People v. Chism

390 Mich. 104 (1973)

211 N.W.2d 193

PEOPLE v. CHISM

No. 5 January Term 1973, Docket No. 53,409.

Supreme Court of Michigan.

Decided October 17, 1973.

*109 Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General, Robert A. Derengoski, Solicitor General, and Stanley Everett, Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.

Allen, Worth, Hatch & Calderone, for defendant.

Amicus Curiae: American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan (by Joel M. Shere, Sheridan Holzman, and James K. Robinson).

WILLIAMS, J.

This case raises three issues:

1. unconstitutional denial of speedy trial;

2. admissibility of evidence of prior similar action under MCLA 768.27; MSA 28.1050; and

3. validity of particular search and seizures.

I. FACTS

Mrs. Nola Puyear was killed in the presence of her husband when a package addressed to her and delivered through the mails exploded as she attempted to open it. Investigation produced pieces of the wrapper containing the hand lettered address, masking tape and metal fragments identified as being from a "Fiske" type battery. The wrapper also disclosed a postmark "Marshall", *110 which testimony showed was a cancellation peculiar to Marshall, Michigan.

Search of the Puyear establishment also produced a bottle of pills and wrapper with handwriting on it. Mr. Puyear testified the pills had been received 6 to 12 months prior. Chemical analysis after Mrs. Puyear's death established the pills as lye although the label indicated tranquilizers.

To establish their case the police interviewed various Marshall area residents, collecting handwriting samples. Defendant was interviewed and gave handwriting samples. Subsequently he was arrested and charged with first-degree murder on October 11, 1967. After a "Miranda" warning he gave written consent to the search of his house as will more fully be discussed later. Defendant's wife also gave written consent to search the house. The search was made October 11, 1967. However, on October 12, 1967 officers returned to the house and requested and were given certain checks and a daily record book seen but not taken the day before.

Subsequent to arrest, defendant on October 18, 1967 requested appointment of counsel as an indigent. Such property as he had he had conveyed to his wife. Counsel was denied on January 9, 1968 and appeal therefrom was taken with counsel specially appointed for the appeal. It was not until April 23, 1969 that the Court of Appeals ruled that defendant was entitled to assigned counsel. In the meantime with specially assigned counsel defendant was given a preliminary hearing and bound over to stand trial for murder on November 16, 1967. The trial court was ready to commence trial promptly after the Court of Appeals ruled, but defendant's new counsel needed time and moved to quash for denial of speedy trial on June *111 19, 1969, as defendant had done pro per June 20, 1968. Thereafter the trial court denied the motion and on January 20, 1970, 27 months after arrest, the case came to trial. On January 30, 1970 defendant was convicted of murder in the first degree. Defendant appealed. The Court of Appeals affirmed. 32 Mich App 610; 189 NW2d 435 (1971). Defendant has been in jail since arrest.

II. SPEEDY TRIAL

The facts relating to a speedy trial are set out in full in Appendix A. It took the case 27 months to come to trial. However, the case was approximately 14-1/2 months on appeal so that the trial court actually had the case about 12-1/2 months.

The United States Supreme Court in Barker v Wingo, 407 US 514; 92 S Ct 2182; 33 L Ed 2d 101 (1972) established a general rule applicable to speedy trial cases, which this Court has recognized as the definitive test in this area. People v Grimmett, 388 Mich 590, 602; 202 NW2d 278 (1972); People v Collins, 388 Mich 680, 688; 202 NW2d 769 (1972). The United States Supreme Court stated the rule as follows:

"A balancing test necessarily compels courts to approach speedy trial on an ad hoc basis. * * * Though some might express them in different ways, we identify four such factors: Length of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant's assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant." 407 US 514, 530.

A. Length of Delay

As we said in Collins:

"The United States Supreme Court stated that: `The length of delay is to some extent a triggering mechanism. *112 Until there is some delay which is presumptively prejudicial there is no necessity for inquiry into the other factors that go into the balance.' 407 US 514, 530. The Court noted that the delay which would provoke such an inquiry was necessarily dependent upon the `peculiar circumstances of the case.'" 388 Mich 680, 688-689.

The total length of delay in this case is 27 months. Without appropriate explanation this is far too long. In Collins we said:

"The 15 months, including 7 months in jail is far in excess of the legislative 6-month standard and much too close to the 18-month rule of Den Uyl. It is unduly long unless the other factors require a different result." 388 Mich 680, 690.

B. Reason for the Delay

As the United States Supreme Court stated in Barker, "[t]he approach we accept is a balancing test, in which the conduct of both the prosecution and the defendant are weighed." 407 US 514, 530.

In assessing responsibility for the length of the case, it must be considered that of the 27 months duration 12-1/2 months was consumed in the trial court and 14-1/2 months on appeal originated by the defendant.

Of the 12-1/2 months spent in the trial court, a little over 3 months were spent before appeal and about 9 months after appeal. Most of the three months prior to appeal was spent in consideration of defendant's request for counsel as an indigent. The trial judge held hearings and then took the matter under consideration. The problem was that defendant had created his own indigency by voluntarily transferring his assets to his wife. She was separating from him and would not pay for his *113 lawyer. It is difficult to say that the time the trial judge took to rule adversely here materially affected defendant's rights.

Of the nine months in the trial court subsequent to the appellate decision allowing counsel, seven months were to meet defendant's and his counsel's convenience.

As a consequence it must be concluded that the time spent in trial court while deliberate was probably legitimate and the responsibility for the length of the largest portion of it was defendant's not the prosecution's or the trial court's.

Defendant certainly had a right to appeal but time reasonably consumed on appeal cannot be considered as in derogation of a speedy trial. People v Den Uyl, 320 Mich 477, 489-490; 31 NW2d 699 (1948). Both defendant and the prosecutor moved to accelerate the case, and the whole 14-1/2 months required by the Court of Appeals to dispose of this motion is hard to justify under the circumstances, particularly in light of that Court's abbreviating the time for filing briefs and motion to advance by defendant agreed in by the prosecutor. Consequently, it must be recognized that a part of the appeal time is indeed excessive and that this must be taken into consideration.

In considering the whole 27 months, however, between arrest and commencement of trial the major portion can be justified as necessary to process the case or to fit the defendant's convenience. There was some excess time taken on appeal.

C. Defendant's Responsibility to Assert His Right

The United States Supreme Court in Barker v Wingo, supra, stated:

*114 "[D]efendant's assertion or failure to assert his right to a speedy trial is one of the factors to be considered in an inquiry into the deprivation of the right." 407 US 514, 528.

In the instant case, defendant pro per moved to dismiss because of denial of a speedy trial approximately eight months after arrest and while his assigned counsel for appeal of more than four months had his case on appeal. The trial court did not hear this motion until almost ten months had elapsed, partially because the matter was on appeal, although it was still on appeal when he decided the motion a few days later.

Some 20 months after arrest and about 2 months after assignment of trial counsel, defendant moved to quash for denial of speedy trial.

Defendant moved with reasonable dispatch all things being considered and raised his right to speedy trial once pro per and once promptly after receiving assigned counsel. It must be recognized that defendant fulfilled his obligation to protect his right to speedy trial.

D. Prejudice to the Defendant

There are two types of prejudice which a defendant may experience, that is, prejudice to his person and prejudice to his defense. Prejudice to his person would take the form of oppressive pretrial incarceration leading to anxiety and concern. Prejudice to his defense might include key witnesses being unavailable. Impairment of defense is the most serious, "because the inability of a defendant adequately to prepare his case skews the fairness of the entire system." Barker, 407 US 514, 532.

