EDWARD LEON BAKER V COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
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2001-SC-0504-TG
EDWARD LEON BAKER
V
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MADISON CIRCUIT COURT
HONORABLE JULIA HYLTON ADAMS, JUDGE
CRIMINAL NO . 00-CR-013
APPELLEE
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
OPINION OF THE COURT BY JUSTICE GRAVES
Affirr-ninq
Appellant, Edward Leon Baker, was convicted in the Madison Circuit Court of two
counts of using a minor in a sexual performance . He was sentenced to a total of thirty
years imprisonment and appeals to this Court as a matter of right. Finding no error, we
affirm .
On January 6, 2000, Appellant went to the photo counter at a local Kroger store
and requested that a photograph be printed from a negative he gave the clerk, John
Avera . Upon printing the photograph, Avera discovered that it was a picture of a young
girl with her breasts exposed and her face covered by an "Elmo doll."' The girl was later
' Avera also printed another photograph from the negative which contained similarly
obscene material .
identified as Appellant's twelve-year-old step-granddaughter, J . R. When Appellant
returned to the counter to pick-up the photograph, Avera told him that it did not turn out.
Avera thereafter contacted store security who then turned the photos over to the
Richmond Police Department.
After identifying Appellant through the store's surveillance tapes, Detective Ellen
Alexander obtained a search warrant for Appellant's home . Appellant was arrested at
that time on two charges of Use of a Minor in a Sexual Performance, relating to the two
pictures printed at the Kroger store . During the search, Detective Alexander seized a
camera found in J .R's bedroom that contained a roll of undeveloped film . Police
thereafter developed the film, finding nine other pictures of J .R. As a result, Appellant
was charged with nine additional counts of Use of a Minor in a Sexual Performance.
Prior to trial, defense counsel moved to suppress the nine photographs upon
which counts 3-11 were premised since the search warrant did not specifically authorize
the seizure of the camera or undeveloped film . At the suppression hearing, Detective
Alexander testified that the camera and film were taken after J .R. , who lived with
Appellant and was apparently present during the search, informed the Detective that
there were some more nude pictures of her on the film . The trial court ruled that the
seizure of the camera and film was proper, and denied the motion to suppress.
At the close of all evidence, and before the case was submitted to the jury, the
trial court reduced the charges to two counts, merging counts 1 and 2, which were
based upon the two pictures developed at the Kroger store, and counts 3-11, which
were based upon the nine pictures developed from the roll of film seized during the
search of Appellant's residence .
The jury found him guilty of both counts and he was sentenced to fifteen years on each,
to run consecutively for a total of thirty years imprisonment .
I.
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress the
nine pictures developed from the roll of film since seizure of the camera and film was
outside the scope of the warrant . Specifically, the warrant authorized the seizure of
any:
Pornographic or obscene pictures of a child under the age of 16;
Pictures of a child without clothing in violation of the Kentucky Revised
Statutes ;
Pictures depicting a minor in sexual performance;
Any computers or computer generated materials which could contain child
pornography ; and
Video tapes containing child pornography .
Appellant is correct that the warrant did not designate the camera or film .
However, Detective Alexander, the only witness who testified at the suppression
hearing, explained that the camera -was seized only after J. R. stated that the film
contained more nude photographs of her taken by Appellant .
Thus, the trial court
concluded that since the warrant authorized the seizure of pornographic or obscene
pictures, once J .R. informed Detective Alexander about the contents of the film, seizure
of the camera was justified .
Appellant points out that J.R. subsequently testified at trial that the camera was,
in fact, found in a kitchen drawer and that when she gave it to police, she did not know if
it contained film . As such, Appellant believes that the trial court should have thereafter
sua s onte reversed its suppression ruling since J.R.'s testimony differed from that of
Detective Alexander . We disagree .
First, J .R. did not testify at the suppression hearing . The trial court's denial of
Appellant's suppression motion was based upon the testimony presented during the
hearing and will not be set aside if supported by substantial evidence . RCr 9.78. We
conclude that it was . Furthermore, Appellant fails to note that J .R . also testified at trial
that Appellant had threatened to kill her if he went to jail . We conclude that the trial
court properly denied the motion to suppress based upon the evidence that was
presented during the suppression hearing . The mere fact that J .R .'s testimony
contradicted Detective Alexander's testimony did not warrant suppression of the
photographs .
