Anita Mayfield v. The Hairbender
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2004-CA-00471-SCT
ANITA MAYFIELD
v.
THE HAIRBENDER
ON MOTION FOR REHEARING
DATE OF JUDGMENT:
TRIAL JUDGE:
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT:
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:
NATURE OF THE CASE:
DISPOSITION:
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
02/06/2004
HON. ANDREW K. HOWORTH
CALHOUN COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
GREGORY W. HARBISON
GOODLOE TANKERSLEY LEWIS
CIVIL - PERSONAL INJURY
AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND
REMANDED IN PART - 06/02/2005
04/07/2005
EN BANC.
DICKINSON, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1.
The motion for rehearing is denied.
The original opinion is withdrawn, and this opinion
is substituted therefor.
¶2.
In this trip and fall case, we are asked to clarify whether a plaintiff may pursue a claim
of negligent failure to repair a dangerous condition that is open and obvious.
BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
¶3.
While descending the stairs from The Hairbender salon
after making a delivery, Anita
Mayfield tripped on pavement she described as “broken, unlevel pavement” which was “pushed
up, probably jutted up two inches over the bottom step.”
Mayfield filed suit against The
Hairbender in the Circuit Court of Calhoun County, Mississippi, claiming that The Hairbender
was negligent both by failing to repair the pavement where she tripped and in failing
to
adequately warn her of the broken, raised pavement.
¶4.
The Hairbender filed a motion for summary judgment, claiming that the broken portion
of pavement was in “plain view” and that, in any case, Mayfield was aware of it. The Hairbender
further claimed its only duty was to warn of dangers not in plain view and that under
Mississippi law an owner or occupier of premises is not liable for injuries resulting from a
dangerous condition which was open and obvious and of which the invitee was aware.
¶5.
The trial court granted The Hairbender’s motion for summary judgment, and Mayfield
now appeals.
ANALYSIS
¶6.
This Court reviews summary judgments de novo. Massey v. Tingle, 867 So.2d 235, 238
(Miss. 2004) (citing Hardy v. Brock, 826 So.2d 71, 74 (Miss. 2002); Heirs & Wrongful
Death Beneficiaries of Branning ex rel. Tucker v. Hinds Cmty. Coll. Dist., 743 So.2d 311,
314 (Miss. 1999)). The facts are viewed in light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
(citing Robinson v. Singing River Hosp. Sys., 732 So.2d 204, 207 (Miss. 1999)). The
existence of a genuine issue of material fact will preclude summary judgment. Id. The
non-moving party may not rest upon allegations or denials in the pleadings but must set forth
specific facts showing that there are genuine issues of fact for trial. Id. (citing Richmond v.
Benchmark Constr. Corp., 692 So.2d 60, 61 (Miss. 1997)).
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¶7.
Mayfield claims that The Hairbender was negligent in two way; first, in failing to
properly maintain and repair the pavement, and second, in failing to warn her of the danger.
¶8.
The Hairbender asserts that, as a matter of law, “an open and obvious hazard is not
‘unreasonably dangerous’.”
The Hairbender further argues that this Court recognize two
separate “causes of action,” one for negligence and the other for failure to warn, would be a
“significant change in Mississippi Law as to the duties and obligations of landowners.”
The
Hairbender predicts a “minor revolution in the jurisprudence of this State which [would place]
additional burdens on its business owners.”
¶9.
After careful review of The Hairbender’s argument and the relevant law, we conclude
The Hairbender’s unfounded alarm springs from two sources.
First, as we explain infra, The
Hairbenders is of the mistaken impression that a Court of Appeals decision can preempt or
overrule a prior decision of this Court.
Second, The Hairbender mistakenly concludes that
Mayfield’s two theories of negligence are considered two separate causes of action. We note
that, even if The Hairbender were correct on this point, it would make little difference in the
terminology and no difference in the analysis.
A plaintiff pursuing two theories of negligence
should expect the same result as a plaintiff pursuing two separate causes of action; one for
negligent failure to repair a dangerous condition, and the other for negligent failure to warn.
The difference amounts to labeling.
¶10.
We shall now proceed to examine both of Mayfield’s negligence theories.
i. Negligent Failure to Warn and the “Open and Obvious” Danger Theory
¶11.