Barker found no undue prejudice in ten months *115 incarceration. Defendant's 27 months incarceration certainly is too long unless otherwise justified.

There is no testimony relevant to prejudice to defendant's defense because of the length of the case such as loss of witnesses, etc.

In sum, defendant suffered considerable personal deprivation by long incarceration, but it cannot be said that his ability to defend himself was in any significant way prejudiced.

E. Conclusion as to Speedy Trial

In attempting to balance the four factors and give each its due, one begins with the 27 months from arrest to start of trial strongly triggering concern about denial of a speedy trial. However, analysis of what happened during those 27 months supplies a good reason for most of the time spent except for an uncomfortable feeling that the appeal period was over long. If the defendant is entitled to relief because of denial of speedy trial he certainly cannot be deprived of such relief for failure to assert his rights because he asserted them timely and vigorously. Finally, on the matter of prejudice to defendant because of the length of time before his trial, the most important thing is that there is no evidence that a fair trial was jeopardized by delay, although obviously 27 months of incarceration is not an insignificant personal hardship.

In weighing all of these factors together, it must be concluded that the length of the trial was in large part the necessary result of the defendant properly pursuing his legal procedures. Because of the nature of the crime and in absence of evidence to the contrary, it must be assumed that the defendant was not a bailable subject. The necessarily *116 protracted litigation and defendant's non-bailable condition account for the length of his presentence incarceration. So there is no undue prejudice there and no prejudice to his defense was brought into evidence.

This balancing of factors results in a long, but largely an explainably long case with explainable personal hardship due to incarceration but without prejudice to defendant's defense. Under these circumstances the processing of the case while not exemplary is not a case under Barker v Wingo, supra, warranting dismissal.

III. PRIOR SIMILAR ACTION

Defendant next claims that the failure of the trial court, in the absence of request, to give the jury a limiting instruction on the admission of two exhibits, a pill bottle containing lye pills and wrapper, that tended to indicate defendant made a prior attempt on the life of deceased, was reversible error.

Defendant's argument has two separate parts. First defendant argues that as motive and intent were not in issue, it was error to introduce evidence of prior acts under MCLA 768.27; MSA 28.1050[1] to show defendant's motive or intent. The second branch of the argument is that even if the evidence was admissible, the trial judge erred, *117 even in the absence of request, in not instructing the jury as to the limited purpose for which such evidence was admissible.

A. Was the Evidence Admissible under MCLA 768.27; MSA 28.1050?

At the time of trial, the prosecutor offered as evidence Exhibits 14 and 15, being respectively a pill bottle labeled as tranquilizers though containing a caustic substance[2] which had been transmitted through the mail to the deceased, and a piece of wrapping paper found on the shelf with the bottle which was on the bottle at the time it was received.[3] The defendant raised objection to the admission of this evidence. The prosecution claimed that the evidence was to show intent, plan, and design. The trial judge ruled that it was admissible "under the statute having to do with defendant's mode of intent in the absence of mistake or accident". Over further objection of defendant, the expert witnesses for the prosecution testified that in their opinion the handwriting on the pill wrapper and the package wrapper that the *118 bomb was delivered in was the defendant's.[4] The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's ruling. They stated:

"It would seem to be reasonable under the statute to show, by previous acts, that defendant intended or planned to kill the deceased by sending some form of harmful article to her through the mail." 32 Mich App 610, 625-626.

The crux of defendant's argument was that since, admittedly, whoever sent the pills through the mail intended to do so, that no evidence to prove intention or motive was admissible. The trial court reasoned that to allow a defendant to admit intent on the part of some party (not defendant) and thus be able to bar the evidence would make the statute rather nonsensical.

The trial judge's conclusion has support in Michigan case law. In People v Neaton, 294 Mich 134, 142; 292 NW 589 (1940) this Court held:

"By the great weight of authority, the prosecuting attorney was not precluded from introducing evidence in the regular way to establish all the material facts and circumstances set forth in the information, and he is not precluded from so doing by any admissions made by defendant or his attorney."

Defendant by making bald admissions that someone intended to do the act could not shut out evidence by the prosecution that tended to show that defendant was the one who intended to do the act. Intent was in issue. Murder involves intent. People v Giacalone, 242 Mich 16; 217 NW 758 (1928). It was a material and relevant element in *119 the instant case. Thus the cases cited by defendant are inapposite.

The general proposition that the motive or intent of the defendant may be shown by prior acts, even though these acts would constitute commission of another crime is supported by numerous cases.[5]

The testimony of the handwriting experts linked defendant with the poison pills. That is, it was defendant's act in sending the pills. This act was then admissible to show the intent to murder.

We hold that the trial judge did not err in allowing the pill bottle and wrapper into evidence for the purposes of establishing defendant's intention of doing away with the deceased.

B. Was it reversible error for the trial judge not to give a cautionary instruction as to the limited admissibility of the evidence where no such instruction was requested?

Defendant claims that even if this evidence was admissible, it was reversible error for the trial judge not to limit its purpose and use, in the minds of the jury, to the question of intent.

However, defendant never requested a cautionary instruction, nor did he object to the instructions as given. He claims, nevertheless, that it was the duty of the trial judge to give a limiting instruction even in the absence of a request. He *120 cites the dicta of Judge O'HARA in People v Kelly, 26 Mich App 148; 182 NW2d 8 (1970).[6]

Our Court of Appeals has split on this issue even after the definitive Supreme Court ruling in People v Nawrocki, 376 Mich 252; 136 NW2d 922 (1965). See People v Harper, 39 Mich App 134, 137; 197 NW2d 338 (1972).[7]Kelly held that while it may be preferable for the trial judge to give an instruction at the time of the introduction of the evidence there is no reversible error if the judge includes such an instruction in the final charge.[8] But Nawrocki goes even further and holds that the trial judge is not required to give any limiting instruction sua sponte.

Here no instruction was ever requested by defendant nor did he offer objection to the final charge to the jury. As a result, no cautionary instruction was ever given. We hold that in the absence of request or proper objection under present Michigan case law, there is no absolute requirement *121 that the trial judge give limiting instructions, even though such an instruction should have been given.

Therefore failure to instruct in this case where there was no request for such instruction and no objection to the failure to instruct was not reversible error.

IV. SEARCH AND SEIZURE

Defendant was arrested on October 11, 1967. On request by the police after arrest, he signed on the morning of that date a consent that his home be searched as follows:

"I, Enoch D. Chism, [Signed] having been informed of my constitutional right not to have a search made of the premises hereinafter mentioned without a search warrant, and of my right to refuse to consent to such a search, hereby authorize M.L. Myers, Post Office Inspector, and Leroy Steinbacher, of the Michigan State Police Dept., to conduct a complete search of my residence located at 14969 C Drive North & the curtilage & 1964 Ford Fairlane & 1965 Pontiac. The above named are authorized by me to take from my residence any letters, papers, materials or other property which they may desire.

"This written permission is being given by me to the above named voluntarily and without threats or promises of any kind.

"(Signed) Enoch Chism"

Prior to signing the consent he was fully advised of his rights via the "Miranda" warning.[9] About 10 *122 a.m. that morning his home was searched by a team of officers. Just prior to the commencement of the search the officers also obtained a written consent to search from defendant's wife.[10] They then found and removed a roll of masking tape, a red marking pencil, and a Fiske "C" battery.

