Randy Lamar Tapper v. State of Mississippi
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2009-KA-00544-SCT
RANDY LAMAR TAPPER
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
DISTRICT ATTORNEY:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
02/02/2009
HON. ROBERT P. KREBS
JACKSON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
OFFICE OF INDIGENT APPEALS
BY: JUSTIN TAYLOR COOK
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: JOHN R. HENRY, JR.
ANTHONY N. LAWRENCE, III
CRIMINAL - FELONY
AFFIRMED - 08/26/2010
EN BANC.
CARLSON, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
Randy Lamar Tapper was convicted by a Jackson County Circuit Court jury on two
counts of sexual battery and five counts of touching of a child for lustful purposes. Tapper
was sentenced to life imprisonment on each count of sexual battery and to fifteen years on
each count of touching of a child for lustful purposes, with all sentences to run consecutively.
After the trial judge denied his Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdicts, or in the
Alternative, a New Trial, Tapper perfected this appeal, alleging errors at the trial-court level.
Finding Tapper's assignments of error to be without merit, we affirm the judgment of the
Circuit Court of Jackson County.
FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS IN THE TRIAL COURT
¶2.
The mother of C.C. and L.P.,1 the two victims, testified at trial that she gave her
daughters permission to play at Randy Tapper’s house with his daughter during the summer
of 2006. The two girls spent the weekend of August 18, 2006, with Tapper. After the girls
returned home the following Monday, they came into their residence by themselves and went
to bathe. Their mother discovered that their vaginal areas were red, and the girls told her that
they were “burning.” The girls were then taken to the emergency room.
¶3.
Toby Nix, an emergency-room staff nurse at Singing River Hospital, treated C.C. on
August 20, 2006. Nix testified to conducting a sexual-assault examination on C.C. and to
finding erythema, or redness, in C.C.’s vaginal area and a single pinworm in the hymenal
area. Catherine Shaver, also an emergency-room nurse at Singing River Hospital, examined
L.P. on August 20 and testified to noticing erythema in L.P.’s vagina and moist secretions.
Further, Nicole Tapper, Randy Tapper’s wife, testified that during the summer of 2006, C.C.
and L.P. would stay the night at her home and sleep with her husband.
¶4.
During her testimony, L.P. asserted that Tapper touched her “wrong spot,” or vagina,
and her leg with his hand and his penis. She testified that Tapper attempted to put his “wrong
spot” into her “wrong spot,” which caused her to scream. L.P. also testified to seeing Tapper
1
The two minor victims will be referred to as C.C. and L.P. At the time of the
incidents, C.C. was six years old, and L.P. was eight years old.
2
try to put his “wrong spot” into her sister’s, C.C.’s, “wrong spot” as well. L.P. stated that
Tapper had touched her “wrong spot” with his “wrong spot” (penis) about five times over
the summer of 2006. Nurse Shaver also testified that at the emergency room, L.P. told her
that Tapper had put his penis between her buttocks and her legs, and he had threatened to
hurt her and her parents. C.C. testified that Tapper touched her “coochie,” or vagina, with
his hand; however, during trial, she could not remember many events from the time in
question. Nurse Nix testified that C.C. had told her that Tapper had touched her vagina with
his penis and his finger.
¶5.
Laura Greer, the former program coordinator for the South Mississippi Child
Advocacy Center, testified that she had performed forensic interviews with L.P. and C.C.,
and the jury was played a tape of these interviews. S.F., a minor,2 also testified that she and
her sister would spend the night at Tapper’s house when she was nine years old and her sister
was eight. She stated that Tapper would “always try to take his private and put it in mine.”
S.F. further testified that Tapper had threatened to kill her if she told anyone.
¶6.
Tapper testified in his own defense. He denied sexually abusing or inappropriately
touching either L.P. or C.C. Tapper stated that the two girls had made up the allegations
“[b]ecause [their] mother knew that I knew there was inappropriate things going on inside
2
S.F. was thirteen years old at the time of the trial.
3
her home, and I’m afraid she knew that I was going to turn her in for them.” 3 Also, he
accused another person of S.F.’s molestation. The defense rested after Tapper’s testimony.
¶7.
The jury returned verdicts finding Tapper guilty of one count of sexual battery upon
C.C., one count of touching of a child for lustful purposes (touching) upon C.C., one count
of sexual battery upon L.P., and four counts of touching upon L.P. The trial court sentenced
Tapper to life in the custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections on both counts of
sexual battery and to fifteen years on each count of touching, all to run consecutively. After
a hearing, on Tapper’s Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdicts, or in the
Alternative, a New Trial, the trial court entered an order denying Tapper’s motion. Thus,
Tapper appealed to this Court.
DISCUSSION
¶8.