Responding to Mayfield’s claim that it negligently failed to warn her of the dangerous
condition at the bottom of the steps, The Hairbender correctly states it had no duty to warn of
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the alleged hazard because it was open, obvious and known to Mayfield prior to her injury. The
Hairbender cites Wilson v. Allday, 487 So. 2d 793 (Miss. 1986), in which this Court stated:
The established law in this state is that the owner, occupant or person in charge
of premises owes to an invitee or business visitor a duty of exercising
reasonable or ordinary care to keep the premises in reasonably safe and suitable
condition or1of warning [the] invitee of dangerous conditions not readily
apparent which [the] owner knows or should know of in the exercise of
reasonable care. However, the owner, occupant or person in charge of property
is not an insurer of the safety of an invitee - -where the invitee knows or should
know of an apparent danger, no warning is required.
Id. at 795-96 (citing Downs v. Corder, 377 So. 2d 603 (Miss. 1979); J.C. Penney Co. v
Sumrall, 318 So. 2d 829 (Miss. 1975); Jackson Ready-Mix Concrete v. Sexton, 235 So. 2d
267 (Miss. 1970)); 65 C.J.S. Negligence § 63 (45)(1966)) (emphasis added).
¶12.
The final sentence of the passage is a correct statement of our current law regarding the
duty to warn of known or apparent dangers. We addressed the issue in Vaughn v. Ambrosino,
883 So. 2d 1167, 1170 (Miss. 2004):
With respect to the [failure to warn claim], however, it would be strange logic
that found it reasonable to allow a plaintiff to pursue a claim against a defendant
for failure to warn of an open an obvious danger. One would struggle, indeed,
to justify the need to warn a plaintiff of that which was open an obvious. Stated
differently, a warning of an open and obvious danger would provide no new
information to the plaintiff. Stated still another way, a thing warned of is either
already known to the plaintiff, or it’s not. If it’s already known to the plaintiff,
then the warning serves no purpose. If it is not already known to the plaintiff,
then the thing warned of was not open and obvious in the first instance. Thus, an
invitee may not recover for failure to warn of an open and obvious danger.
1
It is this “or” that misleads The Hairbender, which argues it is not required to fulfill the “duty of
exercising reasonable or ordinary care to keep the premises in reasonably safe and suitable condition” if
it warns of hidden dangers or if the danger is open and obvious. To the extent this language from Wilson
(a 1986 case) is so construed, it was overruled by Tharp v. Bunge Corp., 641 So. 2d 20, 25 (Miss.
1994), discussed infra.
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Id. at 1170-71.
¶13.
The uneven pavement outside of The Hairbender was an open and obvious danger.
Mayfield admitted as much in her deposition. She testified that she had “probably” been to The
Hairbender six or seven times before this incident and that she had seen the unlevel pavement.
She also testified that she pointed out the condition of the pavement to one of her co-workers
and commented that it was dangerous. She further admitted that at the time of the accident she
was aware of the broken pavement and that she knew she needed to be careful when she walked
over it.
¶14.
It is clear that the condition of the pavement was open and obvious and in plain view.
All that is required to negate the duty to warn is that the danger be open and obvious, suggesting
that the plaintiff either knew or should have known of it.
Here, the undisputed evidence
established not only that the hazard was open and obvious, but also that Mayfield actually knew
of the danger.
Therefore, warning Mayfield of the uneven pavement would have served no
purpose because she already knew about it.
Consequently, The Hairbender may not be held
liable for failing to warn Mayfield about the uneven pavement, and summary judgment on
Mayfield’s negligent failure to warn claim was properly granted.
ii. Failure to Maintain the Premises and Comparative Negligence.
¶15.
Mayfield also claims The Hairbender was negligent in failing to repair the broken,
uneven, raised pavement.
For many years, Mississippi plaintiffs who were injured by a
dangerous condition on property were prevented from recovery under any theory of negligence
where the dangerous condition was open and obvious to the plaintiff.
For instance, in
McGovern v. Scarborough, 566 So. 2d 1225 (Miss. 1990), this Court cited with approval
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numerous premises liability cases, including Kroger, Inc. v. Ware, 512 So. 2d 1281 (Miss.
