ESTATE OF MICAH SAMUEL TENNANT DUNMORE v. PLEASANTVILLE BOARD OF EDUCATION

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(NOTE: The status of this decision is Published.)

NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION

SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NOS. A-4314-19
A-4451-19

ESTATE OF MICAH SAMUEL
TENNANT DUNMORE,

Plaintiff-Respondent, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION
January 20, 2022
v.
APPELLATE DIVISION

PLEASANTVILLE BOARD
OF EDUCATION,

Defendant-Appellant.

ANGELA TENNANT,

Plaintiff-Respondent,

PLEASANTVILLE BOARD
OF EDUCATION,

Defendant-Appellant,

and

CITY OF PLEASANTVILLE,

Defendant-Respondent.

Argued November 30, 2021 – Decided January 20, 2022
Before Judges Currier, DeAlmeida, and Smith.

On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey,
Law Division, Atlantic County, Docket Nos. L-0889-
20 and L-0901-20.

Benjamin H. Zieman argued the cause for appellant
(Anderson & Shah, LLC, attorneys; Roshan D. Shah,
of counsel and on the briefs; Erin Donegan, on the
briefs).

Richard A. Stoloff argued the cause for respondent.

The opinion of the court was delivered by

CURRIER, J.A.D.

In these matters 1 arising out of the tragic shooting of a minor during a

football game and his subsequent death several days later, we consider whether

the time for a minor's parent to file a notice of tort claim for her Portee2 claim

is tolled under the New Jersey Tort Claims Act (TCA), N.J.S.A. 59:1-1 to

59:12-3. In reading in pari materia N.J.S.A. 59:8-8, which extends the statute

of limitations for an injured minor to institute a cause of action until two years

after their eighteenth birthday, and N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2, which tolls a parent's

claim for the duration of the child's tolling period, and because the parent's

Portee claim essentially includes the elements of the minor's claim, we

1
The cases were consolidated on appeal.
2
Portee v. Jaffee, 84 N.J. 88 (1980).

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2
conclude it is only logical to toll the notice requirements under the TCA for

the parent's Portee claim to coincide with the tolling period of the minor's

claim.

On November 15, 2019, plaintiff Angela Tennant and her ten-year-old

son, Micah Dunmore, were attending a high school football game at

Pleasantville High School when an individual fired a gun into the stands,

striking and injuring Micah. 3 Angela witnessed the events. Micah died from

his injuries on November 20, 2019.

On February 14, 2020—ninety-one days after the shooting and eighty-

six days after Micah's death—the Estate of Micah Dunmore (the Estate),

Angela, and other family members emailed a notice of tort claims to the

Pleasantville Board of Education (Board). The claimants asserted wrongful

death and survivor claims. Angela also brought a claim for negligent infliction

of emotional distress under Portee.

In March 2020, the Estate filed a motion seeking declaratory judgment

that the tort claims notice was timely filed. The unopposed motions were

granted, as the court found the notice complied with the TCA. However, it

3
For the clarity of the reader, we use some individual's first names. We mean
no disrespect.

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3
was subsequently discovered that the Board had not received the motion prior

to the return date.

Thereafter, the Board moved for reconsideration of the court's order.

Angela moved for leave to file a late notice of claim against the City of

Pleasantville and the Board under N.J.S.A. 59:8-9. The notice sent in

February was only emailed to the Board, not the City.

During oral argument on the motions, the Board conceded that the

wrongful death claims did not accrue until Micah died on November 20.

Therefore, the tort claims notice filed by the Estate and the family members as

beneficiaries of the estate regarding those claims was timely. The court agreed

and denied the Board's application to vacate the prior order regarding the

Estate's claims.

In addressing the timeliness of the tort claims notice regarding Angela's

emotional distress claim, the judge queried whether he had to count the actual

number of days from the accrual of the action to the date of filing or could he

"simply look at the calendar to see . . . it was more than three months." He

then stated: "I'm also satisfied that [the February 14, 2020] notice of claim was

filed within ninety days or within three months of the date of the accrual of the

cause of action." Therefore, the judge denied the Board's application to vacate

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the provision of the prior order that found the tort claims notice filed against

the Board was timely regarding Angela's Portee claim.

In addressing Angela's motion for leave to file a late tort claims notice

against the City, the trial court found Angela had not demonstrated

extraordinary circumstances to permit a late filing of the notice against the

City. And, the court also found that the tort claims notice filed against the

Board was not sufficient to place the City on notice of a claim against it.

Only the Board has appealed. Therefore, the sole issue before us is

whether Angela's tort claims notice for her Portee claim filed ninety-one days

after the shooting and eighty-six days after Micah's death was timely. We

conclude it was, but for different reasons than expressed by the trial court. See

Hayes v. Delamotte, 231 N.J. 373, 387 (2018) (directing that a "trial court

judgment that reaches the proper conclusion must be affirmed even if it is

based on the wrong reasoning.").