Although not presented to the trial court, Appellant also offers the novel theory
that suppression was warranted because undeveloped film does not constitute a
"photograph" within the context of KRS 531 .300(5) 2, and thus was not evidence of the
crime for which he was charged . Relying on chemistry principles, Appellant asserts that
undeveloped film has no visual image until'it undergoes a chemical reaction during the
developing process. Albeit interesting, we find no merit in Appellant's proposition, and
agree with the reasoning of the Florida District Court of Appeals in Schneider v. Florida,
700 So.2d 1239, 1240 (Fla . Dist. Ct . App . 1997) :
Webster's defines the term photograph as "a picture or likeness obtained by
photography" with the root word photography defined as "the art or process of
producing images on a sensitized surface (as a film) by the action of radiant
energy and esp. light ." Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 857 (10th ed .
1993) (emphasis added). Hence, by definition, a photograph is the exposure of
the film at the time the picture is snapped . A hard copy of the photograph is a
print and the developed film would be a negative .
' "'Performance' means any play, motion picture, photograph or dance . Performance also means any
other visual representation exhibited before an audience[ .]" KRS 531 .300(5) .
4
See also United States v. Smith, 795 F .2d 841 (9 th Cir. 1986), cert.denied , 481 U .S .
1032 (1987) (undeveloped film constitutes a "visual depiction" within the meaning of 18
U .S .C . § 2252(a), the Federal Sexual Exploitation Statute) . Furthermore, the trial court
found that seizure of the camera and film was proper and, once processed, the pictures
developed from the film were certainly evidence of Appellant's use of a minor in a
sexual performance .
ll .
Next, Appellant argues that he was entitled to an instruction on the misdemeanor
offense of possession of matter portraying a sexual performance by a minor, KRS
531 .335(1), which reads as follows :
A person is guilty of possession of matter portraying a sexual performance
by a minor when, having knowledge of its content, character, and that the
sexual performance is by a minor, he knowingly has in his possession or
control any matter which visually depicts an actual sexual performance by
a minor person .
While maintaining that he was only in possession of "an undeveloped roll of nonimages that he might have later developed," Appellant argues that the jury could have
found him guilty of possessing potentially obscene'pictures and convicted him under
KRS 521 .335(1) . We disagree .
Appellant admitted to staging the photographs of J .R ., and thus ignores the plain
language of KRS 531 .310 which simply does not require a "finished product" to be guilty
of using a minor in a sexual performance . As the Commonwealth points out, while a
photograph may be considered a performance, any other visual representation before
an audience involving sexual conduct by a minor is also a performance. KRS
531 .310(5) . Appellant's act of taking the pictures of J . R.'s exposed breasts and
genitalia was sufficient to satisfy the statute . See also Alcorn v. Commonwealth , Ky.
App ., 910 S.W .2d 716 (1995) .
An instruction on a lesser-included offense is required only if, considering the
totality of the evidence, the jury could have a reasonable doubt as to the defendant's
guilt of the greater offense, and yet believe beyond a reasonable doubt that he is guilty
of the lesser offense . Clifford v. Commonwealth , Ky., 7 S .W.3d 371, 377-78 (1999);
Bills v. Commonwealth , Ky., 851 S.W.2d 466 (1993) . We do not believe the jury could
have reasonably doubted Appellant's guilt on the greater offense and merely found him
guilty of the misdemeanor offense .
Ill .
The eleven-count indictment charged Appellant with having committed the
offense of Use of a Minor in a Sexual Performance, KRS 531 .310, "by inducing [J . R.] . .
. to expose, in an obscene manner, [various female anatomy] ." However, over defense
objection, the trial court instructed the jury that it could find Appellant guilty if it believed
"he knowingly employed, authorized, or induced [J.R .] to engage in a sexual
performance or consented to [J .R .'s] engagement in a sexual performance[.]" Appellant
argues that he was prejudiced by the additional language in the instruction because his
sole defense was that he did not induce J. R ., rather she "had shown an interest in
modeling, acting, and singing" and that "she thought the picture taking was fun."
As the trial court noted during an extensive on-the-record conference regarding
instructions, Appellant completely ignores the fact that consent of the minor is clearly
not a defense. The statute is intended to protect minors from exploitation regardless of
whether their participation is voluntary. Holbrook v. Commonwealth , Ky. App ., 662
S.W.2d 484 (1984) . "Indeed, `employs, consents to, authorizes or induces' all imply the
possibility of voluntary participation by a minor, as the idea or force or coercion is not
ordinarily conveyed by those words ." Id . at 488. It is wholly irrelevant that the twelveyear-old victim in this case did or did not consent to the photographic sessions .