Tapper presents three issues for this Court’s consideration: (1) whether the trial court
violated Tapper’s fundamental right to a fair and impartial jury by failing to excuse jurors
for cause; (2) whether the trial court erred in denying the motion to quash the indictment for
not adequately informing Tapper of the nature of the charges against him; and (3) whether
Tapper’s convictions for touching merge with his convictions for sexual battery and therefore
violate his rights under the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United States Constitution.
¶9.
We now restate the issues for the sake of clarity in today’s discussion.
3
This testimony from Tapper was during the State’s cross examination of him. Later
on in the State’s cross-examination, the following occurred: “Q. Mr. Tapper, you know that
[L.P.] has watched a ponographic [sic] movie, that’s what you’re telling us? A. I know that
inappropriate things goes on inside that trailer; yes sir, I do.”
4
I.
¶10.
WHETHER THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO
EXCUSE JURORS FOR CAUSE.
“The determination of whether a juror is fair or impartial is a judicial question, and
it will not be set aside except where there is a finding that the determination clearly appears
to be wrong.” West v. State, 820 So. 2d 668, 671 (Miss. 2001) (citing Carr v. State, 555 So.
2d 59, 60 (Miss. 1989)). “[T]his Court will treat with deference a venire person's assertions
of impartiality.” Barfield v. State, 22 So. 3d 1175, 1184-85 (Miss. 2009) (citing Scott v.
Ball, 595 So. 2d 848, 850 (Miss. 1992)).
¶11.
Tapper asserts that the trial court erred in failing to excuse three jurors for cause. He
also contends that it was error for the trial court to grant a challenge for cause by the State.
Specifically, Tapper argues that jurors number 6, 9, and 31 should have been struck for cause
because they each declared that Tapper should have to prove his innocence in clear
contradiction to Tapper’s fundamental right not to testify. The State moved to strike juror
number 23 for cause, and the trial court granted this challenge because that juror’s brother
had been prosecuted by the same [prosecutor’s] office and tried by the same judge for
fondling, and the juror stated that he did not believe his brother’s trial was fair. Tapper,
however, asserts that “the disparate treatment by the trial court of defense counsel’s motions
as compared to the State’s motion cannot be reconciled.” Tapper’s argument with respect
to juror number 23 is simply without merit. “Any juror shall be excluded . . . if the court be
of opinion that he cannot try the case impartially, and the exclusion shall not be assignable
for error.” Miss. Code Ann. § 13-5-79 (Rev. 2002).
5
¶12.
Tapper also ultimately challenged jurors number 6, 9, and 31 peremptorily. A
prerequisite to Tapper’s claim on appeal “is a showing that he had exhausted all of his
peremptory challenges and that the incompetent juror was forced upon him by the trial
court’s erroneous ruling.” Chisolm v. State, 529 So. 2d 635, 639 (Miss. 1988); see Ross v.
Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 81, 88, 108 S. Ct. 2273, 101 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1988) (the loss of a
peremptory challenge does not constitute a violation of the constitutional right to an impartial
jury).
¶13.
During the jury-selection conference, defense counsel challenged jurors number 6, 9,
and 31 for cause, and after hearing arguments from the prosecutor and defense counsel, the
trial judge refused to remove these jurors for cause. Eventually, defense counsel exercised
peremptory challenge D-2 on juror number 6, peremptory challenge D-4 on juror number 9,
and peremptory challenge D-10 4 on juror number 31. Therefore, none of these challenged
jurors sat on the trial jury.
¶14.
In Christmas v. State, 10 So. 3d 413, 423 (Miss. 2009), we reiterated:
This Court has explained that a prerequisite to presentation of a claim of a
denial of constitutional rights due to denial of a challenge for cause is a
showing that the defendant had exhausted all of his peremptory challenges and
4
Tapper was on trial on a grand-jury indictment charging him with two counts of
sexual battery and five counts of touching of a child for lustful purposes. The two counts of
sexual battery were alleged to be violations of Mississippi Code Section 97-3-95(1)(d) (Rev.
2006), thus meaning that if convicted, Tapper stood the possibility of being sentenced to life
imprisonment. Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-101(3) (Rev. 2006). Therefore, based on the sexualbattery counts, Tapper was on trial for the alleged commission of capital offenses, as defined
by Mississippi Code Section 1-3-4 (Rev. 2005). Thus, Tapper was entitled to twelve
peremptory challenges. URCCC 10.01.
6
that the incompetent juror was forced by the trial court’s erroneous ruling to
sit on the jury. Chisolm v. State, 529 So. 2d 635, 639 (Miss. 1988)
Christmas, 10 So. 3d at 423 (emphasis added) (citing Mettetal v. State, 615 So. 2d 600, 603
(Miss. 1993)).
¶15.
While the record reveals that Tapper had exercised all of his twelve peremptory
challenges, Tapper is unable to show that any of these three challenged jurors were forced
upon him by eventually sitting on the trial jury. Christmas, 10 So. 3d at 423. Thus, Tapper’s
claim must fail. After defense counsel exercised peremptory challenge D-10 on juror number
31, Tapper, through counsel, exercised peremptory challenge D-11 on juror number 33 (juror
number 32 had been struck for cause), and peremptory challenge D-12 on juror number 41.
