v]ideo playbacks of witness testimony during deliberations at the jury's request are commonplace." State v. Muhammad, 359 N.J. Super. 361, 380 (App. Div. 2003). In Miller, 205 N.J. at 122, the Court provided guidelines for ruling on a jury's request to replay testimony. In doing so, the Court emphasized that "judges should ordinarily grant a jury's request to play back testimony." Ibid. (citing State v. Wilkerson, 60 N.J. 452, 460 (1972)). The Court's guidelines 23 A-0377-20 emphasized replaying recorded evidence in a manner that accurately responds to the jury's request, although it also noted that trial courts "retain discretionary authority to try to narrow a jury's request" if too "extensive." Id. at 122-23. Our case law has addressed the dangers of allowing a jury to review playbacks of previous testimony during their deliberations, and what steps courts can take to safeguard against these dangers. See, e.g., A.R., 213 N.J. at 547, 559-60; Miller, 205 N.J. at 122; Burr, 195 N.J. at 135. Those dangers include, among other things, the prejudicial repetition of the recorded footage and its potential capacity to overshadow other evidence in the case. A.R., 213 N.J. at 555. As the Court cautioned in A.R., in a context involving the video replays of a sexual assault victim's interview and video of a defendant's police interrogation recorded before trial: Although the video recording of a defendant's statement or a victim's statement is admissible evidence, playbacks of such testimony have the capacity to permit a jury to place undue emphasis on a single item of evidence. An audio recording permits the jury to hear every inflection, every hesitation, and every equivocation in the voice of the witness. A video recording magnifies the effect of a playback of testimony. Repeated jury review of a video recorded statement is tantamount to a second, third, or even fourth appearance of the same witness at trial. [213 N.J. at 546 (emphasis added).] 24 A-0377-20 In light of these concerns, the Court has imposed constraints on testimonial video playbacks. As the Court held in Burr, 195 N.J. at 119, and reiterated in Miller, 205 N.J. at 109, and again in A.R., "a video-recorded statement must be replayed in open court under the direct supervision of the judge." 213 N.J. at 546-47. The trial court retains the "ultimate discretion" to deny such playback requests. Id. at 555 (quoting Burr, 195 N.J. at 135). The context presented here is different than in those cases because there is no testimonial component to the surveillance video of the crime scene. As is frequently the case with outdoor surveillance videos, 13 the recording in this case contains no soundtrack. As such, the specific dangers of jurors affording undue weight or attention to spoken content of the recordings is not present. Even so, we recognize there is a potential for undue prejudice that can result from repetitive showings of the videos if they are incriminating. In addition, as defendants argue, the slow motion and other modifications of the speeds at which surveillance videos are replayed might cause undue prejudice, at least in certain contexts. We proceed to explore these issues in the pages that follow. 13 We do not address in this opinion the boundaries of what may be legally permissible audio to record under pertinent statutes and case law. 25 A-0377-20 1. The case law of other jurisdictions addressing the slow-motion replays have generally authorized the presentation of video evidence in that mode within the trial court's discretion, subject to offsetting considerations. For instance, in State v. Brewington, 471 S.E.2d 398, 403 (N.C. 1996), the Supreme Court of North Carolina ruled that a trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing a criminal jury to watch a surveillance videotape of a homicide in slow motion. The Court agreed with the trial court the slow motion playing of the recording was relevant to the "critical issue" of the "sequence of events which took place at the time of the shooting." Ibid. The Pennsylvania Supreme Court similarly held that a trial court did not abuse its discretion by allowing surveillance video footage to be played for a jury in slow motion. Commonwealth v. Cash, 137 A.3d 1262, 1277 (Pa. 2016). The Court reasoned that "playing portions of the video in slow motion enhanced the jury's understanding of the events surrounding the murder." Ibid. The video did so "by allowing [jurors] to have a better view of Appellant's face, thereby establishing Appellant's identity as the perpetrator, and by giving it the opportunity to observe that two shots had been fired from Appellant's gun, a detail which was not ascertainable when the video was played at normal speed." Ibid. 26 A-0377-20 In that same vein, in Burkhart v. Commonwealth, 125 S.W.3d 848, 850 (Ky. 2003), a criminal mischief prosecution, the Supreme Court of Kentucky found no abuse of discretion in the trial court allowing a slow-motion replay of a store's surveillance video under the "controlled conditions of open court." Similarly, the Georgia Court of Appeals upheld the re-playing of video footage in slow motion as not an abuse of discretion "because the jury showed concern about it" during their deliberations. Brown v. State, 411 S.E.2d 366, 367 (Ga. App. 1991). See also United States v. Plato, 629 F.3d 646, 652 (7th Cir. 2010) (upholding the district court's exercise of discretion in allowing a surveillance video of a drug sale to be replayed for a jury in slow motion). Defendants have presented no contrary out-of-state published opinions holding that trial courts lack such discretion. 