On the next day, October 12, 1967, at about 4 p.m., two police officers returned to the defendant's home and requested that defendant's wife turn over to them certain cancelled checks of defendant and his daily record book. They had no search warrant. These items had been discovered the day before in the search but were not seized. Mrs. Chism produced and delivered the items without comment.

A motion to suppress the fruits of these searches was denied December 10, 1969. The defendant raises the following several related arguments as to both of these incidents.

A. Validity of Defendant's October 11 Consent

Defendant argues that his consent was ineffectual, even though the Miranda warnings were given, because he was not advised that a search could not be made without his consent unless a warrant was issued, that an impartial magistrate must issue the warrant, and of the difference in scope between a warrant search and a consent search.

Generally speaking, a warrantless search and *123 seizure is unreasonable per se and violative of the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution and 1963 Const, art 1, § 11 of the state constitution.

However, it is quite clear that the right to be secure from warrantless searches may be waived by defendant's valid consent. Martucci v Detroit Commissioner of Police, 322 Mich 270; 33 NW2d 789 (1948). We said in People v Kaigler, 368 Mich 281, 294; 118 NW2d 406 (1962):

"[S]uch waiver or consent must be proved by clear and positive testimony and there must be no duress or coercion, actual or implied, and the prosecutor must show a consent that is unequivocal and specific, freely and intelligently given." (Emphasis in original case.)

Whether a consent is valid is a matter of fact based upon the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from it.[11] The trial judge, exercising his discretion, found that the consent was valid. We hold that his decision was not clearly erroneous.

In People v Zeigler, 358 Mich 355, 364-365; 100 NW2d 456 (1960) this Court stated:

"And so, with respect to incriminating evidence, other than confessions, obtained by search and seizure, under a conceivable showing of facts, such as, inter alia, that the accused was first advised of his rights, informed that he need not submit to a search and that, if he did, the fruits thereof would be used in evidence against him, his consenting to the search and seizure may well, in the absence of contrary indications, be held to be voluntary, not an involuntary act secured under coercion, and, hence, a waiver of his constitutional rights, rendering such evidence admissible."

*124 As stated above, the defendant was given the Miranda warnings informing him of his rights. He stated that he understood these rights.[12]

Further, the written consent verifies that defendant was informed of his "constitutional right not to have a search made of the premises hereinafter mentioned without a search warrant" and of his "right to refuse to consent to a search."[13]

Defendant was informed as to the purpose of the search and that the fruits of the search might be used against him in evidence.[14] The record is also replete with evidence that the consent was freely, voluntarily, and unequivocally given with no hint of coercion or duress.[15]

*125 As to this first search, the wife's consent was *126 irrelevant due to the valid consent of the defendant and we need not pass upon its validity. Thus the consent was valid and the evidence seized on October 11, 1967 was admissible.[16] The trial judge committed no error.

B. Validity of the October 12 Seizure of the Checks and Notebook

1. Did the defendant's valid consent of October 11 carry over to authorize the seizure on October 12?

On October 12, 1967, Fred Ritchie of the Calhoun County Sheriff Department and Detective Leroy Steinbacher of the Michigan State Police returned to the Chism home. Mrs. Chism was at *127 home and admitted the officers into the house. They told Mrs. Chism that there was a notebook of defendant's and some of his cancelled checks that they would like to have. They told her these items were in the bedroom. (On the previous day's search one of the officers had found a notebook of defendant's and some of his cancelled checks in the bedroom in a drawer but had failed to seize them. The officer then informed Officer Ritchie of this fact after they had left the house.) Officer Ritchie then asked if Mrs. Chism would get those specific items and turn them over. Mrs. Chism then left the room and returned with the items to the waiting officers.[17]

The Court of Appeals declined to hold that the consent given by defendant for the October 11 search was sufficient to render constitutional the seizure the following day. It stated:

"When consent is given to search an area, it does not mean the constitutional protection against unreasonable searches and seizures has been waived forever.

"Indeed, we think there is a difference between a continuing or subsequent search on the same day as in People v Nawrocki (1967), 6 Mich App 46 [150 NW2d 516], cert den 389 US 942 (88 S Ct 304, 19 L Ed 2d 296 [1967]), and one on a subsequent day. Thus, the checkbook and notebook seized in the second search were improperly seized and not admissible as evidence. Mapp v Ohio (1961), 367 US 643 (81 S Ct 1684, 6 L Ed 2d 1081, 84 ALR2d 933)." 32 Mich App 610, 632.

In deciding whether this second seizure resulted in admissible evidence, the actual scope of the written consent must be determined. The consent, freely and voluntarily made by defendant, authorized Detective Leroy Steinbacher of the Michigan *128 State Police and the Postal Inspector M.L. Myers "to conduct a complete search of my residence * * * to take from my residence any letters, papers, materials or other property which they may desire."

Although defendant was not informed that handwriting samples would be looked for, he was informed that anything found as a result of the search would be used against him in evidence. Defendant's reply to this was that he had nothing to hide. Thus the officers went to the house on October 11 with the purpose of finding something that would be pertinent to the crime.

Therefore the consent was broad in the sense that it "authorized a complete search * * * of any * * * property." The items seized on October 12 had been found in the search on October 11 and could have then been seized. There was no general search on October 12 as the officers knew where the items were to be found. The officers were merely completing the search which had begun on the previous day. The defendant's consent, under these narrow facts, might be construed to be broad enough to authorize the seizure on October 12, but it is unnecessary for this Court to so hold, because it is clear that the wife had the power to consent to, and did consent to, the second search.

2. Could defendant's wife consent to the seizure of October 12?

When the officers returned on October 12, they asked the wife if she would get the checks and the notebook which had been seen on the previous day's search in the bedroom. She did so with little or no conversation with the officers.

Defendant argues that his wife could not waive *129 his rights by delivering the specified items to the police officers. The Court of Appeals did not base their decision of the seizure issue on the wife's consent.[18] Following People v Flowers, 23 Mich App 523; 179 NW2d 56 (1970) the Court of Appeals stated in dicta that the wife was an outsider and could not waive the right of a charged party. 32 Mich 610, 631.

There is no Michigan case directly in point. In People v Weaver, 241 Mich 616; 217 NW 797 (1928), the question was whether the constitutional right of the defendant wife to immunity from the unreasonable search of her home, one owned by her, may be waived by her husband. In holding that the evidence obtained in the search should have been suppressed, the Court stated:

"Defendant [wife] owned this property, was there conducting a boarding and rooming house, and, so far as this record discloses, was supporting herself. * * * To hold that the waiver signed by her husband nearly two years before prevents her from here asserting her constitutional rights would place such rights into the care and keeping of the husbands of all the married women of the state." 241 Mich 616, 623.

In People v Azukauckas, 241 Mich 182; 216 NW 408 (1927) the question was whether defendant, a bootlegger, could object to a warrant where the householder to whom liquor had been delivered as part of a sale did not. Certain Court of Appeals cases relied on by defendant will be considered later. Both of these cases are distinguishable on the facts from the instant case.