Therefore, according to the record, Tapper, through counsel, accepted as members of the trial
jury juror number 36 and juror number 38, before exercising peremptory challenge D-12 on
juror number 41.
¶16.
For these reasons, we find this issue to be without merit.
II.
¶17.
WHETHER TAPPER’S INDICTMENT SHOULD HAVE BEEN
QUASHED.
The question of whether an indictment is defective is an issue of law and therefore
deserves a relatively broad standard of review, or de novo review, by this Court.
Montgomery v. State, 891 So. 2d 179, 185 (Miss. 2004) (citing Nguyen v. State, 761 So. 2d
873, 874 (Miss. 2000); Peterson v. State, 671 So. 2d 647 (Miss. 1996)).
¶18.
Before turning to our discussion of Counts IV, V, VI, and VII of the indictment, which
counts are the focus of Tapper’s argument on this issue, we briefly mention the first three
7
counts. Count I charged Tapper with sexual battery related to C.C. “on or between August
19, 2006 and August 21, 2006" by “placing his finger in her vagina.” Count II charged
Tapper with child-fondling related to C.C. “on or between August 19, 2006 and August 21,
2006" by handling, touching, or rubbing with his hand or any part of his body “the vagina
of C.C.” Count III charged Tapper with sexual battery related to L.P. “on or between August
19, 2006 and August 21, 2006 . . . [by] placing his finger in her vagina.”
¶19.
In Morris v. State, 595 So. 2d 840 (Miss. 1991), although there was evidence that the
defendant had sexually molested his stepdaughter over a period of time several years earlier,
the defendant was indicted on one count of touching a child for lustful purposes and two
counts of sexual battery, occurring with the same stepdaughter, by then fifteen years of age,
between March and May, 1986. Id. at 841. The victim testified that she had endured six years
of continual sexual molestation at the hands of her stepfather, the defendant. Id. The
defendant claimed that his fifteen-year-old, honor-roll stepdaughter should have been capable
of recalling specific dates on which the acts occurred so that he could prepare an alibi
defense. Id. at 841-42. We are not informed in Morris of the specific language of the
indictment charging the defendant with two counts of sexual battery. We know only that, in
the end, after a discussion of Wilson v. State, 515 So. 2d 1181 (Miss. 1987), and McCullum
v. State, 487 So. 2d 1335 (Miss. 1986), the Court in Morris concluded that “the victim’s
testimony amply illustrates the fact that the State could not narrow the time frame any more
than it did,” and that the defendant “was fully and fairly advised of the charge against him.”
Id. at 842.
8
¶20.
In Price v. State, 898 So. 2d 641 (Miss. 2005), the defendant was convicted of three
counts of statutory rape. Each count involved the same victim and involved identical
allegations that the defendant had committed the crime of statutory rape “by the insertion of
his penis into the vagina of [the victim].” Id. at 654-55. The main difference in each of the
three counts was the alleged dates that these acts occurred, with one count alleging that the
act occurred “[d]uring the month of September, 1992,” one count alleging that the act
occurred “[b]etween the 15th day of December, A.D., 1992 and the 25th day of December,
A.D., 1992,” and one count alleging that the act occurred “[d]uring the month of August,
1995.” Id. Citing Morris and Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court Procedure 7.06(5),
this Court found that the statutory rape charges contained in each of the three counts “were
sufficiently specific as to apprise the defendant of the charges against [the defendant].” Id.
at 655.
¶21.
Without question, consistent with Morris and Price, and Uniform Rule 7.06, the
language of Counts I, II, and III sufficiently apprised Tapper of the charges against him so
as to allow him to prepare a defense.
¶22.
Now we address Tapper’s main argument. Tapper argues that the indictment, as it
relates to counts IV, V, VI, and VII, failed adequately to notify him of the nature and cause
of the accusation, rendering the indictment defective. These counts of the indictment all
stated the following:
9
in Jackson County, Mississippi, on or between June 1, 2006 and August 19,5
2006, being at the time in question over the age of eighteen (18) years, for the
purpose of gratifying his lust, or indulging his depraved licentious sexual
desires, did unlawfully, willfully and feloniously handle, touch or rub with this
hand, or any party of his body, or any member thereof, the vagina of [L.P.], a
child who was at the time in question under the age of sixteen (16) years,
contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made and provided, and
against the peace and dignity of the State of Mississippi.6
Tapper also asserts that the failure of the indictment to allege more specific dates denied him
the opportunity to present any defense other than denial. The State, however, argues that the
counts of the indictment clearly and sufficiently informed Tapper of the felonies with which
he was charged. “The indictment upon which the defendant is to be tried shall be a plain,
concise, and definite written statement of the essential facts constituting the offense charged
and shall fully notify the defendant of the nature and cause of the accusation against him .