Our review of rulings of law and issues regarding the applicability,

validity, or interpretation of laws, statutes, or rules is de novo. See State v.

Fuqua, 234 N.J. 583, 591 (2018); Meehan v. Antonellis, 226 N.J. 216, 230

(2016). A "trial court's interpretation of the law and the legal consequences

that flow from established facts are not entitled to any special deference."

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Rowe v. Bell & Gossett Co., 239 N.J. 531, 552 (2019) (quoting Manalapan

Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995)).

First, we quickly address the court's misapprehension that the ninety-day

deadline under N.J.S.A. 59:8-8 to file a tort claims notice is equivalent to three

months. It is well-established that, to discern the Legislature's intent, we first

turn to the plain language of the statute, which is "the best indicator" of

legislative intent. In re Plan for the Abolition of the Council on Affordable

Hous., 214 N.J. 444, 467 (2013). "If the plain language leads to a clear and

unambiguous result, then [the] interpretive process is over." Richardson v. Bd.

of Trs., Police & Firemen's Ret. Sys., 192 N.J. 189, 195 (2007).

The ninety-day deadline is specific, clear, and unambiguous. N.J.S.A.

59:8-8 states: "A claim relating to a cause of action for death or for injury or

damage to person . . . shall be presented as provided in this chapter not later

than the 90th day after accrual of the cause of action." (emphasis added). See

Jones v. Morey's Pier, Inc., 230 N.J. 142, 154-55 (2017); Rogers v. Cape May

Cty. Off. of Pub. Def., 208 N.J. 414, 420-21 (2011). There is no doubt that

when the Legislature said ninety days it meant ninety days and not three

months.

Angela's cause of action accrued on the day of the shooting. See

Beauchamp v. Amedio, 164 N.J. 111, 123 (2000) (finding a "claim accrues on

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the date of the accident or incident that gives rise to any injury . . . ").

Therefore, the Board asserts her tort claims notice—filed ninety-one days after

the shooting—was late.

In her responsive brief, Angela argues for the first time that because

Micah's time to file a notice of claim and complaint was tolled under N.J.S.A.

59:8-8, the time to file her Portee claim should also be tolled. Angela relies on

the tolling period accorded to a parent's claim under N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1. The

question of the harmonization of the two statutes has not previously been

addressed by our courts.

The time to file a negligence action is governed by the two-year statute

of limitations set forth in N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2. However, N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1

permits the following exception:

Where a parent . . . has a claim for damages suffered
by him because of an injury to a minor child caused by
the wrongful act, neglect or default of any person . . .,
an action at law upon such claim may be commenced
by the said parent . . . within the same period of time
as provided by law in the case of the said minor child
so injured, provided that, if an action is commenced
by or on behalf of the said minor child, the said claim
of the parent . . . shall be asserted and maintained in
such action brought on behalf of the injured minor
child either as a plaintiff or third party plaintiff and if
not so asserted shall be barred by the judgment in the
action brought on behalf of said injured minor child.

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The wrongful death claims did not accrue until Micah died on November

20, 2019. Therefore, the Estate had ninety days from November 20, 2019 , to

file a tort claims notice under N.J.S.A. 59:8-8, and two years from the same

date to institute a lawsuit.

Under N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1, the time for Angela to file her own lawsuit

for her individual claims of emotional distress was also tolled until the Estate

instituted suit. See Mansour v. Leviton Mfg. Co., 382 N.J. Super. 594, 604

(App. Div. 2006). However, N.J.S.A. 59:8-8 is silent as to whether Angela's

ninety-day deadline to file a tort claims notice for her Portee claim, which

arises from her witnessing of the shooting and injury to Micah, was also tolled.

Prior case law has established that the savings provision under N.J.S.A.

59:8-8 tolls the requirement for a minor to file a tort claims notice until ninety

days after a minor's eighteenth birthday. See S.P. v. Collier High Sch., 319 N.J. Super. 452 (App. Div. 1999); Hill v. Middletown Bd. of Educ., 183 N.J.

Super. 36 (App. Div. 1982); Vedutis v. Tesi, 135 N.J. Super. 337, 340-41 (Law

Div. 1975), aff'd o.b., Vedutis v. S. Plainfield Bd. of Educ., 142 N.J. Super.
492 (App. Div. 1976).

There is no precedent squarely on point stating N.J.S.A. 59:8-8 also

permits the tolling of a parent's Portee claim. However, several cases are

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helpful in defining the principles upon which we rely in reaching our

determination today.