Authority in other states is widely split on the question of whether a wife can consent to a search *130 of the husband's premises and a seizure of his property.[19]

The United States Supreme Court has not yet passed on this particular question. In Amos v United States, 255 US 313, 317; 41 S Ct 266; 65 L Ed 654 (1921), the Supreme Court held that a wife could not consent to a search of her husband's premises when the consent was a product of coercion. It stated:

"We need not consider whether it is possible for a wife, in the absence of her husband, thus to waive his constitutional rights, for it is perfectly clear that under the implied coercion here presented, no such waiver was intended or effected."[20]

An additional highly relevant factor in this case is that at the time of the search and seizure, the defendant and his wife owned the property jointly.[21] This leads to the question of whether persons with at least equal interests in the premises or property with the one asserting the constitutional immunity against unreasonable searches and seizures may consent to a search of such premises or property notwithstanding the husband-wife relationship.[22]

*131 There are four recent cases in which the United *132 States Supreme Court has considered the matter *133 of consent to search by some one other than the defendant but a person who has some proprietary interest in the place and sometimes in the object searched or searched for. Chapman v United States, 365 US 610; 81 S Ct 776; 5 L Ed 2d 828 (1961); Stoner v California, 376 US 483; 84 S Ct 889; 11 L Ed 2d 856 (1964); Bumper v North Carolina, 391 US 543; 88 S Ct 1788; 20 L Ed 2d *134 797 (1968); Frazier v Cupp, 394 US 731; 89 S Ct 1420; 22 L Ed 2d 684 (1969).

These four cases along with Amos, supra, establish four guidelines, two of which are pertinent in the instant case:

1. If the search is coerced, the search and its fruits are illegal whatever the other circumstances are. Bumper, supra, and see also Amos, supra.

2. An owner may not give consent to search premises of a tenant unless contractually provided for. Chapman, supra, and Stoner, supra.

3. An owner may give consent to search of a room in a house which is commonly used and not the part of the house assigned to defendant, particularly if the object of the search is also commonly used. Dicta in Bumper, supra.

4. The owner of a house may give consent to search a container (a duffel bag) jointly used by the owner and the defendant and left in the householder's house. Frazier, supra.

In Bumper v North Carolina, 391 US 543; 88 S Ct 1788; 20 L Ed 2d 797 (1968), the Supreme Court dealt with the problem of a consent given under coercive circumstances. In this case, petitioner lived with his grandmother in a house owned by her. She also owned the rifle that was seized. The Court left no doubt that the grandmother, in the absence of coercion, could have consented to the search. It stated:

"Mrs. Leath owned both the house and the rifle. The petitioner concedes that her voluntary consent to the search would have been binding upon him. * * * The rifle was used by all members of the household and was found in the common part of the house." 391 US 543, 548, fn 11.

Mr. Justice Black, dissenting, was at least in *135 agreement that the grandmother could (and he thought, in fact did) voluntarily consent to the search. He stated:

"Mrs. Leath's voluntary consent was sufficient to validate the search since she owned the house which was searched and the rifle that was taken. It should also be noted that the rifle was not found in petitioner's private room, nor in any part of the house assigned to him, but in the kitchen behind the door." 391 US 543, 556, fn 4.

And in Frazier v Cupp, 394 US 731; 89 S Ct 1420; 22 L Ed 2d 684 (1969), the Supreme Court discussed the joint right to use. Here the Court held that evidence seized from petitioner's duffel bag was admissible even though consent to search the duffel bag had been given by his cousin Rawls. Justice Marshall stated:

"This duffel bag was being used jointly by petitioner and his cousin Rawls and it had been left in Rawls' home. * * * Since Rawls was a joint user of the bag, he clearly had authority to consent to its search. * * * Petitioner, in allowing Rawls to use the bag and in leaving it in his house, must be taken to have assumed the risk that Rawls would allow someone else to look inside." 394 US 731, 740.[23]

The case at bar does not involve coercion. The wife had freely consented the day before to a search of the house. The two officers who returned on October 12 behaved with perfect courtesy. They did not intimidate the wife into allowing another *136 exploratory search. Rather, they politely asked for two specific items which had been seen the day before and informed the wife where they could be found.

In the instant case the wife was a joint owner of the house to be searched, a joint occupant as well as a joint owner of the bedroom where the objects seized were to be found and the checks were from a jointly handled checking account in the wife's name alone. Thus, it could be said that defendant "assumed the risk" that his wife would turn over the particular items.[24] Certainly under the rule in Frazier and the dicta in Bumper the wife could give consent to search, or as actually happened herself pick up and hand over the checks. The *137 notebook the wife picked up was in the same bedroom and its delivery was covered by the rule in Frazier and all of the dicta in Bumper except that in the case of the notebook, it is not as clear as in the case of the checks that the notebook was jointly controlled. There is some evidence tending in that direction, and none tending toward exclusive control by the defendant. In any event the rule in Frazier does not require that the object searched for be jointly owned. In the dicta in Bumper it was merely observed that the object searched for was owned by the householder giving consent, obviously strengthening the case but not necessarily making it critical.

The defendant relies on three Michigan Court of Appeals cases to support his position that his wife could not consent to the second seizure. In People v Overall, 7 Mich App 153; 151 NW2d 225 (1967), the Court of Appeals ruled that the grandmother of the defendant who owned the premises where defendant resided could not authorize a search of the bedroom in that home occupied by the defendant. The Court held that the gun barrel seized was not admissible in evidence.

The facts of Overall are clearly distinguishable from the instant case in that there the room was exclusively occupied by defendant in Overall, whereas in the instant case there was joint occupancy. Likewise in Overall there is no question of joint ownership of the objects searched for and seized.

In People v Smith, 19 Mich App 359; 172 NW2d 902 (1969), the investigating officers went to the home of the defendant looking for him, were admitted by his brother, also a resident of the apartment, and testified that the brother voluntarily showed them through the apartment, produced a *138 spent shell from a wastebasket, and on the second visit a few hours later, asked for and received a box of unused shells. Both the spent and unused shells were admitted into evidence. The Court per Justice LEVIN, then a Court of Appeals Judge, in a well reasoned opinion held that the consent was invalid and the seized evidence inadmissible. Then Judge LEVIN analyzed the totality of the situation relying on such factors as 1) the brother was not informed of the purpose of the search; 2) the brother was not advised that he could refuse to permit a search; 3) the coercive atmosphere in which the search took place; 4) the fact that the apartment was defendant's and that he paid the rent and was supporting his brother; and 5) the consent given was not a knowing, freely-given, voluntary consent.

Our case is quite different from Smith on the facts. First, the wife had seen the consent signed by the defendant giving permission for a general exploratory search. Since her husband had been jailed on a charge of murder, she knew that the search's purpose would be to find any evidence which might implicate him in the murder. She also had been present at the search the day before. The atmosphere of the seizure was free from coercion and took place in a house which was half-owned by the wife. There is no evidence that she did not consent freely, knowingly and voluntarily to the search on the previous day.

In People v Flowers, 23 Mich App 523; 179 NW2d 56 (1970), the Court of Appeals dealt with parental consent to the search of their 17-year-old son's room. The father was advised of the purpose of the search (to find narcotics). There was no coercion, and consent was given. Narcotics were found in the son's bedroom. The son was being supported by the father. The Court found that *139 though the consent was valid in that there was no coercion and that it was freely and voluntarily given, the father had no personal right to give the consent as he was merely an outsider.

Flowers is distinguishable from the instant case in the same way as Overall. A private rather than a shared room was searched. The defendant's property rather than jointly owned property was the object of the search.