2. Defendants cite to research indicating that the slow-motion presentation of video evidence can have the capacity to increase observers' perceptions that the conduct of the persons shown on the videos was intentional or flagrant.14 14 Eugene M. Caruso et al., Slow Motion Increases Perceived Intent, 113 Proceedings of the Nat'l Acad. of Scis. 9250 (2016). This study has been the subject of several other articles, which have been furnished to us on appeal by defense counsel. See Homa Khaleeli, How Slow-Motion Video Footage Misleads Juries, Guardian, Aug. 2016; Bob Yirka, Showing People Slow Motion Video of Crime Found to Distort Perceived Intent, MedicalXpress, Aug. 2016. 27 A-0377-20 The main article cited by defendants in this regard ("the Caruso study"), involved several experiments that included research participants watching video footage from a murder case and violent contact occurring in broadcast replays of professional football games. Id. at 9251. The Caruso study concluded that playing videos in slow motion, as compared to normal speed, "can cause viewers to perceive an action as more intentional." Id. at 9250. According to the study's authors, this so-called "slow motion intentionality bias" may be attributed to the slow motion causing the research participants "to feel like the actor had more time to act, even when they knew how much clock time had actually elapsed." Ibid. Additional experiments in the Caruso study revealed that "allowing viewers to see both regular speed and slow-motion replay mitigates the [intentionality] bias, but does not eliminate it." Ibid. Although we appreciate counsel's citation to the Caruso study and other similar literature, and we concur with the trial judge's reaction that it does not appear to be per se unreliable, the context in which the surveillance video footage was replayed in this case—particularly the six-second segment showing the four men quickly walking by the back of Poppie's—assisted the jurors in resolving critical disputed issues of identification. The video shows the physical appearances of the four men, their sizes, their features, and their clothing. The 28 A-0377-20 video also shows where each of three alleged culprits were walking in relation to the victim, and what they individually were doing at that time. The context here is distinguishable from the two experiments that were the subject of the Caruso study because it involves identifying multiple actors and their respective actions. The Caruso study focused on video footage of: (1) a single defendant robbing and shooting a store clerk, and (2) a single football player making disallowed helmet-to-helmet contact with an opposing player. In such contexts, concerns about a slow-motion presentation of the video exaggerating the intentionality of the single actor are likely to be greater. For the single-robber example, a central question for the jury was whether the defendant intended to kill the victim. For the football example, a central question for the referees was whether the sole defender intended to strike the runner's helmet with his own. Intentionality in both examples was at the heart of the matter. By contrast, it was crucial for this jury to sort out: (1) who were the three men walking with Osbourne behind the deli; and (2) what each person was doing during that segment. The jury had to identify the actors and ascertain what each of them individually appeared to be doing. To be sure, the video was also evidential of the actors' displayed apparent intent to rob Osbourne. But that was 29 A-0377-20 not as vital as identifying who they were and their respective actions in the footage. Shaquan argues in his brief that the video was potentially influential in affecting how the jury evaluated his degree of involvement in the events at the scene, assuming they found he was one of the men walking in the group. According to the State's interpretation of the video, Shaquan was the last man in the group, and he was not holding the gun pointed at Osbourne or wielding a knife. Shaquan asserts in his brief that "it was clear the jury was attempting to understand what had really happened behind Poppies." He asserts that "[t]he replay of the video showed that the jury was seriously assessing the role [he] played in the robbery." The video segment "would have been crucial to determining whether Shaquan's theory of the case created reasonable doubt that he was involved in the robbery." The video therefore "went to the question of guilt itself, and [the jury] viewing it so many times in slow motion was highly prejudicial." 