STATE v GREENWELL
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NO. 83-155 1 4 THE SUPREME COURT O THE STATE O F M N A A 1 F O T N 1933 STATE O MONTANA, F P l a i n t i f f and Appellant, -vsHOWARD EDWARD GREETWELL, Defendant and Respondent. APPEAL FROM: D i s t r i c t Court of t h e Nineteenth J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , I n a n d f o r t h e County o f L i n c o l n , The I f o n o r a b l e R o b e r t ? . o l t e r , J u d g e p r e s i d i n g . IH COUNSEL O RECORD: F For Appellant: Bon. Mike G r e e l y , A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l , H e l e n a , Montana W i l l i a m A. D o u g l a s , County A t t o r n e y , L i b b y , Montana For Respondent: S c o t t B. S p e n c e r , L i b b y , Montana S u b m i t t e d on B r i e f s : Decided: Filed: OCT 6 - '1983 clerk -- August 4 , 1383 October 6 , 1983 Mr. Justice John Conway Harrison delivered the Opinion of the Court. This is an appeal of a conviction of two counts of aggravated assault following a jury trial in the Nineteenth Judicial District, the Honorable Robert H. Holter presiding. The appellant was sentenced to serve a period of ten years in the Montana State Prison on each count, sentences to run concurrently. In addition, each of the sentences were enhanced by a two-year term pursuant to section 46-18-221, MCA, due to the fact that a weapon was involved in the assaults. offender The appellant was designated a dangerous . The appellant and his family attended a Libby Logger Days carnival in Libby, Montana, on July 18, 1982. Appellant drove to the carnival in a 1973 two-door Pontiac which contained several guns which he was keeping, according to his testimony, because of a recent burglary of his home. Appellant testified that earlier in the day he had gotten into an altercation with Bob Precht and Randy Martin, a/k/a "Teardrop." At the time of this altercation, the appellant apparently pulled a pocketknife on "Teardrop" and he testified that "Teardrop" tried to pull a knife first. Fortunately, a deputy sheriff was summoned and managed to stop the argument and sent the appellant home. According to the appellant's testimony, they returned to the carnival about 6:00 p.m. at the request of his children. He testified that he and his wife stayed outside the carnival grounds while the children went in. At the time the children were returning to the car, the appellant testified he had a confrontation with "Teardrop" and that "Teardrop" stated he was going to get a gun. He testified that "Teardrop" ran off when the children arrived at the car. They then got into the car and started to drive off. The appellant testified that as he was driving through the gate to the carnival, he saw "Teardrop" with a gun pointed at him, and that his daughter Eva screamed at him, "Daddy, he's got a rifle." In addition, his son Howard, Jr. said, "He's got a rifle. Let's get out of here." He testified that he jumped out of his car, pulled his rifle out and at that time, he could see "Teardrop's" gun pointed at him. He further testified that he consciously pointed the gun only at "Teardrop." Shortly thereafter, a deputy sheriff arrived and took away the appellant's rifle. The State's witnesses tell a considerably different story. Michelle Taaffe is a thirty-year-old Libby resident and a mother of one child. On the evening of July 18, 1982, she was volunteering her time selling watermelons in a Girl Scout booth at the Libby Logger Days carnival, helping to raise money for a babysitting co-op. Camilla Leckrone, another State witness, is a thirteen-year-old eighth grader who attends Libby Junior High School. Mrs. Taaffe testified that at approximtely 7 : 0 0 p.m. she was getting ready to close down the watermelon stand. The stand was located near the entrance of the fairgrounds. Camilla Leckrone was walking out of the parking lot in the vicinity of the watermelon stand and at that time she t e s t i f i e d s h e saw a s c a r e d , unarmed man r u n n i n g t o w a r d h e r , going toward the entrance to the fairgrounds. She r e c o g n i z e d t h e man a s a c a r n i v a l w o r k e r named Randy M a r t i n . the At same time, a car was coming from the same d i r e c t i o n a s M a r t i n had b e e n r u n n i n g f r o m , and s h e t e s t i f i e d it p u l l e d d i r e c t l y i n f r o n t of c a r s t o p p e d and t h e a p p e l l a n t , t h e watermelon s t a n d . Howard G r e e n w e l l , r i f l e o u t o f t h e window o f t h e c a r . r i f l e was p o i n t e d a t her. Mrs. The pushed She t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e Taaffe further testified t h a t Randy M a r t i n was r u n n i n g t h r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e o f f a i r g r o u n d s when t h e d e f e n d a n t g o t o u t o f rifle. a the the car with a Randy M a r t i n had n o t y e t r e a c h e d a p i c k u p p a r k e d i n t h e c a r n i v a l g r o u n d s and s h e t e s t i f i e d t h a t the appellant p o i n t e d h i s gun a t h e r b e f o r e Randy M a r t i n l e f t h e r l i n e o f sight. Testimony f u r t h e r i n d i c a t e s a s t h e a p p e l l a n t g o t o u t o f t h