1987), in which this Court held:
In fact there is no liability for injuries, where the condition is not dangerous, or
where the condition is, or should be, know or obvious to the invitee. [Citations
omitted]
. . . . Indeed, Ware encountered a condition, which was permanent, in place, know
and obvious – a factual setting bearing no resemblance to cases in which we
have found a jury question to exist. [Emphasis added]
Id. at 1228.
¶16.
In 1994 however, this Court abolished the open and obvious theory as an absolute
defense in premises liability cases. Tharp v. Bunge, Corp., 641 So. 2d 20, 25 (Miss. 1994).
¶17.
In Tharp, while exiting a grain storage facility through a doorway, the plaintiff tripped
over a tarpaulin and injured his knee.
The plaintiff claimed, among other things, that Bunge
Corp. was negligent in leaving the tarpaulin across the door.
Relying on this Court’s prior
cases, Bunge Corp., argued that it was immunized from the claims of negligence because the
tarpaulin was open and obvious.
¶18.
Rejecting this argument, the Tharp court stated:
The “open and obvious” standard is simply a comparative negligence defense
used to compare the negligence of the plaintiff to the negligence of the
defendant. If the defendant was not negligent, it makes no difference if the
dangerous condition was open and obvious to the plaintiff since the plaintiff
must prove some negligence on part of the defendant before recovery may be
had. On the other hand, if the defendant and the plaintiff were both at fault in
causing or attributing to the harm, then damages can be determined through the
comparative negligence of both.
Tharp, 641 So. 2d at 24.
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¶19.
Tharp’s authority extends to cases (including the case before us today) in which the
plaintiff alleges the defendant was negligent in creating or failing to repair a dangerous
condition, and the defendant alleges the dangerous condition was open and obvious.2
plaintiff and defendant are claiming the other was negligent.
Both
In such cases, the jury must
consider the alleged negligence of both and apply the comparative negligence standard.
This
was the exact holding in Tharp.
¶20.
A landowner owes an invitee the duty “to keep the premises reasonably safe and 3 when
not reasonably safe to warn only where there is hidden danger or peril that is not in plain and
open view.” Massey v. Tingle, 867 So. 2d at 239 (quoting Corley v. Evans, 835 So. 2d 30, 37
(Miss. 2003); Caruso v. Picayune Pizza Hut, Inc., 598 So. 2d 770, 773 (Miss. 1992)). These
two duties - (1) to keep the premises reasonably safe, and (2) to warn of hidden dangers – are
separate. The breach of either duty supports a claim of negligence. Each must be separately
analyzed.
¶21.
There were no hidden dangers in this case. As a matter of law, The Hairbender’s failure
to warn of open and obvious dangers was not negligent. The Hairbender had no duty to warn of
open and obvious dangers.
This leaves only the question of whether The Hairbender fulfilled
its duty to keep its premises in a reasonably safe condition.
2
Other than an open and obvious hazard which was created by the defendant and/or was
negligently maintained, we can think of no other factual setting in which the holding in Tharp would have
relevance.
3
Here, the word “and” is used, which suggests both, not one or the other.
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¶22.
In briefing the trial court in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment, The
Hairbender recognized this Court’s
holding in Tharp, but nevertheless urged
the trial court
to ignore Tharp4 and apply the holding of Nolan v. Brantley, 767 So. 2d 234 (Miss. Ct. App.
2000), which The Hairbender characterized as “more recent caselaw” from the Court of
Appeals. In Nolan, the plaintiff was injured when he fell in a hole while mowing his mother’s
grass. He filed suit, claiming his injuries were due to a dangerous condition.
The jury returned
a verdict for the defendant, and Nolan appealed, claiming inter alia the jury instructions
misstated the law.
¶23.
In analyzing Nolan’s assignment of error,
the Court of Appeals stated: “There is no
liability for injuries where the condition is not dangerous or where the condition is, or should
be, know or obvious to the invitee. King v. Dudley, 286 So. 2d 814, 816 (Miss. 1973).”Nolan
v. Brantley, 767 So. 2d at 240 (emphasis added).
¶24.