. . .” Nguyen, 761 So. 2d at 874-75 (citations omitted). In a child sexual-abuse case, a
specific date is not required so long as the defendant is fully and fairly informed of the
charges against him. Eakes v. State, 665 So. 2d 852, 860 (Miss. 1995) (citing Morris v.
State, 595 So. 2d 840, 842 (Miss. 1991)).
¶23.
As noted by the dissent, this Court has not been confronted with the issue of whether
multi-count indictments which allege identical acts of conduct are sufficient to put the
5
Count IV actually alleged the end date as being August 20, 2006, while Counts VVII did in fact allege the end date as being August 19, 2006.
6
By order of the trial court, Counts IV, V, VI, and VII were amended to state “on or
between June 1, 2006 and August 17, 2006.”
10
defendant on notice as to “the essential facts constituting the offense charged and . . . the
nature and cause of the accusation.” URCCC 7.06.
¶24.
We first state that, consistent with our discussion above concerning Counts I, II, and
III, the time frame of the acts committed by Tapper as alleged in Counts IV, V, VI, and VII
(“on or between June 1, 2006 and August 17, 2006") was sufficient to apprise Tapper
concerning the date-and-time requirement of Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court
Practice 7.06(5). The issue is as to the four acts allegedly committed by Tapper upon L.P. as
set out in these latter four counts.
¶25.
We first note that the dissent relies in part on Moses v. State, 795 So. 2d 569 (Miss.
Ct. App. 2001). In Moses, the Court of Appeals stated:
No formal amendment of the indictment was ever undertaken to narrow the
dates of the alleged offenses or to attempt to differentiate the facts of the
separate alleged incidents by providing even the sketchiest facts of what was
alleged to have occurred.
...
In the case before us, it is patently clear that the State, in drafting the
repetitively identical and essentially uninformative counts of this indictment,
made no effort to narrow the dates of the separate offenses in any meaningful
way. We do not, therefore, face the situation where the State, after its best
investigative effort, could only narrow the span of time for an offense to a
period in excess of three years. The problems with requiring a defendant to
present a defense to such an accusation seem self-evident but we may leave for
another day the question of whether the problems are of sufficient gravity to
bar the State from proceeding with a prosecution in that circumstance. In this
case, there is no question but that the State was aware of information that
would have easily permitted it to provide substantially shortened ranges of
dates for each offense, together with other relevant facts that would have more
specifically identified the alleged incident upon which that count was based.
For reasons not apparent in this record, and for which we can find no
reasonable excuse, the State declined to do so, proceeding instead to subject
Moses to prosecution on multiple criminal counts relying solely on an
11
indictment that was fundamentally ineffective to properly inform him of even
the most basic circumstances giving rise to the charges against him.
Moses, 795 So. 2d at 572. This is not the situation in today’s case. In our case today, there
is no evidence “that the State was aware of information that would have easily permitted it
to provide substantially shortened ranges of dates for each offense, together with other
relevant facts that would have more specifically identified the alleged incident upon which
the count was based.” Further, the State in today’s case narrowed the time frame to less than
three months, not a three-year time span as in Moses, and undertook properly to seek
amendment of the indictment as necessary. In our case today, it appears from the record and
testimony, that the State could not narrow the time frame or provide more specific details
than it did.
¶26.
Laying aside the testimony of the two emergency-room nurses and the program
coordinator for the South Mississippi Child Advocacy Center, we focus on the testimony of
L.P. as to these four child-fondling counts. L.P. called Tapper “Uncle Randy.” L.P. testified
that during the summer of 2006, every time L.P. and C.C. spent the night at Tapper’s house,
they slept in the bed with Tapper, except for one occasion. L.P. testified that Tapper would
touch her “wrong spot” (vagina) with his “wrong spot” ( penis). L.P. could not remember
the dates when this occurred. The prosecutor also asked L.P. if Tapper “ever tried to put his
wrong spot in your wrong spot,” and L. P. answered “[y]es, sir.” L.P. reacted to Tapper’s
actions by screaming. The prosecutor asked L.P. how many times during the summer of 2006
12
Tapper touched her, and L.P. responded “[a]bout five.” L.P. again reiterated that the touching
involved Tapper’s “wrong spot” touching her “wrong spot.”
¶27.
Tapper’s defense was that he did not sexually abuse or inappropriately touch L.P. or
C.C. Tapper testified that the mother of L.P. and C.C. “coached” the girls into making these
false charges because the mother “knew that I knew there was inappropriate things going on
inside her home, and I’m afraid she knew that I was going to turn her in for them.” The cold,
hard facts are that, even if these young, immature girls had the ability to describe to the
prosecutor in adult terms and in the most graphic detail the acts which they said Tapper
committed upon them, Tapper would not have been in any better position to prepare his
defense “that he didn’t do it,” and that the false charges against him were a result of the girls’
mother coaching them because the mother feared being reported by Tapper, for all the
“inappropriate things going on inside [the mother’s] home.”
