TRAVIS FRITSCH V. HON . DANNY P . CAUDILL, JUDGE, FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT and G . EDWARD HENRY APPELEES AND GREGORY D . STUMBO AND G . EDWARD HENRY V. HON . DANNY P . CAUDILL, JUDGE, FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT AND GREGORY D . STUMBO
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RENDERED : OCTOBER 21, 2004
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2003-SC-0903-MR
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TRAVIS FRITSCH
V.
APPELLANT
APPEAL OF ORIGINAL ACTION IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
2003-CA-01773-OA AND 2003-CA-02025-OA
FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT NO . 01-CI-01058
HON. DANNY P . CAUDILL, JUDGE,
FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT and
G. EDWARD HENRY
APPELEES
AND
GREGORY D . STUMBO
APPELLEE AND REAL PARTY IN INTEREST
AND
2003-SC-0914-MR
G . EDWARD HENRY
V.
APPELLANT
APPEAL OF ORIGINAL ACTION IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
2003-CA-02025-OA
FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT NO. 01-CI-01058
HON . DANNY P. CAUDILL, JUDGE,
FLOYD CIRCUIT COURT
APPELLEE
AND
GREGORY D. STUMBO
APPELLEE AND REAL PARTY IN INTEREST
OPINION OF THE COURT BY CHIEF JUSTICE LAMBERT
AFFIRMING
Upon denial of their motions to dismiss for improper venue, appellants,
Fritsch and Henry, brought an original action in the Court of Appeals seeking to prohibit
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the Floyd Circuit Court from proceeding with appellee's, Stumbo's, separate suit against
them .' The Court of Appeals denied relief and appellants appealed to this Court as a
matter of right . We affirm the Court of Appeals.
Appellant Fritsch instituted litigation in the Fayette Circuit Court against
appellee Stumbo for establishment of paternity, custody, and child support. That
litigation followed unsuccessful settlement negotiations between them concerning
matters associated with the paternity of a child born to Fritsch . The paternity portion of
the case was transferred to the Fayette District Court as it appeared the circuit court
lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate the paternity claim. While the Fayette District and
Circuit court litigation was pending, Stumbo brought the instant civil action for wrongful
use of civil proceedings and extortion against Fritsch and her attorney, appellant Henry,
in the Floyd Circuit Court . Fritsch and Henry moved to dismiss on grounds that the
Floyd Circuit Court was an improper venue . The trial court overruled the motion .
Thereafter, Fritsch and Henry brought this original action for extraordinary relief.
Improper venue is grounds for trial court dismissal under CR 12 .02(c), and
the required observance of proper venue is deeply imbedded in Kentucky law. Unlike
jurisdiction, however, venue may be conferred by waiver, and KRS 452.105 permits a
trial court to transfer venue from one court to another when it determines that the venue
of the selected forum is improper . Thus, while the concept of venue is important, it
does not reach the fundamental level of jurisdiction, a concept whereby the authority of
the court to act is at issue.
'
2
3
4
CR 81 .
§ 115.
James v. Holt, Ky ., 244 S .W .2d 159 (1951) .
Duncan v. O'Nan , Ky ., 451 S.W.2d 626 (1970) .
2
KY. CONST .
In their original action, appellants seek extraordinary relief pursuant to CR
81 . By its nature, extraordinary relief is reserved for circumstances where the right of
appeal from a final judgment will be inadequate, or where trial court action will harm the
judicial process . Kentucky law in this arena is well developed and firmly established,
and nothing can be said here that has not been well expressed in our precedents .
A decision routinely consulted in extraordinary writ cases is Bender v.
Eaton , where discovery of medical reports was at issue . In a scholarly opinion, the
Court analyzed the law relating to extraordinary writs and counseled caution and
conservatism in entertaining petitions for such relief:
This careful approach is necessary to prevent shortcircuiting normal appeal procedure and to limit so far as
possible interference with the proper and efficient operation
of our circuit and other courts . If this avenue of relief were
open to all who considered themselves aggrieved by an
interlocutory court order, we would face an impossible
burden of nonappellate matters .6
The Bender Court analyzed the two classes of cases in which appellate courts could
grant extraordinary relief. The first class, acting without jurisdiction,' is not relevant
here . As to the second class, error within its jurisdiction, the Court said the following :
In the second class of cases relief ordinarily has not been
granted unless the petitioner established, as conditions
precedent, that he (a) had no adequate remedy by appeal or
otherwise, and (b) would suffer great and irreparable injury
(if error has been committed and relief denied) . See
Manning v. Baxter, 281 Ky . 659,136 S .W .2d 1074; Smith v.