Therefore, based on the totality of facts and circumstances, on balance we conclude that the wife could and did consent to get the two items requested by the police and deliver these items to them. She had knowledge from the previous day what the purpose of the search was. She was not coerced in any way. She knew that her husband had signed a waiver. We think her consent was freely, knowingly and voluntarily given. She had joint use and control of the house which extended to the bedroom where the items were found. Further there is no evidence that defendant exercised exclusive control or possession over those items seized on October 12. For a similar conclusion see Carlton v State, 111 Fla 777; 149 So 767 (1933); State v Cairo, 74 RI 377; 60 A2d 841 (1948); People v Shambley, 4 Ill 2d 38; 122 NE2d 172 (1954); and Embry v State, 46 Wis 2d 151; 174 NW2d 521 (1970).[25]

*140 C. Conclusion as to Search and Seizure

The evidence seized on October 11 and on October 12 was admissible.

V. SUMMARY

There was no denial of the right to speedy trial. The introduction of evidence of previous acts to establish intent was not error, nor was it error by the trial court to fail to give a limiting instruction as to this evidence when none was requested. Last, the evidence seized on October 11 and 12 was admissible. The Court of Appeals is affirmed.

T.M. KAVANAGH, C.J., and T.E. BRENNAN, and SWAINSON, JJ., concurred with WILLIAMS, J.

*141 APPENDIX A

                   [ ] indicate appellate action
  1967
  10/11      Defendant arrested and incarcerated
             without bail.
  10/18      Defendant petitioned for counsel as
             indigent  hearing thereon.
  10/27      Further hearing on petition for counsel
             as indigent.
  11/16      Preliminary examination with special
             counsel appointed therefor. Bound over
             to stand trial for murder.
  12/26      Further hearing on petition for counsel
             as indigent.
  1968
  1/9        Trial court held defendant not entitled
             to counsel as indigent.
  1/12       Order on above.
  1/18       Counsel appointed to appeal 1/12 order
             denying counsel.
  C Ap 2/10  [Counsel filed application for leave to
             appeal.]
  C Ap 3/29  [Leave granted; also leave to Prosecuting
             Attorneys Association to intervene
             amicus.]
             [Order cutting time for briefs in half.]
             [Because Court of Appeals rules
             against oral argument before October
             term appellant and prosecutor filed
             stipulation waiving oral argument.]
  C Ap 7/1   [Defendant's appeal counsel filed brief
             and motion to advance citing incarceration.]
*142             [Prosecutor and Prosecuting Attorneys
             Association agreed.]
  C Ap 7/10  [Court of Appeals denied motion to
             advance.]
  7/24       Prosecutor answered speedy trial motion.
  8/19       Prosecutor's answer to speedy trial motion
             served on defendant.
  C Ap 11/13 [Court of Appeals took petition for
             counsel under advisement.]
  1969
  4/10       Defendant's speedy trial motion filed
             6/20/68 heard 294 days after filing.
  4/16       Defendant's speedy trial motion denied.
  C Ap 4/23  [Court of Appeals ruled trial court had
             erred in refusing trial counsel 161 days
             after case taken under advisement and
             297 days after filing motion and stipulation
             to advance.]
  4/25       Trial judge on receipt of Court of Appeals
             Opinion assigned counsel and
             gave option for trial in May or August.
             Assigned counsel opted for latter.
  6/19       Defendant's assigned trial counsel
             moved to quash for denial of speedy
             trial.
  8/18       Trial Court denied motion to quash.
  9/19       Defendant moved for immediate trial
             and case set for October.
  10/15      Defendant moved for continuance after
             trial court granted the Prosecution's
             motion to endorse additional witnesses
             on the information.
  10/17      Trial Court grants continuance.
*143  1970
  1/20       Case comes to trial 27 months after
             defendant's arrest.
  1/30       Defendant convicted of murder in the
             first degree.

LEVIN, J. (concurring).

For different reasons, I agree with my colleagues that

the handwriting specimens seized during the second search of Chism's home were properly obtained and admissible in evidence;

the evidence tending to show an earlier attempt by Chism on the life of the victim was admissible.

I

First I wish to add some additional observations regarding the speedy trial issue.

As stated in the opinion of the Court, the delay in Chism's trial was caused by the circuit judge's ruling that Chism was not entitled to be represented by a lawyer appointed at state expense and the time consumed in appealing and obtaining a reversal of that ruling.

Legitimate differences of opinion and judgment concerning questions of fact and law are bound to arise in the course of lawsuits. Appellate courts are established to resolve such differences.

Whenever a trial judge errs in ruling on a question that arises before (as here), during or after the trial of a case and the defendant seeks and obtains reversal on appeal and trial or a new trial follows, the delay in the commencement of the trial or the new trial is attributable, in a sense, to the ruling found on appeal to have been erroneous.

*144 Sometimes, albeit infrequently, the trial which ultimately results in a defendant's affirmed conviction occurs many years after the defendant's arrest because of delay attributable to mistrials or new trials granted by the trial judge or, as here, a successful appeal.

Lawyers, judges, trial and appellate, often differ. Such differences and the time required to resolve them through the time consuming appellate process does not deny a defendant a speedy trial.

What then is a reasonable time for an appeal? Interlocutory appeals are heard on leave granted. Leave was granted on March 29, 1968, 28 days after the Court of Appeals received the prosecutor's response to the application for leave to appeal. Chism's brief was filed on May 9 and the prosecutor's on June 6. On July 1, after the Court of Appeals had concluded hearing cases until October, Chism moved for advancement on the calendar. The motion was denied on July 10. In my opinion the motion should have been granted. If it had been granted the case would have been submitted in the early part of October instead of on November 13, and the unnecessary delay of one month would have been avoided.

I am not persuaded by the contention of Chism and of the amicus that the Court of Appeals was constitutionally obliged to hear during the summer recess the appeal which it granted Chism in the exercise of discretion.

The opinion of the Court of Appeals was filed five months and ten days after the cause was submitted. At the time the average disposition time after submission was two-three months.

In summary, the unjustified delay during the interlocutory appeal was perhaps four months. A delay of that length, while unfortunate, is not, in *145 my opinion, so unreasonable as would justify dismissal of the prosecution, which the United States Supreme Court has recently declared is the only possible remedy. See Strunk v United States, 412 US 434; 93 S Ct 2260; 37 L Ed 2d 56 (1973).

II

The opinion of the Court relies on the "totality of facts and circumstances" in upholding the admissibility of the handwriting specimens seized during the second search of Chism's home. The facts that stand out are that Chism authorized "a complete search", this authorization was given on October 11, and the papers seized on the following day during the second search had been identified during the first search conducted on the 11th.

I see no reason to read the authorization as justifying but one visit to the Chism home, particularly where what was taken on the second visit was espied on the first visit and was seized within 30 hours after the authorization to search and seize was signed.

I would limit the authority of a co-owner to authorize a search of jointly-owned property to a case where the person giving the consent is himself under suspicion and so consents in an effort to exculpate himself. This apparently was the case in Frazier v Cupp, 394 US 731; 89 S Ct 1420; 22 L Ed 2d 684 (1969), as there the consenting co-user of the duffel bag consented to the search at the time of his arrest.

