WATKINS v SPRING CREEK COLONY

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No. 80-28 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA 1980 WILLIAM L. WATKINS , Plaintiff and Appellant, SPRING CREEK COLONY, a church, a Montana domestic non-profit corporation; ELI WALTER , DARIUS WALTER et al., Defendants and Respondents. Appeal from: District Court of the Tenth Judicial District, In and For the County of Fergus. Honorable LeRoy McKinnon, Judge presiding. Counsel of Record: For Appellant: D. Frank Kampfe, Red Lodge, Montana For Respondents: Peter L. Rapkoch, Lewistown, Montana Parrish, Knopp & O'Hare, Lewistown, Montana B. Miles Larson, Stanford, Montana Submitted on briefs: March 7, 1980 Decided: July 14, 1980 J u s t i c e John Conway H a r r i s o n d e l i v e r e d t h e Opinion of t h e Court. Mr. I n 1977 r e s p o n d e n t s i n t h i s a c t i o n f i l e d a c r i m i n a l c o m p l a i n t w i t h t h e M u s s e l s h e l l County A t t o r n e y , John P r a t t . The c o m p l a i n t a l l e g e d t h a t a p p e l l a n t h e r e i n had d e p r i v e d them of some money. A s a r e s u l t o f t h e f i l i n g of t h e c r i m i n a l c o m p l a i n t , P r a t t f i l e d a motion r e q u e s t i n g l e a v e t o f i l e an information i n t h e D i s t r i c t Court charging a p p e l l a n t with felony t h e f t . The motion w a s g r a n t e d a f t e r a f i n d i n g of p r o b a b l e c a u s e t h a t a p p e l l a n t committed f e l o n y t h e f t by t h e D i s t r i c t Court. A p p e l l a n t was s u b s e q u e n t l y t r i e d on t h e f e l o n y t h e f t charge. The j u r y i n t h e c a s e was u n a b l e t o r e a c h a v e r d i c t a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n of t r i a l . The c h a r g e s w e r e u l t i m a t e l y dismissed with prejudice. I n May 1979 a p p e l l a n t f i l e d t h i s a c t i o n i n t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t o f t h e T e n t h J u d i c i a l D i s t r i c t , i n and f o r t h e County of F e r g u s . Appellant's complaint a l l e g e d t h a t j u d i c i a l p r o c e e d i n g s had been i n s t i g a t e d a g a i n s t him a t t h e i n s i s t e n c e o f r e s p o n d e n t s , t h a t t h e p r o c e e d i n g s had t e r m i n a t e d i n h i s f a v o r , t h a t r e s p o n d e n t s had m a l i c i o u s l y i n s t i t u t e d t h e p r o c e e d i n g s , t h a t t h e r e was no p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r t h e proc e e d i n g s , and t h a t h e had s u f f e r e d damages a s a r e s u l t of t h e j u d i c i a l p r o c e e d i n g s i n s t i g a t e d by r e s p o n d e n t s . The c o m p l a i n t a s k e d f o r damages i n e x c e s s of t h r e e m i l l i o n dollars. Respondents f i l e d m o t i o n s t o d i s m i s s t h e s u i t b r o u g h t by a p p e l l a n t and b r i e f s i n s u p p o r t of t h e motions. ~ppended t o s e v e r a l of t h e b r i e f s were c o p i e s o f t h e motion f o r l e a v e t o f i l e t h e c r i m i n a l i n f o r m a t i o n f i l e d a g a i n s t a p p e l l a n t and t h e o r d e r of t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t g r a n t i n g l e a v e t o f i l e t h e criminal information. The D i s t r i c t C o u r t i n i t i a l l y d e n i e d r e s p o n d e n t s ' motions t o d i s m i s s . On f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n , however, t h e c o u r t g r a n t e d t h e motions t o d i s m i s s based on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t had found p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o a l l o w t h e c h a r g e s t o be f i l e d a g a i n s t a p p e l l a n t and t o have t h e c a s e submitted t o t h e jury. Because of t h i s j u d i c i a l f i n d i n g of p r o b a b l e c a u s e , t h e c o u r t found one of t h e e l e