Shamburger, Judge, 314 Ky. 850, 238 S.W.2d 844. This is a
practical and convenient formula for determining, prior to
deciding the issue of alleged error, if petitioner may avail
himself of this remedy. As a general rule, if he has an
adequate remedy by appeal or otherwise, or will not suffer
5 Ky ., 343 S .W .2d 799 (1961).
6 _Id. at 800.
7 Duncan v. O'Nan , Ky ., 451 S.W .2d 626 (1970) ; Gordon v. NKC Hospitals, Inc . , Ky.,
887 S.W.2d 360 (1994) .
3
great and irreparable injury, the petition should be dismissed
forthwith . 8
From the foregoing, it is clear that showing lack of an adequate remedy by appeal and
great and irreparable injury amounts to a threshold for one seeking extraordinary relief
based on error within the trial court's jurisdiction . Until this threshold is met, the
question of trial court error does not arise .9
The rule in Bender v. Eaton has been followed in many cases including
Pettit v. Raikes ,' ° relying on Shumaker v . Paxton ," "one aggrieved by a venue
determination may not obtain a writ of prohibition, but must proceed by appeal from a
final judgment," and in National Gypsum Co . v. Corns 12 where this Court refused to
grant extraordinary relief on a statute of limitations issue that might have terminated
major asbestos litigation . We observed in National Gypsum Co. v. Corns that we were
being invited to apply a different standard to big cases than we would apply to others
and commented :
The unfairness and unworkability of such a practice is
evident and needs no further comment.
In summary, we do not believe the Court of Appeals erred in
deciding that petitioners failed to show sufficient grounds for
their petition for a writ of mandamus . Our case law is
sufficient to permit relief in truly extraordinary situations. We
are unwilling to undermine the authority of trial courts by
opening the appellate door via extraordinary writs to every
party claiming error during pre-trial proceedings and trial . As
we said in Ison v. Bradley, [Ky., 333 S .W.2d 784, 786
(1960)] : "By this proceeding, petitioners are attempting a
premature appeal and seeking a precipitate decision of this
Court on an interlocutory order. It takes a minimum of
imagination to envision the utter confusion and chaos in the
trial of cases if this Court should entertain original
8
Ky., 343 S .W.2d 799 at 801 .
9 Id .
1 1 Ky
., 858 S.W .2d 171 (1993).
1
Ky., 613 S .W.2d 130 (1981) .
12
Ky., 736 S .W.2d 325 (1987) .
proceedings in cases of this character . The basis urged for
so doing is the financial distress of litigants . This is not an
uncommon status, however unwanted it may be, and is not
confined to litigants . Thus, the delay incident to litigation and
appeal by litigants who may be financially distressed cannot
be considered as unjust, does not constitute irreparable
injury, and is not a miscarriage of justice .
Despite the weight of the foregoing authorities and numerous other
decisions with substantially similar holdings, appellants Fritsch and Henry have sought
to establish improper venue as a basis for granting extraordinary relief. In substance,
they contend that KRS 452 .105 mandates dismissal or transfer. This statute states as
follows :
In civil actions, when the judge of the court in which the case
was filed determines that the court lacks venue to try the
case due to an improper venue, the judge, upon motion of a
party, shall transfer the case to the court with the proper
venue.
Appellants focus on the "shall transfer" language, but overlook that portion of the statute
requiring a prior trial court determination that it lacks venue to try the case. As the trial
court here held otherwise, the mandatory transfer provision of the statute did not
become applicable. KRS 452.105 became effective on July 14, 2000, and followed this
Court's decision in Beaven v . McAnulty ,' 4 where we held that a trial judge who sought to
transfer venue was without such authority; that dismissal or stay was the only remedy.