I am guided by the following well-reasoned statement of the United States Supreme Court:

"Our decisions make clear that the rights protected by the Fourth Amendment are not to be eroded by strained applications of the law of agency or by unrealistic *146 doctrines of `apparent authority.' As this Court has said, `it is unnecessary and ill-advised to import into the law surrounding the constitutional right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures subtle distinctions, developed and refined by the common law in evolving the body of private property law which, more than almost any other branch of law, has been shaped by distinctions whose validity is largely historical * * * [W]e ought not to bow to them in the fair administration of the criminal law. To do so would not comport with our justly proud claim of the procedural protections accorded to those charged with crime.' Jones v United States, 362 US 257, 266-267 [80 S Ct 725; 4 L Ed 2d 697, 705, 706; 78 ALR2d 233 (1960)]." Stoner v California, 376 US 483; 84 S Ct 889; 11 L Ed 2d 856 (1964), rehearing den 377 US 940; 84 S Ct 1330; 12 L Ed 2d 303 [1964].

III

In a case where it is sought to establish the identity of the murderer with circumstantial evidence,[1] evidence that the person charged as the murderer has threatened the life of the victim clearly would be admissible.[2] On the same principle, evidence is admissible that tends to show a prior attempt to murder the victim by the person charged.[3]

I agree that a failure to instruct on the limited purpose for which other crimes evidence is received is generally not error in the absence of a request to charge.

T.G. KAVANAGH and M.S. COLEMAN, JJ., did not sit in this case.

NOTES

[1] MCLA 768.27; MSA 28.1050 provides:

"In any criminal case where the defendant's motive, intent, the absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant's scheme, plan or system in doing an act, is material, any like acts or other acts of the defendant which may tend to show his motive, intent, the absence of, mistake or accident on his part, or the defendant's scheme, plan or system in doing the act, in question, may be proved, whether they are contemporaneous with or prior or subsequent thereto; notwithstanding that such proof may show or tend to show the commission of another or prior or subsequent crime by the defendant."

[2] Upon direct examination of a toxocologist, the prosecution asked him what the pills in the bottle contained.

"A. I made an analysis of the contents * * *, and being very caustic it appears it was sodium hydroxide.

* * *

"Q. I see. Is that sometimes referred to as lye?

"A. Yes."

[3] Though it was claimed by defendant that it is unclear as to whether the bottle came in this particular wrapper, there was conclusive testimony that this was in fact the wrapper. One patron of the restaurant testified that she had been present the day the pill package arrived and had seen deceased open it. She stated, "[I]t looks like the paper that was wrapped around a bottle of pills." Also, a policeman who gathered this evidence from the cafeteria after the explosion testified, after identifying the bottle and wrapper, that "[t]his is a small glass bottle which was contained within the brown paper wrapper that I located in the kitchen of the Tasty Cafe."

[4] Both experts testified that the handwriting on the pill wrapper and package wrapper and other writing specimens of defendant matched. That is, they were all written by one and the same person.

[5] See, for example: People v Nawrocki, 376 Mich 252; 136 NW2d 922 (1965) (passing of other bad checks); People v Allen, 351 Mich 535; 88 NW2d 433 (1958) (proof of previous safe-breaking); People v Johnston, 328 Mich 213; 43 NW2d 334 (1950) (other acts of bribery and conspiracy); People v Wright, 315 Mich 81; 23 NW2d 213 (1946) (proof of previous holdup as evidence of intent to rob); People v Fleish, 306 Mich 8; 9 NW2d 905 (1943) (other instances of receiving stolen property).

[6] Judge O'HARA after discussing the other Court of Appeals cases stated:

"We hold failure in this case to give instruction immediately upon admission of the testimony was not reversible error. We hold not to give the instruction at all, whether requested or not, is reversible error." 26 Mich App 148, 159.

In the Supreme Court, People v Kelly, 386 Mich 330, 192 NW2d 494 (1971), Judge O'HARA'S dicta was not repeated and the affirmation of the Court of Appeals with this dicta only noted there was a final covering instruction.

[7] For cases requiring instruction though no request see: People v Askar, 8 Mich App 95, 101; 153 NW2d 888 (1967); People v Shaw, 9 Mich App 558, 566; 157 NW2d 811 (1968); and People v Camel, 11 Mich App 219, 222; 160 NW2d 790 (1968).

For cases not requiring instruction if no request see: People v Manchester, 235 Mich 594, 595-596; 209 NW 815 (1926); People v Anderson, 13 Mich App 247, 250; 163 NW2d 793 (1968); People v Mauch, 23 Mich App 723, 728; 179 NW2d 184 (1970); People v Stevens, 25 Mich App 181, 183; 181 NW2d 31 (1970); People v Albert White, 27 Mich App 432, 434; 183 NW2d 606 (1970); and People v McGath, 31 Mich App 351, 359; 187 NW2d 904 (1971).

[8] The Supreme Court has under consideration a General Court Rule to cover this whole matter.

[9] "Q. And according to your best recollection, Mr. Wood, what was the defendant advised as to his Constitutional rights?

"A. He was told that of course, he was under arrest, that he had the right to remain silent, he had the right to have a lawyer present anytime that he was questioned, and if he could not afford a lawyer, a lawyer would be appointed to advise him. He was advised that anything that he might say could be used against him in any Court proceedings, and that he had the right to stop our asking questions at any time he chose."

Hearing on Suppression of Evidence September 18, 1969, p 4.

[10] "10-11-67

"I Bernice Chism give my permission to Sgt Fred L Ritchie and other law enforcement officers to search my house located at 14969 C Drive N. Also my Vehicle 1965 Pontiac license # PR4839.

"Bernice Chism" [Signed]

[11] Mascolo, Inter-Spousal Consent to Unreasonable Searches and Seizures: A Constitutional Approach, 40 Conn BJ 351, 357 (1966).

[12] Hearing on Motion to Suppress, September 18, 1969, p 4-5.

[13] Though the record shows that the defendant was not informed of the role of a search warrant, he was made fully aware by the prosecutor that he did not have to consent to the search and that he had every right to refuse if he was so inclined. Hearing on Suppression of Evidence, September 18, 1969, p 133.

All Zeigler requires is that the defendant be informed that "he need not submit to a search". It does not require a fine explanation of the role of search warrants. See Consent Searches: A Reappraisal after Miranda v. Arizona, 67 Colum L Rev 130, 132, fn 14 (1967).

[14] In response to a prosecution question to a police officer as to what defendant had been advised of the officer replied:

"As I recall, you [the prosecutor] advised him that anything that was found as a result of this search would be used against him in evidence, and he consented. He said he had nothing to hide from anybody, * * *." Final Hearing on Motion to Suppress, November 13, 1969, p 5.

"Q. Did you tell him why [you wanted to go out and search his home]?

"A. Yes.

"Q. What reason did you give him?

"A. We told him we wanted to look for items that could be used in construction of a device.

"Q. And his response was what?

"A. He had nothing to hide.

* * *

"Q. You made no mention of looking for any handwriting?

"A. Not as I recall, no sir."

Final Hearing on Motion to Suppress, pp 9, 11.

[15] The following questions and answers depict a scene free from coercion:

"A. We offered him coffee * * *, and he refused.

* * *

"Q. Was the defendant handcuffed?

"A. Not when we interrogated, no sir, interviewed him.

"Q. Were any weapons displayed?

"A. No sir.

* * *

"Q. Do you know of any deceit or trickery practiced on the defendant to get his consent?

"A. No sir."