¶28.
While we implore our prosecutors to be as specific as possible in drafting indictments,
consistent with the provisions of Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court Practice 7.06,
in all cases, but specifically in cases involving allegations of sex offenses committed upon
minor children, we find that the facts and circumstances of today’s case lead us to the
conclusion that the trial court committed no error in refusing to quash this multi-count
indictment, as amended, handed down against Tapper by the Jackson County grand jury. For
the reasons stated, this issue is without merit.
III.
WHETHER TAPPER’S CONVICTION FOR TOUCHING
MERGES WITH HIS CONVICTION FOR SEXUAL BATTERY.
13
¶29.
Double-jeopardy claims also are questions of law and are reviewed de novo. Brown
v. State, 731 So. 2d 595, 598 (Miss. 1999); see also Deeds v. State, 27 So. 3d 1135, 1139
(Miss. 2009).
¶30.
Tapper asserts, citing Friley v. State, 879 So. 2d 1031, 1035 (Miss. 2004), that under
Mississippi law, touching of a child for lustful purposes is a lesser-included offense of sexual
battery with penetration, and therefore, the two offenses merge, making Tapper’s conviction
for count two of touching upon C.C. violative of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the United
States Constitution. The State points out that, although this Court, in Friley, did find under
the “particular circumstances” that “molestation is a lesser-included offense of sexual
battery” and that “[i]t is impossible to penetrate without touching,” Friley, 879 So. 2d at
1035, Tapper ignores the fact that it is possible to commit an unlawful touching without
committing sexual battery. Sexual battery requires penetration, while unlawful touching does
not. In today’s case, the sexual-battery counts concern events separate from the unlawfultouching counts. There was testimony that Tapper had touched C.C. with both his finger and
his penis, and evidence was presented showing penetration of C.C. As previously stated by
this Court:
Double jeopardy protects criminal defendants from being exposed to more
than one prosecution for the same offense. It does not protect a defendant
against different prosecutions for different offenses. Hughes v. State, 401 So.
2d 1100 (Miss. 1981). It is not a legal analog to some sort of “blue light
special” where a defendant, by having the foresight or good fortune to commit
the same crime or different crimes in close connection to each other, gets two
or more offenses for the price of one.
14
Wright v. State, 540 So. 2d 1, 5 (Miss. 1989); see also Ball v. State, 437 So. 2d 423, 425
(Miss. 1983) (“Temporal proximity does not generate a juridical union of separate and
distinct criminal acts, nor does the presence of a common nucleus of operative facts.”). The
evidence presented in today’s case does not support Tapper’s argument that his convictions
for “touching” merge with his convictions for sexual battery. Thus, this issue is without
merit.
CONCLUSION
¶31.
For the reasons stated, Randy Lamar Tapper’s convictions and sentences in the Circuit
Court of Jackson County on all counts are affirmed.
¶32. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF SEXUAL BATTERY AND SENTENCE OF
LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF TOUCHING OF
A CHILD FOR LUSTFUL PURPOSES AND SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN (15) YEARS
IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. COUNT III: CONVICTION OF SEXUAL BATTERY AND SENTENCE
OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT IV: CONVICTION OF
TOUCHING OF A CHILD FOR LUSTFUL PURPOSES AND SENTENCE OF
FIFTEEN (15) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT V: CONVICTION OF TOUCHING OF
A CHILD FOR LUSTFUL PURPOSES AND SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN (15) YEARS
IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. COUNT VI: CONVICTION OF TOUCHING OF A CHILD FOR
LUSTFUL PURPOSES AND SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN (15) YEARS IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. COUNT VII: CONVICTION OF TOUCHING OF A CHILD FOR
LUSTFUL PURPOSES AND SENTENCE OF FIFTEEN (15) YEARS IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. ALL COUNTS SHALL RUN CONSECUTIVELY TO EACH OTHER.
15
WALLER, C.J., RANDOLPH, CHANDLER AND PIERCE, JJ., CONCUR.
KITCHENS, J., CONCURS IN PART AND DISSENTS IN PART WITH SEPARATE
WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY GRAVES, P.J., DICKINSON AND LAMAR, JJ.
KITCHENS, JUSTICE, CONCURRING IN PART AND DISSENTING IN
PART:
¶33.
I respectfully disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the trial court did not err
in failing to quash Counts IV, V, VI, and VII of Tapper’s indictment.
¶34.