ments of a c l a i m f o r m a l i c i o u s p r o s e c u t i o n , want of p r o b a b l e c a u s e f o r t h e f i l i n g of t h e a l l e g e d m a l i c i o u s l y p r o s e c u t e d a c t i o n , w a s n o t p r e s e n t , a n d , t h e r e f o r e , a c a u s e of a c t i o n f o r malicious prosecution d i d not e x i s t . A f t e r e n t r y of t h e o r d e r g r a n t i n g r e s p o n d e n t s ' motions t o dismiss, a p p e l l a n t p e t i t i o n e d t h e D i s t r i c t Court t o g r a n t t h e p a r t i e s a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o p r e s e n t o r a l argument on t h e motions t o dismiss. argument. The D i s t r i c t C o u r t g r a n t e d t h e o r a l A f t e r t h e hearing t h e c o u r t issued an order leaving i t s p r i o r o r d e r g r a n t i n g t h e respondents' motions t o dismiss i n e f f e c t . This appeal followed. A p p e l l a n t r a i s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g i s s u e s on a p p e a l : 1. Did t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t err i n f i n d i n g t h a t t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n of t h e e x i s t e n c e of p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o f i l e t h e c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s a g a i n s t a p p e l l a n t i n t h e c r i m i n a l proceedi n g s b r o u g h t a g a i n s t him p r e c l u d e s a s u b s e q u e n t c i v i l a c t i o n f o r malicious prosecution? 2. Did t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t e r r i n c o n s i d e r i n g matters o u t s i d e t h e p l e a d i n g s i n g r a n t i n g r e s p o n d e n t s ' motions t o dismiss without providing a hearing before granting t h e motions? I t i s w e l l s e t t l e d t h a t a j u d i c i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of probable cause t o hold a p a r t y answerable t o c r i m i n a l charges d o e s n o t p r e c l u d e t h e p a r t y from s u b s e q u e n t l y b r i n g i n g s u i t for malicious prosecution. While the fact the party was held to answer the criminal charge is considered prima facie or presumptive evidence of the existence of probable cause, it is not considered conclusive proof of probable cause to initiate the criminal action. De La Riva v. Owl Drug Co. (1967), 253 Cal.App.2d 593, 61 Cal.Rptr. 291, 293; Willis v. Gurry (1954), 331 Mass. 19, 116 N.E.2d 689, 690; Foster v. Banks (1931), 112 Cal.App. 622, 297 P. 106, 107; Annot., 68 A.L.R.2d 1168 (1959). The trial court here held that the prior determination of probable cause to bring the criminal charges against appellant was conclusive on the probable cause issue in the malicious prosecution case. It then dismissed appellant's suit because, with the conclusive determination of probable cause for the bringing of the criminal action, it would have been impossible as a matter of law for appellant to prove an essential element of a malicious prosecution cause of action. Under the above rule, this decision by the trial court was error. The decision by the judge in the criminal proceedings that probable cause existed to hold appellant on the criminal charges and submit the case to the jury is not conclusive on the probable cause issue in the malicious prosecution case. It is not, therefore, impossible as a matter of law for appellant to prove the lack of probable cause element of a cause of action for malicious prosecution, and his case should not have been dismissed on that basis. There- fore, the decision of the District Court is reversed and the case remanded for such further proceedings as are necessary to decide the merits of appellant's claim. Having r e v e r s e d and remanded t h i s c a s e on t h e f i r s t i s s u e r a i s e d by a p p e l l a n t , i t i s u n n e c e s s a r y t o comment on t h e second i s s u e r a i s e d . W e d o , however, f e e l