In Rost v. Bd. of Educ. of Borough of Fair Lawn, 137 N.J. Super. 76

(App. Div. 1975), we considered whether a parent's consequential damages for

injuries to his child were barred because the parent had not filed a timely

notice of tort claim under N.J.S.A. 59:8-8.4 The trial court found the child's

accrual date to file a notice was tolled under the statute. However, because the

statute did not include a similar tolling period for the parent's claims, the trial

court determined the parent's claim was barred for failure to file a timely

notice. We reversed, stating the trial court's decision

might have the indirect effect of requiring notice of
the infant's claim to be presented within the time
limitations prescribed by N.J.S.A. 59:8-8 . . . . [which]
is contrary to the express statutory provision relating
to notice of infant claims and is not consonant with the
legislative intent implicit in N.J.S.A. 59:8-8 or
expressed in N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1.

[Id. at 79.]

In Mansour, a products liability action, we addressed the issue of

whether N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1 tolled a parent's Portee claim. There, an infant

was injured when an electric wok filled with hot liquid fell off the countertop

and spilled onto her, causing serious injuries. 382 N.J. Super. at 596. Thirteen

4
Rost was decided prior to our Supreme Court's 1980 decision in Portee.

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years later, the child, through her father as guardian ad litem, filed a products

liability suit against the manufacturer and distributors of the wok. Ibid. The

father also brought a claim against his former attorney, alleging professional

negligence for counsel's failure to file a complaint on the father's behalf for a

Portee claim and failure to advise the father of the two-year statute of

limitations applicable to negligence actions. Id. at 597.

The attorney moved for summary judgment, arguing there was no basis

for a negligence claim because any Portee claim was tolled under N.J.S.A.

2A:14-2.1. Ibid. The manufacturer opposed the motion, asserting the Portee

claim was not tolled and the attorney could be potentially liable for the father's

alleged damages. Id. at 597-98. The trial court granted the attorney's

summary judgment motion, holding the statute of limitations for the father's

Portee claim was tolled. Id. at 598. We granted leave to appeal. Ibid.

We noted that the tolling statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1, provides that a

parent's claim for damages resulting from an injury to a minor child was tolled

because "the underlying assumption of the tolling statute is that proof of the

child's cause of action is an essential element of the parent's cause of action."

Id. at 603. We reasoned that because a Portee claim requires "all of the same

proofs on liability as the underlying negligence/products liability action," "[i]t

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would make little or no sense to allow, much less effectively to require,

separate lawsuits." Id. at 604.

Tolling the Portee claim in tandem with the child's claim was consistent

with the purposes behind the entire controversy doctrine—avoiding "multiple

lawsuits on related claims involving the same parties," the "risk of inconsistent

results," and "promot[ing] judicial economy." Ibid. Therefore, we affirmed

the grant of summary judgment to the attorney as any potential claims against

her were tolled. Id. at 605.

Although Mansour did not consider the applicability of the TCA's tolling

statute to a parent's Portee claim, the same principles underlying our decision

there require a similar determination here.

N.J.S.A. 2A:14-2.1 tolls the time for a parent to institute a lawsuit

arising out of any damages resulting from an injury to a minor child for as long

as the child's claim is tolled. The statute preserves the parent's claims until the

child brings their claim.

The TCA tolls the time for a child to file a notice of claim or lawsuit

through the period of minority. If a parent's Portee claim arising out of their

child's injury were not also tolled under the TCA, it would result in the absurd

situation that the parent's cause of action would likely be brought before a

judge and jury for trial, perhaps years or decades before the child's lawsuit was

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initiated. This runs contrary to the principles underlying the entire controversy

doctrine and promoting judicial economy.

For the same reasons, the time to file a notice of claim must also be

consistent concerning a parent and child. If a minor's time to file a notice is

tolled under N.J.S.A. 59:8-8, and a parent's time to file a lawsuit regarding

their own claims is tolled as long as the child's, then the time for a parent to

file a tort claims notice must also be tolled. In considering N.J.S.A. 59:8-8

and N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1 in pari materia, we conclude the tolling of a notice of

tort claim must also be extended for a parent's Portee claim to promote

uniformity and predictability.

Although we recognize the purposes underlying the claims notification

requirement of "prompt notification of a claim" "to adequately investigate the

facts and prepare a defense," and permitting "an administrative review with the

opportunity to settle meritorious claims" 5 may be thwarted by tolling a parent's

Portee claim, the Legislature already determined those policies were not

paramount in the instance of a minor's claims when it enacted N.J.S.A. 59:8-8.

For the reasons already stated, a parent's Portee claim should be tolled and

preserved until the time the child asserts their claim.

5
Jones, 230 N.J. at 155.

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Micah's time to file a notice of tort claim was tolled until he died on

November 20, 2019. Angela's Portee claim was also tolled until that date. She

filed a notice of tort claim eighty-six days later. Therefore, her notice was

timely under N.J.S.A. 59:8-8.

Affirmed.

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