It is true that in 1973 when King v. Dudley (cited by the Court of Appeals in Nolan)
was decided the “open and obvious” defense served as a complete bar to recovery by the
plaintiff. Indeed, the
Tharp majority
recognized as much by stating, “Mississippi, however,
until today, still employs the complete defense of a danger being open and obvious.” Tharp
v. Bunge, 641 So. 2d 20, 25 (1994)(emphasis added).
Thus, regarding this point of law,
reliance on either King v. Dudley or Nolan v. Brantley is misplaced, as Tharp has not been
overruled by this Court.
4
Specifically, after The Hairbender recognized that Tharp overruled prior cases, it stated to the
trial court: “However, in the instant case, the Defendant relies on more recent case law [citing Nolan].”
We reject The Hairbender’s implication that a Court of Appeals decision preempts or, indeed, overrules
this Court’s decision in Tharp.
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¶25.
The Hairbender urges us to view this duty to warn, and the duty to keep the premises in
a reasonably safe condition, as an “either/or” alternative: either the landowner must make the
premises reasonably safe, or warn the invitee of a dangerous condition that is not in plain
view, and where the dangerous condition is open and obvious the landowner need do
nothing further.
This view, if accepted, would allow owners and occupiers of premises to
refuse or neglect to repair dangerous conditions on their property by simply pointing out that
the dangers were open and obvious. Following this logic, brown motor oil spilled on a store’s
white floor would be an open and obvious danger.
Therefore, the store could have no liability
for failing to clean up the motor oil since its presence on the white floor would be “open and
obvious.”
¶26.
In explaining why a defendant should not be shielded from all liability for injuries
caused by open and obvious hazards, the Tharp Court stated:
It is anomalous to find that a defendant has a duty to provide reasonably safe
premises and the same time deny a plaintiff recovery from a breach of that same
duty. The party in the best position to eliminate a dangerous condition should
be burdened with that responsibility. If a dangerous condition is obvious to the
plaintiff, then surely it is obvious to the defendant as well. The defendant,
accordingly, should alleviate the danger.
Tharp, 641 So. 2d at 25 (emphasis added).
¶27.
Despite this crystal clear language from Tharp, we are now told by The Hairbender that
landowners with open and obvious hazards on their property can have no legal duty to cure the
problem, that is (to borrow language from Tharp), to “eliminate a dangerous condition.”
do not agree.
We
That a dangerous condition may be open and obvious has no nexus to a
landowner’s alleged negligence for allowing the hazard to remain. And it does not eliminate
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the landowner’s duty to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition. The question of
whether an owner or occupier of a premises was negligent for failure to repair an alleged
dangerous condition is ordinarily for the jury to decide. The duty to maintain the premises in
a reasonably safe condition has not changed.
¶28.
To the extent
Mayfield’s case is based upon an allegation that The Hairbender failed
to maintain its premises in a reasonably safe condition by its negligent failure to repair the
raised asphalt, the fact that the hazard was “open and obvious”does not serve as a complete bar
to recovery.
In the event Mayfield convinces the jury that the raised asphalt constituted a
dangerous condition which The Hairbender negligently failed to repair, the jury may find The
Hairbender liable.
However, the jury must compare The Hairbender’s negligence
to repair the dangerous condition, to Mayfield’s negligence
for failure
for failing to protect herself from
injury caused by an open an obvious hazard, and reduce its award, if any, to Mayfield
accordingly. Again, this exactly follows this Court’s holding in Tharp.
¶29.
Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Mayfield, a genuine issue of material
facts exists as to whether The Hairbender negligently failed to maintain its premises in a
reasonably safe condition.
Summary judgment - to the extent it applied to Mayfield’s claim
of negligent failure to maintain the premises in a reasonably safe condition - was improper and
is reversed and remanded.
CONCLUSION
¶30.
For these reasons, we affirm the summary judgment on Mayfield’s failure to warn
claim.
We reverse the summary judgment on the failure to maintain the premises/comparative
10
negligence claim and remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion on
that claim.
¶31. AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED AND REMANDED IN PART.
SMITH, C.J., WALLER AND COBB, P.JJ., EASLEY, CARLSON, GRAVES AND
RANDOLPH, JJ., CONCUR. DIAZ, J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
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