The Sixth Amendment of the federal constitution guarantees that “In all criminal
prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be informed of the nature and cause of
the accusation.” U.S. Const. amend. VI. The Mississippi Constitution also grants this right
to those accused: “In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall have a right . . . to demand
the nature and cause of the accusation.” Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26. In Uniform Circuit and
County Court Rule 7.06, this Court expounded on these constitutional provisions by
requiring, among other things, that the indictment contain a “definite written statement of the
essential facts constituting the offense charged,” fully notifying the defendant of the nature
of the charges against him. Moreover, we require that an indictment contain “(1) the
essential elements of the offense charged, (2) sufficient facts to fairly inform the defendant
of the charge against which he must defend, and (3) sufficient facts to enable him to plead
double jeopardy in the event of a future prosecution for the same offense.” Berry v. State,
996 So. 2d 782, 786 (Miss. 2008) (quoting Gilmer v. State, 955 So. 2d 829, 836-37 (Miss.
2007)).
16
¶35.
In this case, Counts IV, V, VI, and VII of Tapper’s indictment were worded as
follows:
in Jackson County, Mississippi, on or between June 1, 2006, and August 19,
2006, being at the time in question over the age of eighteen (18) years, for the
purpose of gratifying his lust, or indulging his depraved licentious sexual
desires, did unlawfully, willfully and feloniously handle, touch or rub with his
hand, or any part of his body, or any member thereof, the vagina of [L.P.] a
child who was at the time in question under the age of sixteen (16) years,
contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made and provided, and
against the peace and dignity of the State of Mississippi.
Tapper does not deny that this language adequately provides the essential elements of the
crime of touching a child for lustful purposes in violation of Mississippi Code Section 97-523(1). Tapper does assert that the essential facts set forth in the indictment were insufficient
to inform him of the nature of the charges against him. He argues that, in addition to the fact
that the lengthy time span alleged in the indictment prevented him from establishing a
reasonable defense, the identical and undifferentiated language in Counts IV-VII of Tapper’s
indictment rendered it impossible for him to put forth any kind of reasonable defense to the
multiple, indistinguishable charges against him.
¶36.
While this Court has not been faced with the question of whether a multi-count
indictment containing identical, form-copied language in multiple counts is constitutionally
sufficient, Mississippi’s Court of Appeals has addressed this question in an insightful and
well-reasoned opinion. In Moses v. State, 795 So. 2d 569 (Miss. Ct. App. 2001), Moses was
charged in a single indictment with twenty-two counts of sexual activity with two females
17
under the age of fourteen. Id. at 570. Counts One through Thirteen of Moses’s indictment
were indistinguishable, and each of those counts charged Moses as follows:
During a period of time between June 1994 and September 1997 the defendant
being a male over the age of eighteen (18) years did wilfully, unlawfully,
feloniously and forcibly rape, ravish and carnally know [Child A], a female
under the age of fourteen (14) years, contrary to and in violation of Section 973-65(1) of the Mississippi Code of 1972, as amended.
Id. at 570. Likewise, Count Sixteen, which charged Moses with sexual battery, was identical
to Count Seventeen, and Count Eighteen, which charged Moses with gratification of lust,
was identical to Counts Nineteen and Twenty-One. Id. A jury convicted Moses of each and
all of these nineteen counts. Id. at 569.
¶37.
Upon review, the Court of Appeals held:
We have little doubt in determining that this indictment, in the form returned
by the grand jury, did not adequately fulfill its purpose. Multiple accusations
of crimes that are, word for word, identical to each other simply cannot by any
logical argument provide the necessary information that a defendant is entitled
to receive by way of the indictment.
...
To attempt to charge multiple separate felonies by using identical language for
each crime, including an identical span of time that the crimes were alleged to
have occurred, fails woefully to fulfill the fundamental purpose of an
indictment.
Id. at 571-72. Correctly, the Court reversed each of Moses’s nineteen convictions. Id. at 572.
¶38.
The majority attempts to distinguish Moses by noting that, in the Moses case, the State
had information that would have delineated between the charges but failed to provide that
information to the defendant. The majority finds that no such evidence existed in the present
18
case, and that this lack of evidence somehow excuses the State from properly charging the
defendant. Yet, the constitutional duty to notify the accused of the charges against him, via
the indictment, rests with the State, as does the burden of proving its case beyond a
reasonable doubt, and these duties are not relieved simply because the requisite information
is outside the State’s knowledge.
¶39.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit also has addressed the issue
of charging a defendant with multiple, identical charges and has found that practice to be
unconstitutional. In Valentine v. Konteh, 395 F. 3d 626, 628 (6th Cir. 2005), Valentine had
been charged with and convicted of forty counts of sexual abuse. The forty counts in the
indictment entered against Valentine consisted of “20 ‘carbon-copy’ counts of child rape,
each of which was identically worded so that there was no differentiation among the charges
and 20 counts of felonious sexual penetration, each of which was also identically worded.”
Id. The time range during which the alleged acts occurred was from March 1, 1995, to
January 16, 1996; however, the Court’s analysis did not focus on whether the specified time
span prevented Valentine from establishing a reasonable defense, but instead on whether the
multiple identical counts prevented Valentine from establishing a reasonable defense. Id. at
631-33.
¶40.