e c a r , he r a i s e d t h e r i f l e t o h i s s h o u l d e r , l o o k e d Mrs. T a a f f e r i g h t i n t h e e y e s and t r a i n e d t h e r i f l e a t h e r . Mrs. T a a f f e t e s t i f i e d t h a t t h e r i f l e was h e l d on h e r f o r s e v e r a l s e c o n d s a n d t h a t i t was l e v e l e d a t h e r testified that she was afraid of t h r e e times. being shot She because it l o o k e d t o h e r a s t h o u g h t h e a p p e l l a n t , who was v e r y c l o s e t o h e r , c o u l d s h o o t h e r and o t h e r s a r o u n d h e r . of s e r i o u s b o d i l y harm. She was a f r a i d T e s t i m o n y i n d i c a t e s t h a t s h e was w o r r i e d a b o u t t h e c h i l d r e n around h e r and t h a t s h e f e l t s h e s h o u l d g e t t h e y o u n g s t e r s i n t o a v e h i c l e backed up a g a i n s t t h e w a t e r m e l o n s t a n d and l e a v e t h e p l a c e . friend's l i t t l e g i r l and p u t h e r She g r a b b e d a i n t h e c a r and t r i e d p r o t e c t a l i t t l e g i r l who was s t a n d i n g t o h e r l e f t . l i t t l e g i r l was C a m i l l a L e c k r o n e . to This A c c o r d i n g t o Mrs. T a a f f e , Camilla was "petrified" and "couldn't move. " Camilla "was crying, her face was all red, her hands were down at her sides, and she was just shaking." At that point, Mrs. Taaffe grabbed Camilla, put her in the back of the car and went directly to the police department. Camilla testified that as she was leaving fairgrounds she saw a dark blue car approach her. the The car stopped, the defendant got out of the car, waved a gun at the people, and pointed the gun directly at her head. She testified his that the appellant held the gun into shoulders, leveled the gun at her, and told her to "get the out of here." She said the defendant's eyes were looking at her while the rifle was leveled at her and that all of this happened at a distance of about twelve feet. addition to the testimony of these two women, In Vicky Ericksmoen, a friend who was with Camilla, testified that the appellant pointed the gun in the direction of Camilla and Mrs. Taaffe. Jean Richmond, another friend who was with Camilla, testified that the appellant pointed the gun at her for three seconds when she startled him. In addition to the testimony of the women, there was testimony by the law officers who were in the area. Don Bernall, a detective for the Lincoln County sheriff's department testified that he was off-duty and driving past the Logger Day's carnival after picking up his two children. He testified he saw the appellant yelling and waving his rifle in front of the crowd of people. Bernall, fearing for the safety of his two little boys who were in the car with him, pulled his car up the road, turned it off and ran back to the appellant's location. At that point, he observed a n o t h e r L i n c o l n County d e p u t y s h e r i f f , Clint Gassett, who had a r r i v e d on t h e s c e n e a b o u t t h e same t i m e and saw him g r a b t h e g u n ( w h i c h was p o i n t e d u p i n t h e a i r ) away f r o m t h e defendant, disarming him. The weapon was placed in G a s s e t t ' s c a r where B e r n a l l examined i t and found it t o b e a British rifle, .303 w h i c h was l o a d e d w i t h a r o u n d i n t h e and t h e s a f e t y w a s chamber, a d d i t i o n a l r o u n d s i n t h e c l i p , off. that point, At t h e a p p e l l a n t was p l a c e d u n d e r a r r e s t and c h a r g e d w i t h t h r e e c o u n t s o f a g g r a v a t e d a s s a u l t , close of the evidence, the trial court a p p e l l a n t ' s motion t o d i s m i s s count t h r e e , a s s a u l t charges involving Randy M a r t i n . A t the granted the The the aggravated trial judge d e n i e d m o t i o n s t o d i s m i s s c o u n t o n e a n d two, t h o s e i n v o l v i n g Mrs. Taaffe and Camilla Leckrone s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e and t h e r e f o r e because the matter there was should go t o the jury. Two i s s u e s a r e p r e s e n t e d : 1. there Is sufficient substantial evidence to s u p p o r t t h e v e r d i c t ; and Is 2, the evidence consistent with any theory of innocence? The State notes that the appellant inconsistent propositions for reversal: offers (1) a t o t a l l a c k o f evidence t h a t proves a culpable mental s t a t e ; and, circumstantial evidence innocence a s with g u i l t , is as two equally (2) the consonant with t h e r e f o r e , mandating an a c q u i t t a l . B u t s i n c e t h e a p p e l l a n t a d m i t t e d t h a t a weapon was i n v o l v e d a n d t h a t b o t h v i c t i m s were a p p r e h e n s i v e o f injury, the sole serious bodily i s s u e on a p p e a l is whether supports the jury's t h e evidence findings t h a t the appellant acted with the requisite mental state. It is the respondent's position that the appellant's intent was proven by the use of circumstantial evidence, and that the evidence relied on by the jury to convict under the facts here is susceptible of only one reasonable inter- -- pretation that the appellant knowingly or purposely caused a reasonable apprehension