3. We are unpersuaded that the trial court misapplied its discretion in granting the deliberating jurors' requests to replay the surveillance video in slow motion and multiple times, with starts and stops. As neither defendant disputes, the video was relevant. Because it showed the perpetrators' physical 30 A-0377-20 appearances, the video evidence would have been helpful in deciding whether defendants resembled the men who took part in the robbery, and whether Osbourne's identification of them and his descriptions of their actions were credible. The slow motion and repeated presentation of the video footage— notably at the request of the deliberating jurors—would have aided the jurors in discerning the appearances of the men who quickly walked by during the key six-second segment. In the circumstances presented, the replays of the video were within the trial court's discretion. 15 We are likewise unpersuaded by Shaquan's contention that the slowmotion replaying of the video was highly prejudicial to him because "it showed that the jury was seriously assessing the role [he] played in the robbery." The objective of a trial is just that: to have the factfinder "seriously assess" the evidence and assess the conduct of the parties. The video segment was not necessarily at odds with Shaquan's contentions that he was not a central 15 We are mindful that a civil case involving an automobile accident, we found that a plaintiff was unduly prejudiced when the defendant introduced a video simulation of an accident and played it in "extreme slow motion." Suanez v. Egeland, 330 N.J. Super. 190, 193-95 (App. Div. 2000). Among the other issues with the video, we reasoned that viewing the video simulation in such "extreme slow motion" may have affected the jury's perception of the accident. Suanez is distinguishable from the present case for at least two reasons: (1) the video was a simulation created for the adversarial process by an expert and not, as here, real evidence of the actual events; and (2) the case did not involve, as here, a request by deliberating jurors to review a video in slow motion. 31 A-0377-20 participant in a robbery. The video depicts a fourth man, purported to be Shaquan, walking behind the other two culprits and Osbourne. Unlike them, he does not appear to be wielding a gun or pushing Osbourne. We recognize the State argued in summation that in the video Shaquan did not appear to be scared or surprised, a point the defense has not refuted. Nonetheless, to the extent the video had probative value of "intentionality" beyond its bearing upon identification, we conclude it was not unduly prejudicial to Shaquan's interests. The trial court had the discretion to reject or limit the slow-motion replays, and we defer to its exercise of discretion. The judge prudently required the videos to be replayed under her supervision in the courtroom in the presence of counsel, consistent with the case law governing other kinds of video replays. By agreement of counsel, the videos were not magnified. The six-second segment apparently did not take long to replay, whether it was shown at normal speed or slower speeds. In short, the judge rightly endeavored to support the jurors in their manifest and conscientious effort to understand the proofs and consider them carefully. We are cognizant that defendants have stressed on appeal the number of times the video was played for the jurors was unduly prejudicial. However, we note that defendants did not object to the prosecutor replaying the video multiple times and in slow motion, with pauses, during closing argument. They only 32 A-0377-20 raised concerns about the slow-motion presentation when the jury requested playbacks. Given the very short, rapid activity in the six-second segment that is not easy to follow at normal speed, the replays were reasonably allowed. 4. Defendants argue that, even if we find the slow-motion video replays were not improper, the court was required to provide the jurors with a special cautionary instruction on how to consider such evidence and to not place inordinate weight on them. Because defendants both failed to make such a request or raise this objection, we consider this issue under a standard of plain error. State v. Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397, 473 (2007) (citing R. 1:7-2; R. 2:10-2). In determining whether a trial court's decision or omission constitutes plain error, the reviewing court must determine: "(1) whether there was error; and (2) whether that error was 'clearly capable of producing an unjust result,' . . . that is whether there is 'a reasonable doubt . . . as to whether the error led the jury to a result it otherwise might not have reached[.]'" State v. Dunbrack, 245 N.J. 531, 544 (2021) (quoting State v. Funderburg, 225 N.J. 66, 79 (2016)). Here, no present case law or model charge specifies jury instructions for the playback of non-testimonial video evidence. In Miller, the Court remarked that "[j]udges should take precautions to prevent juries from placing undue emphasis on the particular testimony that is replayed" during deliberations. 