In addressing this question, the federal appeals court noted that “[n]o principle of
procedural due process is more clearly established than that notice of the specific charge, and
a chance to be heard in a trial of the issues raised by that charge, if desired, are among the
constitutional rights of every accused in a criminal proceeding in all courts, state or federal.”
19
Id. at 631 (quoting Cole v. Arkansas, 333 U.S. 196, 68 S. Ct. 514, 92 L. Ed. 644 (1948)).
The Valentine Court went on to say:
If there had been singular counts of each offense, the lack of particularity
would not have presented the same problem. Instead, the problem is that
within each set of 20 counts, there are absolutely no distinctions made.
Valentine was prosecuted for two criminal acts that occurred twenty times
each, rather than for forty separate criminal acts. In its charges and in its
evidence before the jury, the prosecution did not attempt to lay out the factual
bases of forty separate incidents that took place. Instead, the 8-year-old victim
described “typical” abusive behavior by Valentine and then testified that the
“typical” abuse occurred twenty or fifteen times. Outside the victim’s
estimate, no evidence as to the number of incidents was presented.
Given the way Valentine was indicted and tried, it would have been incredibly
difficult for the jury to consider each count on its own. The jury could not
have found Valentine guilty of Counts 1-5, but not Counts 6-20. Nor could the
jury have found him guilty of Counts 1, 3, 5, and 7, but not the rest. Such a
result would be unintelligible, because the criminal counts were not connected
to distinguishable incidents. The jury could have found him “not guilty” of
some of the counts only if they reached the conclusion that the child victim
had overestimated the number of abusive acts. Just as courts should not permit
abuse prosecutions to be defeated due to the limited ability of child victims to
remember precise temporal details, they should for similar reasons not permit
multiple convictions to stand based solely on a child’s numerical estimate.
Id. at 632-33.
¶41.
The Court concluded that the use of identical and undifferentiated language in the
multiple counts in Valentine’s indictment failed to give him adequate notice of the essential
facts of the crimes charged, depriving him of the opportunity of mounting a reasonable
defense. Id. at 636.
¶42.
Here, as in Moses and Valentine, the State’s use of identical and undifferentiated
language in Tapper’s indictment foreclosed Tapper’s having any possibility of putting forth
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a reasonable defense. The indictment’s noninclusion of the distinguishing facts unique to
each charge, however slight, limited Tapper’s defense to nothing more than mere denial, and
left Tapper to defend himself, not against four distinct criminal acts, but against one criminal
act that allegedly occurred four times, with absolutely nothing to distinguish one such
occurrence from the other three. Clearly, Tapper’s desire to know the basic facts he was to
face at trial, including where, and approximately when, his accusers claimed they occurred,
is not beyond his constitutional right to be informed of the nature and cause of the
accusations against him. U.S. Const. amend. VI; Miss. Const. art. 3, § 26.
¶43.
In its struggle to breathe validity into the cookie-cutter, repetitive language of Counts
IV, V, VI, and VII of the Tapper indictment, the majority places reliance on this Court’s
decision in Eakes v. State, 665 So. 2d 852 (Miss. 1995), which cites Morris v. State, 595 So.
2d 840 (Miss. 1991). Both cases are easily distinguished from the one at hand.
¶44.
In Eakes, 665 So. 2d at 860, the defendant was convicted of three counts of sexual
battery, and claimed on appeal that the indictment was defective because, among other
things, it did not contain specific dates. However, Eakes’s indictment clearly distinguished
each of the charged crimes from the others by alleging that they had occurred at separate and
distinct times: “on, about or between December 1, 1990 and December 24, 1990; February
1, 1991 and April 20, 1991; and on or about May 11 and 12, 1991.” Id. (internal quotations
omitted).
¶45.
In Morris, 595 So. 2d 840, the charging allegations of the one count of touching a
child for lustful purposes and two counts of sexual battery that were before the court are not
21
recited in the published opinion, and that decision gives no indication that the sort of
linguistic cloning afflicting Counts IV, V, VI, and VII of the Tapper indictment was under
consideration by the Morris court. Rather, the focus in that case was on the times of the
alleged offenses, especially on the teenaged victim’s inability to testify to exact dates on
which the several acts of sexual assault had occurred. Duplicative charging language simply
was not the concern of the Court in the Morris case, and the majority’s reliance on that
decision is misplaced.
¶46.
Obviously, the issues raised in Eakes and Morris are vastly different from the
dilemma presented in the case at bar, where four identically worded fondling episodes, all
against the same child, are alleged to have occurred during a span of time that the prosecution
ultimately narrowed, by amendment, to seventy-eight consecutive days (“on or between June
1, 2006 and August 17, 2006”). No one can read the four fondling counts in the Tapper
indictment and determine which of the alleged events is said to have happened first, which
last, or which was Number Two or Number Three. Moreover, no one can tell whether
Number One, Two, Three, or Four actually was Number Five, or even Number Six. It must
be remembered that the proof adduced by the prosecution included the statement of L.P. that
there were “about five” fondling episodes. The indictment alleged four, which, arguably, is
“about five.” The same can be said of six.