of serious bodily harm to the two victims. Finally, the State argues that the evidence is substantial and more than adequate to support the verdict. The statute delineates the offense: the offense of aggravated assault "a person commits if he purposely or knowingly causes reasonable apprehension of serious bodily injury in another by use of a weapon." Section This Court recently, in the case of State v. (Mont. 1983), 6 6 4 P.2d Starr 893, 40 St.Rep. 796, considered the statutory words of purposely and knowingly. We noted in that opinion: "Occasionally, this Court has referred to 'specific intent' in discussing mental states since the adoption of the 1973 Criminal Code. Parties and attorneys should not be misled. It is well to keep in mind the provisions of the Montana Criminal Code as explained by Essman, A Primer o n Mental state in the ~ o n t a n a ----------Criminal Code of 1973. 37 Mont.L.Rev. "The Montana Code used only three classifications in evaluating the defendant's mental state: purposely, knowingly, and negligently. These mental state classifications are defined in relation to four objectively measurable conditions or occurrences: conduct, circumstances, facts, and result. However, all four criteria do not apply to each mental state. 'Purposely,' which means with a conscious objective, relates to conduct or result. 'Knowingly,' defined as 'awareness,' relates to conduct, circumstances, facts or result. 'Negligently,' relates only to circumstances and result, thus two functions are performed in analyzing the statute which describes an offense. First, determining which mental state must be proved, and second, determining to which of the four conditions or occurrences the mental states relate." 664 P.2d at 897-8. In this case, whether the appellant had the requisite "specific intent" as set forth by our stautes to assault the victims is a question for the jury. The problem of proving intent was considered by this Court in State v. Gone (1978), 179 Mont. 271 at 278, 587 P.2d 1291 at 1296: ". . . criminal intent, being a state of mind, is rarely susceptible of direct or positive proof and therefore must usually be inferred from the facts testified to by witnesses and the circumstances as developed by the evidence. The question of intent is a question for the jury." State v. Pascgo (1977), 173 Mont. 121, 566 P.2d 802, 805, citing State v. Cooper (1971), 158 Mont. 102, 489 P.2d 99. Here, the State's direct evidence proved that the appellant acted with a culpable mental state, and it was not necessary to rely on circumstantial evidence. It is the appellant's position that a reasonable interpretation of the evidence given at trial, is that the appellant did not point the gun at the testified that any assault against Mrs. victims. He Taaffe and Miss Leckrone were unintentional and excusable. The other interpretation of the evidence is that the defense was not established, the assaults upon the victims were deliberate and were not excusable. Under this view, the circumstances of the assault clearly prove that the appellant acted with the requisite mental state. This interpretation established the appellant's guilt. The a p p e l l a n t a r g u e s t h a t t h e j u r y was bound t o a c c e p t t h e f i r s t v i e w a n d r e j e c t t h e s e c o n d , s i m p l y b e c a u s e t h e a p p e l l a n t would b e f o u n d i n n o c e n t u n d e r t h e former and g u i l t y under t h e l a t t e r . W e h a v e l o n g h e l d t h a t i t is u p t o t h e j u r y t o r e s o l v e c o n f l i c t s of evidence. I t is a l s o up t o t h e j u r y t o give some t e s t i m o n y more w e i g h t t h a n o t h e r s o r t o d i s c o u n t some testimony altogether. p r e s u m p t i o n s change. On appeal, we have held that T h i s Court is n o t a judge of e v i d e n c e , The e v i d e n c e i s w e i g h e d o n a p p e a l i n a l i g h t t h e j u r y is. m o s t f a v o r a b l e t o t h e S t a t e , and a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e r u l e t o c i r c u m s t a n t i a l e v i d e n c e d o e s n o t change t h a t mandate. Our s t a n d a r d o f r e v i e w on c r i m i n a l c a s e o n a p p e a l i s w e l l established. the verdict The e v i d e n c e i s e x a m i n e d t o d e t e r m i n e i f is s u p p o r t e d by substantial evidence. See, S t a t e v . M e r s e a l ( 1 9 7 5 ) , 1 6 7 Mont. 412 a t 4 1 5 , 5 3 8 P.2d 1 3 6 6 1 7 3 Mont. a t 125, 566 P.2d a t 1368; Pascgo, S t a t e v. F i t z p a t r i c k ( 1 9 7 3 ) , 1 6 3 Mont. a t 805. In 220 a t 2 2 6 , 516 P.2d 6 0 5 a t 6 0 9 , we n o t e d t h a t t h i s C o u r t w i l l n o t a c t a s a t r i e r of facts. If t h e r e is s u b s t a n t i a l evidence t o support a v e r d i c t , it w i l l s t a n d . A careful and thorough consideration of the record c o n v i n c e s u s t h a t t h e r e is more t h a n s u f f i c i e n t e v i d e n c e t o support t h e v e r d i c t of thereon. W e concur: the jury and the judgment entered The j u d g m e n t o f t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t i s a f f i r m e d . Chief J u s t i c e -
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