It is reasonable to conclude that the statute was enacted to prevent mandatory
dismissal for improper venue and to allow trial courts discretion to transfer cases where
circumstances warrant .
13
14
id. at 327-28 .
Ky., 980 S .W .2d 284 (1998).
Appellants have asserted that Seymour Charter Buslines, Inc . v. Hopper '5
supports their position . In that case, we held that prohibition was unavailable to prevent
a trial judge from transferring the case to the venue he believed to be proper. We said,
"Under these circumstances, the mandatory language of the statute required the circuit
judge to transfer this case. 06 And so he did . It was the trial court's determination that
venue was improper that triggered the transfer to the proper venue . However, Seymour
does not hold that extraordinary relief would be available against a trial judge who
declined to transfer where it might otherwise appear to be appropriate .
Appellants also rely on Thomas v. Newell," a divorce case occasioned by the wife's
discovery of letters written to the husband by another woman that were
endearing and affectionate, and as interpreted by petitioner
(wife) they portrayed a relationship between the writer and
addressee not altogether conforming with upright conduct or
the degree of moral fidelity due from a husband to his wife.'$
The wife left the county of the marital residence and soon thereafter filed a divorce
petition in her newly acquired domicile . Meanwhile, the husband had filed a divorce
petition in the county of the marital residence, and the wife petitioned to have his claim
dismissed on grounds of improper venue, permitting her claim to go forward . The
statute in effect required divorce cases to be brought in the county of the wife's
residence, and the issue addressed by the Court was whether her residence was bona
fide . Concluding that it was, the Court ordered dismissal of the husband's petition and
allowed the wife's petition to go forward . As we analyzed the Thomas case, the Court
was faced with deciding which of two divorce cases which joined the same issues
15
Ky ., 111 S .W .3d 387 (2003) .
_Id. at 389.
" 277 Ky. 712,127 S .W.2d 610 (1939).
'8 Id. at 611 .
'6
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should go forward and which should be dismissed . Although some language in the
opinion supports the contention that expense and inconvenience may have been
accounted for, it seems the Court simply decided to permit the case in the proper venue
to go forward and require dismissal of the other. Thomas v. Newell provides only
modest support for appellants' claims .
Appellants argue vehemently and somewhat persuasively that only
Fayette County is the proper venue for appellee's claims against them. Despite their
arguments on the merits, however, they have failed to meet the threshold required for
extraordinary relief.' 9 Extraordinary relief is not available to interrupt pending litigation
unless the petitioner can show lack of an adequate remedy by appeal and great and
irreparable injury . If appellants are correct that the Floyd Circuit Court is an improper
venue for appellee's civil action, in due course, the trial court or an appellate court will
so recognize and relief in the nature of dismissal for improper venue will be granted . As
to great and irreparable injury, we see none . Inconvenience, expense, annoyance, and
other undesirable aspects of litigation may be present, but great and irreparable injury is
not."
Appellants' arguments and authorities have been fully considered . We
have addressed those issues they have raised that could possibly affect the outcome of
this appeal . Such other issues as have been presented address themselves to the trial
court and any further appellate review must await a final judgment.
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the Court of Appeals.
All concur, except Stumbo, J., not sitting .
'9 Bender v. Eaton , Ky ., 343 S.W .2d 799 .
2° Ison v. Bradley, Ky ., 333 S .W .2d 784 (1960) .
7
COUNSEL FOR TRAVIS FRITSCH :
Eldred E. Adams, Jr.
110 East Main Street
P. O. Box 606
Louisa, KY 41230
COUNSEL FOR G . EDWARD HENRY:
Michael J . Schmitt
PORTER, SCHMITT, JONES & BANKS
327 Main Street
P . O . Drawer 1767
Paintsville, KY 41240-1767
COUNSEL FOR HON . DANNY P . CAUDILL :
Hon . Danny P. Caudill
Judge, Floyd Circuit Court
Floyd County Justice Center
127 South Lake Drive
Prestonsburg, KY 41653
COUNSEL FOR GREGORY D. STUMBO :
Earl M. McGuire
123 South Lake Drive
P. O. Box 1746
Prestonsburg, KY 41653
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