* * *

Final Hearing on Motion to Suppress, pp 8, 13.

"Q. Did this conversation take place in a cell or where?

"A. It took place at where I believe is set aside as the Sheriff's living quarters in the Second Floor of the County jail.

* * *

"Q. Was any law enforcement officer in uniform present?

"A. No, sir.

"Q. What did you ask defendant specifically, whether you could go out to his home and search the premises?

"A. Yes, we did.

"Q. How many times did you ask him?

"A. We asked him once.

"Q. Do you remember what his response was?

"A. His response was that we certainly could; he had nothing to hide.

* * *

"Q. Do you recall what his response was at the time when you asked him, `Would you talk to us about it?'

"A. He said he would talk to us about it, yes.

"Q. Did you proceed to discuss the various aspects as known to the police to Mr. Chism?

"A. Yes.

"Q. Did Mr. Chism at that time respond to the questions?

"A. Yes, sir.

"Q. Did he have any difficulty in responding to the questions?

"A. No.

"Q. Did he accept the questions and answer them freely and voluntarily?

"A. Yes, sir.

"Q. Did Mr. Chism at any time by word or deed or anything, or any expression, indicate he was being coerced in any manner?

"A. No, sir.

"Q. Was he crying?

"A. No.

"Q. Did he show any signs of emotional symptoms?

"A. None, except he appeared to be somewhat nervous.

"Q. Was he extremely excited?

"A. No, sir."

Hearing on Motion to Suppress, September, 18, 1969, pp 132-136.

And also when defendant testified at trial he portrayed a coercion free atmosphere:

"Q. While I am on that line of questioning, Mr. Chism, I show you Exhibit 37, did you sign that voluntarily?

"A. Yes sir, they asked me could they search my home and car, they said it would be necessary for me to sign this paper for those officers in my presence to search my home.

"Q. So you voluntarily consented to that, signed that authorization?

"A. I signed it authorizing the people in my presence to search my home. I didn't authorize the State of Michigan to go through my home.

"Q. What do you mean by that?

"A. These officers seemed like they were awful, pretty nice people, they asked me could they search my home, I said I didn't care if they searched my home."

[16] For a textual treatment of the law of consent to searches and seizures see:

Tiffany, McIntyre, and Rotenberg, Detection of Crime: Stopping & Questioning Search & Seizure Encouragement & Entrapment (Little, Brown, and Co ed 1967), ch 10, pp 156-170; and Varon, Searches, Seizures & Immunities (Bobbs-Merrill ed 1961), ch 4, pp 226, 232 et seq. and ch 8, pp 414, 429-450.

[17] Hearing on Suppression of Evidence, September 18, 1969, pp 19, 24-28, 97-98.

[18] The Court of Appeals stated:

"The wife's consent can be said to have neither added to nor detracted from the search." 32 Mich App 610, 631.

[19] See 31 ALR2d 1078, 1091. See also Hall, Kamisar, LaFave and Israel, Modern Criminal Procedure (West ed 1969), ch 5, pp 295-296; Mascolo, Inter-Spousal Consent to Unreasonable Searches & Seizures: A Constitutional Approach, 40 Conn BJ 351 (1966); and Varon, supra, pp 430-432.

[20] See People v Kaigler, 368 Mich 281; 118 NW2d 406 (1962) for a situation involving explicit coercion.

[21] "Q. Do you own any real estate?

"A. Her and I own it together."

Hearing on Appointment of Counsel, October 18, 1967, p 4.

A similar exchange took place at a second appointment of counsel hearing on October 27, 1967. The exchange, at p 5, proceeded:

"Q. Now, how did you own the property in question?

* * *

"A. We owned it jointly."

[22] Several jurisdictions have allowed persons to consent to searches of property or premises which they owned or had equal rights in as to use or occupation. See 31 ALR2d 1079, 1080, 1086.

  ARKANSAS                  Maxwell v State, 236 Ark 694; 370 SW2d
                            113 (1963). (Held that a parent could consent
                            to a search of the premises owned by
                            him even if the search resulted in the seizure
                            of incriminating evidence as to their
                            children.)
  COLORADO                  Spencer v People, 163 Colo 182; 429 P2d 266
                            (1967). (Owner of the premises may consent
                            to a search of defendant roomer's bedroom.)
  DELAWARE                  Jenkins v State, 230 A2d 262 (Del, 1967);
                            aff'd 395 US 213; 89 S Ct 1677; 23 L Ed 2d
                            253 (1969). (Where a lessee and defendant
                            are joint occupants, the lessee as the sole
                            legal occupant had superior rights of possession
                            and control and could give consent to a
                            search of the premises including a jointly
                            shared bedroom.)
  FLORIDA                   Tomlinson v State, 129 Fla 658; 176 So 543
                            (1937). (Search of son's bedroom in father's
                            house with his consent, which resulted in
                            evidence used against child, was lawful.)
  IDAHO                     State v Hagan, 47 Idaho 315; 274 P 628
                            (1929). (Search of barn on mother's premises
                            with her consent was lawful where defendant's
                            possession of the barn was in subservience
                            and submission to the power, authority,
                            ownership and possession of the
                            mother.)
  ILLINOIS                  People v Shambley, 4 Ill 2d 38; 122 NE2d
                            172 (1954). (Where a house is jointly owned
                            and occupied by a husband and wife, the
                            wife can in her own right have the police
                            come into the home and search for the
                            weapon the husband had used to assault
                            her. The weapon was found in the garage.)
  INDIANA                   Shade v State, 196 Ind 665; 149 NE 348
                            (1925). (The owner of land can give permission
                            to police to go onto the land and search
                            for violations of the prohibition law.)
  KENTUCKY                  Morris v Commonwealth, 306 Ky 349; 208
                            SW2d 58 (1948). (Head of the household or
                            the one in charge of the premises may consent
                            to a search. The evidence was found in
                            the kitchen.)
  MAINE                     State v MacKenzie, 161 Me 123; 210 A2d 24
                            (1965). (Tenant could consent to a search of
                            the premises which leads to evidence
                            against the defendant.)
  MARYLAND                  McGuire v State, 200 Md 601; 92 A2d 582
                            (1952), cert den 344 US 928; 73 S Ct 497; 97
                            L Ed 714 (1953). (Manager of an apartment
                            and lessee of apartment could consent to
                            search in which evidence against defendant
                            was found in the apartment and the defendant
                            was a mere interloper who had no interest
                            in the premises.)
  MICHIGAN                  People v Azukauckas, 241 Mich 182; 216
                            NW 408 (1927). (The householder could consent
                            to a search of premises he owned. The
                            property seized was not owned by defendant.
                            The barn the property was seized in was not
                            in the exclusive use or possession of defendant.)
  MINNESOTA                 State v Kinderman, 271 Minn 405; 136
                            NW2d 577 (1965); cert den 384 US 909; 86 S
                            Ct 1349; 16 L Ed 2d 361 (1966). (Defendant's
                            father who owned home could consent to
                            search of son's bedroom.)
  MISSISSIPPI               Gordon v State, 160 So 2d 73 (Miss, 1964).
                            (Stepfather's consent to the search of his
                            premises lawful and the police could enter
                            and seize defendant stepson who was hiding
                            there as well as items of evidence.)
  MISSOURI                  State v Anderson, 384 SW2d 591 (Mo, 1964).
                            (Parent-child consent held right to consent
                            is a personal one to the parent renter of the
                            property.)
  NEW YORK                  People v Austin, 53 Misc 2d 963; 280 NYS2d
                            433 (1967). (Defendant's mother who owned
                            home where he lived, but didn't pay rent,
                            could consent to a search of the cellar over
                            which he had no exclusive use or control
                            and contraband seized there was admissible
                            against defendant.)
  NORTH CAROLINA            State v Fowler, 172 NC 905; 90 SE 408
                            (1916). (Sisters of defendant who were in
                            charge of the premises where defendant also
                            lived could consent to a search of the premises.)
  OHIO                      State v Carder, 9 Ohio St 2d 1; 222 NE2d
                            620 (1966). (Parent who owns or controls
                            home in which child resides can consent to
                            search of premises.)
  OREGON                    State v Broadhurst, 184 Or 178, 250-251;
                            196 P2d 407 (1948), cert den 337 US 906; 69
                            S Ct 1046; 93 L Ed 1718 (1949). (Relatives to
                            whom owner had given use and occupancy
                            of home could invite in the police to search
                            owner defendant's room.)
  PENNSYLVANIA              Commonwealth v McKenna, 202 Pa Super
                            360; 195 A2d 817 (1963). (Defendant's
                            mother may consent to search of premises
                            which she owns and where defendant lives.)
  RHODE ISLAND              State v Cairo, 74 RI 377; 60 A2d 841 (1948).
                            (Search of cellar used in common by defendant
                            and his wife and owned jointly by defendant
                            and wife could be consented to by
                            the wife.)
  TENNESSEE                 McGee v State, 451 SW2d 709 (Tenn Crim
                            App, 1969). (Joint user of premises may
                            consent to a search. Defendant lived at
                            premises as a member of the family though
                            in fact he was not and the family could
                            consent to the search.)
  TEXAS                     Nagel v State, 126 Tex Crim 265; 71 SW2d
                            285 (1934). (One who has no right of ownership
                            or control in premises can't complain of
                            search permitted by owner.)
  VIRGINIA                  Rees v Commonwealth, 203 Va 850; 127
                            SE2d 406 (1962); cert den 372 US 964; 83 S
                            Ct 1088; 10 L Ed 2d 128 (1963). (Parents of
                            defendant could consent to a search and gun
                            found in the attic could be used against
                            defendant who did not regularly live in the
                            house.)
  WEST VIRGINIA             State v Plantz, ___ W Va ___; 180 SE2d 614
                            (1971). (Search of grandparent's house where
                            defendant had lived temporarily, based on
                            their consent was valid since the grandparents
                            owned and controlled the premises.)
  WISCONSIN                 Embry v State, 46 Wis 2d 151, 159; 174
                            NW2d 521 (1970). (Two persons with equal
                            rights to use or occupancy of premises may
                            each give consent to a search of the premises.)