¶47.
What is more, an indictment must contain “sufficient facts to enable [the defendant]
to plead double jeopardy in the event of future prosecution for the same offense.” Berry, 996
So. 2d at 786 (quoting Gilmer, 955 So. 2d at 836-837). See U.S. Const. amend. V (“nor shall
22
any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb”); Miss.
Const. art. 3, § 22 (“[n]o person’s life or liberty shall be twice placed in jeopardy for the
same offense”). Here, the vagueness of the identically worded counts in Tapper’s indictment
prevents him from pleading double jeopardy. Tapper, like this Court, does not know the
specific acts of which he has been convicted, and he is, as this Court is, unable to ascertain
whether he is currently being punished twice (or more for that matter) for a single act.
¶48.
As for the evidence presented at trial, L.P. gave a mere estimate of the number of
times she was molested, without providing individualized details concerning four separate
occurrences. The prosecutor “proved” the four separate counts as follows:
Q: [Addressing the child by name], how many times do you think you were
touched that summer of 2006?
A: About five.
No other evidence of the number of incidents was presented; therefore, there was no way for
the jurors to consider each of the four counts separately, as they most certainly should have
done. If the jury believed from the evidence, beyond a reasonable doubt, that Tapper was
guilty of one of the counts, the only way to have found him not guilty on any one or more
of the three remaining counts would have been for the jurors to have thought that the child’s
estimate of the number of occurrences was too high.
¶49.
Despite the child’s guess that the number of fondling assaults by Tapper was “about
five,” the grand jury indicted him for only four such offenses. As there is no statute of
limitations for this crime, there is nothing to prevent a future grand jury’s indicting Tapper
23
for a fifth felonious fondling of this child during the two-and-a-half-month period alleged in
the indictment. Indeed, this record contains just as much evidence of five fondling offenses
as it does of four. If Tapper is indicted in the future for one count of fondling this same
child, during the same time period and in the same county and state, and the charge is worded
exactly the same as the four fondling counts in the instant indictment, how will anyone,
including this Court, be able to determine whether he previously was tried (placed in
jeopardy) for a fifth identical charge? Obviously, no one will be able to do that, and Tapper
will be unable to assert double jeopardy in the event of subsequent prosecution(s) for the
same conduct. Given that he does not know – as the record does not disclose – any specific
act of fondling for which he was indicted and convicted, any double jeopardy argument that
may be raised by Tapper will be tenuous at best.
¶50.
Under this Court’s decisions and the rules it has promulgated, defendants in criminal
cases are entitled to a mere fraction of the pretrial discovery information that is routinely
accorded to litigants in civil cases. Because the criminally accused in Mississippi courts can
get no clarification, explanation, or amplification of the charge(s) laid in an indictment by
means of a bill of particulars, and comparatively little through discovery, the indictment is
the defendant’s main source of information about the “who, what, when, and where” of the
State’s accusations against him or her. See Cumbest v. State, 456 So. 2d 209, 221 (Miss.
1984) (“[A]n accused is not entitled to a bill of particulars on an indictment.”) (citations
omitted). The indictment is far more than a mere formality, and a charging document that
takes a shotgun approach to accusing a person of the very same conduct, word-for-word, four
24
different times, with nothing to distinguish one charge from the others in terms of details or
times, falls fatally short of properly informing the accused of the nature and cause of
accusation(s), as mandated by our state and federal constitutions.
¶51.
Today’s decision very well could provide a disincentive for those who investigate and
prosecute cases of juvenile sex abuse in our state to be diligent in their efforts to ascertain
the unique circumstances that will inevitably distinguish repetitious occurrences of the same
type of crime by repeat offenders against children who are victimized again and again. It is
elementary that nothing ever happens in precisely the same way more than once. Deja vu is
always an illusion, never a reality. I join the majority in imploring Mississippi’s prosecutors
“to be as specific as possible in drafting indictments, consistent with the provisions of
Uniform Rule of Circuit and County Court Practice 7.06, in all cases, but specifically in cases
involving allegations of sex offenses committed upon minor children.”
¶52.
Counts IV, V, VI, and VII of the indictment should have been quashed for failing to
inform Tapper of the nature and cause of the accusations against him in violation of the Sixth
Amendment of the United States Constitution and Article 3, Section 26, of the Mississippi
Constitution, and because these counts are constitutionally infirm for their clear violation of
the former jeopardy provisions of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution and
Article 3, Section 22, of the Mississippi Constitution. Accordingly, I would reverse and
render Counts IV, V, VI, and VII, but I would affirm the convictions and sentences for all
of the remaining counts.
GRAVES, P.J., DICKINSON AND LAMAR, JJ., JOIN THIS OPINION.
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