i t would b e h e l p f u l i n u l t i m a t e l y d e c i d i n g t h e c a s e t o make one a d d i t i o n a l note. Although i t i s u n i v e r s a l l y h e l d t h a t a p r i o r determinat i o n o f p r o b a b l e c a u s e c o n s t i t u t e s prima f a c i e e v i d e n c e o r presumptive evidence of probable cause a t a subsequent m a l i c i o u s p r o s e c u t i o n p r o c e e d i n g , t h e r e i s a s p l i t o f aut h o r i t y a s t o t h e quantum o f proof n e c e s s a r y t o overcome t h e presumption. Annot., 68 A.L.R.2d a t 1170. Some j u r i s d i c - t i o n s r e q u i r e t h e showing o f f r a u d , p e r j u r y , o r o t h e r undue means i n o b t a i n i n g t h e o r i g i n a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n t h a t p r o b a b l e c a u s e e x i s t e d t o overcome t h e e f f e c t of t h e prima f a c i e o r p r e s u m p t i v e e v i d e n c e o f p r o b a b l e c a u s e e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e p r i o r j u d i c i a l d e t e r m i n a t i o n of probable cause. example, Lee v . C i t y o f Mount Vernon ( 1 9 7 9 ) , 68 902, 4 1 4 N.Y.S.2d 215, 217; Rodgers v . W. See, f o r A .A.D.2d T. G r a n t Company +& , ' \ ( F l a . 1 9 7 6 ) , 326 So.2d 57, 64; Annot., 68 A.L.R.2d a t 1190. O t h e r j u r i s d i c t i o n s o n l y r e q u i r e a showing of l a c k o f p r o b a b l e c a u s e by a p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f t h e e v i d e n c e t o overcome t h e p r e s u m p t i o n o f t h e e x i s t e n c e of p r o b a b l e c a u s e r a i s e d by a determination of probable cause i n a p r i o r proceeding. See, f o r example, Zalewski v. G a l l a g h e r ( 1 9 7 7 ) , 150 N.J.Super. 360, 375 A.2d 1195, 1200; Lampos v . B a z a r , I n c . Or. 256, 527 P.2d 376, 383; Annot., 68 A.L.R.2d ( 1 9 7 4 ) , 270 a t 1173. The l a t t e r r u l e h a s been a d o p t e d i n t h e n u m e r i c a l m a j o r i t y of j u r i s d i c t i o n s . W e a l s o f e e l t h a t it i s the b e t t e r reasoned p o s i t i o n as it i s c o n s i s t e n t w i t h o u r s t a t u t e s s t a t i n g a p r e s u m p t i o n which i s n o t deemed c o n c l u s i v e c a n b e c o n t r o v e r t e d by o t h e r e v i d e n c e and s e t t i n g t h e normal s t a n d a r d of proof i n c i v i l c a s e s a s t h e preponderance of t h e e v i d e n c e . S e e s e c t i o n 26-1-602, MCA; s e c t i o n 26-1-403(1), MCA. W see e no r e a s o n t o impose a h i g h e r burden o f proof t o overcome t h e presumption here than i n o t h e r s i t u a t i o n s . Therefore, w e adopt t h e majority p o s i t i o n . A plaintiff i n a m a l i c i o u s p r o s e c u t i o n a c t i o n c a n overcome t h e presumption of p r o b a b l e c a u s e r a i s e d by a d e t e r m i n a t i o n of p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o h o l d t h e p l a i n t i f f i n a c r i m i n a l p r o c e e d i n g by showing by a preponderance o f t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t t h e r e was no probable cause f o r f i l i n g t h e o r i g i n a l criminal action. Thus, s h o u l d t h i s c a s e proceed t o t r i a l , r e s p o n d e n t s may i n t r o d u c e e v i d e n c e o f t h e r u l i n g of t h e D i s t r i c t C o u r t t h a t p r o b a b l e c a u s e e x i s t e d t o h o l d a p p e l l a n t on t h e c r i m i n a l c h a r g e s b r o u g h t a g a i n s t him. T h i s w i l l be prima f a c i e o r p r e s u m p t i v e e v i d e n c e o f t h e e x i s t e n c e of p r o b a b l e c a u s e . A p p e l l a n t c a n , however, overcome t h i s presumption by showing by a preponderance o f t h e e v i d e n c e t h a t p r o b a b l e c a u s e t o f i l e the criminal action did not exist. Reversed and remanded. W concur: e Chief J u s t i c e

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