[23] The United States Supreme Court in Coolidge v New Hampshire, 403 US 443; 91 S Ct 2022; 29 L Ed 2d 564 (1971) was again faced with the wife waiver problem, but never reached the issue as they held that there had been no search and seizure within the protection of the Fourth Amendment. Coolidge also involved two searches. During the first the husband in the presence of the wife produced three guns. Later to different officers the wife showed four of her husband's guns without being asked to do so as Mrs. Chism had been in our case.

[24] In Stoner, the United States Supreme Court stated that Fourth Amendment rights were "not to be eroded by strained applications of the law of agency or by unrealistic doctrines of apparent authority" nor by "`subtle distinctions, developed and refined by the common law * * *.'" 376 US 483, 488. In Warden v Hayden, 387 US 294, 304; 87 S Ct 1642; 18 L Ed 2d 782 (1967), the Court in discussing the Fourth Amendment stated:

"We have recognized that the principal object of the Fourth Amendment is the protection of privacy rather than property, and have increasingly discarded fictional and procedural barriers rested on property concepts."

A different thread of reasoning, "assuming the risk" as stated in Frazier was followed in the earlier cases of Lopez v United States, 373 US 427, 439; 83 S Ct 1381; 10 L Ed 2d 462 (1963) and Hoffa v United States, 385 US 293; 87 S Ct 408; 17 L Ed 2d 374 (1966). As the Court stated in Hoffa:

"Neither this Court nor any member of it has ever expressed the view that the Fourth Amendment protects a wrongdoer's misplaced belief that a person to whom he voluntarily confides his wrongdoing will not reveal it." 385 US 293, 302.

And in the dissenting opinion in Lopez, as to the matter of misplaced trust, it was said, "It is the kind of risk we necessarily assume * * *." 373 US 427, 465.

This line of reasoning in Hoffa and Lopez "remained unaffected by Katz." United States v White, 401 US 745, 749; 91 S Ct 1122; 28 L Ed 2d 453 (1971). That is, the theory of a justifiable reliance of privacy, in Katz v United States, 389 US 347; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967), did not preclude situations in which a person relinquished his right of privacy by "assuming the risk" that someone else he had confided in, either in keeping secrets or sharing property, would divulge the secret or property to someone else.

[25] In Carlton, the police went to defendant's house to further their investigation. Defendant was at home and consented to the search of the house. Defendant was then taken to jail. On the next day the police returned to the home and with the consent of and in the presence of defendant's wife, made a second search. The Florida Supreme Court held that, "[p]iecing the whole procedure together," there was no violation of defendant's search and seizure right. The Court relied on the defendant's consent, the conduct of the police, and the presence and consent of the wife. The Court found that this set of circumstances was not controlled by the general rule that a wife cannot consent to a search of premises owned by her husband without his permission.

Our case is even stronger since the wife was a joint owner and user of the house.

In Cairo, the Supreme Court of Rhode Island considered the wife consent problem. Here, the wife was a joint owner of the two-family dwelling along with the defendant husband. She gave police her consent to search the home. A search of the cellar, used in common by both families, revealed a bag of tools used in the break-in of the store and three faucets similar to those taken from the store. In upholding this search and seizure, the Court stated the wife could consent in her own right as a joint owner and occupant of the premises. Further, the Court relied on the fact that the evidence was seized in a portion of the house over which defendant did not have exclusive use and control.

In Shambley, defendant was convicted of assaulting his wife with a deadly weapon (i.e., a gun). The assault took place in the home jointly owned by defendant and his wife. After defendant's arrest, the wife gave her consent for the officers to search the house for the gun. It was found in the garage. The Court held this evidence admissible following the rule that where two persons have equal rights to the use or occupation of premises, either may give consent to a search and the evidence thus disclosed can be used against either. Again, the wife was acting in her own right and the evidence was found in a part of the house used by both defendant and his wife.

In Embry the two defendants had embarked together on a forgery adventure. The Court upheld evidence found in a search of a car and trailer rented by one of the defendants in furtherance of the scheme. This defendant consented to the search. The Court held the evidence admissible against both defendants as they were acting together in this forgery venture and thus had equal rights to use of the car and trailer.

[1] Compare People v Hall, 19 Mich App 95, 109; 172 NW2d 473 (1969).

[2] See People v Scott, 284 Ill 465; 120 NE 553 (1918); Commonwealth v Moore, 398 Pa 198; 157 A2d 65; 93 ALR2d 616 (1959); 40 Am Jur 2d, § 316, pp 586-687.

[3] See Washington v State, 8 Tex App 377 (1880); 40 Am Jur 2d, § 312, pp 582-583.