205 33 A-0377-20 N.J. at 123 (emphasis added). "[A]t the time the testimony is repeated, judges should instruct jurors to consider all of the evidence presented and not give undue weight to the testimony played back." Ibid. (emphasis added). This holding is reflected in the Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Playback of Testimony" (approved Apr. 16, 2012). This rule refers to the playback of witness testimony. There is no similar existing instruction for playback of other forms of video evidence. As the Miller Court noted, "[a]lthough the trial judge did not give a specific instruction regarding the replayed testimony—as judges should do in the future—the jury charge he delivered the day before directed jurors to consider all of the evidence submitted." 205 N.J. at 126. Similarly, here the trial court generally instructed the jury to consider all the evidence during its general jury charge. Thus, even if the trial court was required to give the jury a separate instruction prior to playing surveillance videos during deliberation, the general jury charge offset any alleged error from the omission. No plain error occurred. 5. That said, going forward it will be beneficial to trial judges and counsel to have guidance in dealing with the admission of surveillance videos and with requests by deliberating juries to replay surveillance video evidence, and to do 34 A-0377-20 so at modified speeds or with intermittent pauses. To assist the bench and bar, we prospectively offer the following non-exclusive factors for consideration: • Subject to offsetting considerations of undue prejudice or other factors warranting exclusion under N.J.R.E. 403, relevant surveillance video evidence may be presented during a trial or closing argument to jurors in slow motion or at other varying speeds, or with intermittent pauses, if the trial court reasonably finds those modes of presentation would assist the jurors' understanding of the pertinent events and help them resolve disputed factual issues. • Subject to offsetting considerations of undue prejudice, trial courts have the discretion to grant a jury's requests during deliberations to replay surveillance videos in such modes one or more times, provided that the playbacks occur in open court under the judge's supervision and in the presence of counsel. • In exercising their discretion in admitting into evidence or allowing the replay of surveillance video recordings, trial courts should consider, among other things, (a) whether the video has a soundtrack that contains recorded statements of the filmed persons; (b) whether the video is difficult to discern when played only at normal speed; (c) whether the video can assist in resolving disputed issues of identification; (d) whether the video bears upon disputed issues of intentionality; (e) whether the video contains content that is particularly disturbing or inflammatory to watch repeatedly in slow motion. Apart from these non-exclusive factors, we recommend to the Model Criminal Jury Charge Committee that it consider creating a model charge that specifically addresses situations in which, as here, a jury requests the replaying 35 A-0377-20 of surveillance video evidence, and to caution jurors to afford such evidence only appropriate and not undue weight in comparison with the other evidence at trial.16 Such a model charge might also usefully draw to the jurors' attention the possibility that viewing such video evidence in slow motion might subconsciously increase their perceptions of an actor's intentionality.17 The content and contours of charge, if one is adopted, are best developed by the Committee, with the benefit of additional study and the consideration of practices in other jurisdictions. Having set forth these prospective principles, we affirm the trial court's rulings and its handling of the jury's requests concerning the slow-motion surveillance video replays in this case. [At the direction of the court, the published version of this opinion omits Parts IV and V pursuant to See R. 1:36-3.] VI. Affirmed as to both convictions, but remanded for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction. 16 Of course, there are situations in which the jury rationally determines the video evidence is the most important proof in the case and that it refutes or substantiates the recollections of the testifying witnesses. 17 Depending on the fact pattern, the actor whose apparent intention might be interpreted from the video footage could be someone other the defendant, such as the alleged aggressor in a case involving a claim of self-defense. 36 A-0377-20
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