Furthermore, we fail to perceive any prejudice to Appellant . Defense counsel
conceded during the conference that the indictment sufficiently charged Appellant with
violating KRS 531 .310, and readily admitted that he was familiar with all of the language
contained therein . And while Appellant claims prejudice because he had already
questioned witnesses about whether there was inducement, defense counsel neither
requested additional time nor recalled any witnesses following the trial court's ruling on
instructions despite being told he could do so.
Contrary to Appellant's assertion, the indictment was not amended to include the
additional language of KRS 531 .310. However, the trial court had the discretion to
amend the indictment in this case pursuant to RCr 6.16. Appellant was aware of the
language contained in KRS 531 .310, and the evidence was certainly sufficient to
warrant an instruction including that additional language. We find no error in the
instructions .
For the reasons stated herein, the judgment and sentence of the Madison Circuit
Court are affirmed .
Lambert, C. J ., Cooper, Graves, Johnstone, Stumbo, and Wintersheimer, J .J .
concur.
Keller, J ., concurs by separate opinion in which Cooper, J . joins .
COUNSEL FOR APPELLANT
Karen Maurer
Department of Public Advocacy
100 Fair Oaks Lane, Suite 302
Frankfort, KY 40601
COUNSEL FOR APPELLEE
A.B . Chandler III
Attorney General
Gregory C . Fuchs
Assistant Attorney General
Office of Attorney General
1024 Capital Center Drive
Frankfort, KY 40601-8204
RENDERED : APRIL 24, 2003
TO BE PUBLISHED
,Suprmtct (gaurf of ~.ettfurkg
2001-SC-0504-TG
EDWARD LEON BAKER
V.
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM MADISON CIRCUIT COURT
HONORABLE JULIA HYLTON ADAMS, JUDGE
00-CR-013
APPELLEE
COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY
CONCURRING OPINION BY JUSTICE KELLER
I also vote to affirm the judgment of the Madison Circuit Court, but I write
separately because I disagree with Part III, in which the majority addresses Appellant's
argument that the trial court's jury instructions erroneously broadened the allegations in
the indictment. Although, the majority "find[s] no error in the instructions,"' I would hold
that the discrepancies between the indictment and instructions constituted an error, but
one that was harmless in this case. In my view, Appellant has not demonstrated that
the indictment, which charged him with "inducing [J .R.] . . . to expose, in an obscene
manner, her breasts which he photographed," misled him as to the nature of the
Commonwealth's allegation and thereby prejudiced his ability to mount a defense to the
charges . In fact, I believe the record refutes Appellant's assertion that, because of the
Majority Opinion,
S .W .3d
(200_) (Slip Op . at 7) .
language in the indictment, he failed to anticipate that the Commonwealth would seek,
and the trial court would ultimately give, jury instructions permitting a guilty verdict if the
jury believed beyond a reasonable doubt that Appellant knowingly "employed,
authorized, or induced [J .R.] to engage in a sexual performance or consented to [J .R.'s]
engagement in a sexual performance ." Because our rules permit amendments to
indictments "any time before verdict or finding if no additional or different offense is
charged and if substantial rights of the defendant are not prejudiced,"2 and neither
limitation is implicated in the variance between indictment and instruction here, the
discrepancy between the indictment and the instructions easily could have been
avoided if the Commonwealth had moved the trial court to permit an amendment of the
indictment to include all theories of liability under KRS 531 .310 that were supported by
the evidence . Thus, although a "step was skipped" in this case when the trial court
instructed the jury as it did without first permitting the Commonwealth to amend the
indictment, that error does not justify reversal of Appellant's convictions .
In discharging its duty "to instruct the jury in writing on the law of the case," 3 a
trial court should draft instructions that not only track the evidence at trial, but also
"substantially follow the language of the indictment and submit the elements of the
offense contained in the indictment.
,4
As early as the late 19th Century, our
predecessor characterized an instruction that strayed from the indictment as
2 RCr 6.16 .
3 RCr 9 .54.
4 1 Cooper, Kentucky Instructions to Juries (Criminal) §1 .13 at 29 (Anderson
Publishing Co . 1999) (hereinafter "Cooper") . See also Taylor v. Commonwealth , 256
Ky. 667, 76 S .W .2d 923, 926 (1934) ("Instructions in criminal cases should follow the
language of the indictment and submit to the jury the elements of the offense charged,
as contained in the indictment . . . .").
"erroneous ."5 And, under the former Criminal Code of Practice ("Criminal Code"), the
Court treated any variance between the indictment and the evidence presented (or
instructions given) as error, but assessed the prejudice associated with the error in a
manner similar to today's harmless error review.
6
Reversal was appropriate only when
a variance was "fatal" or "material" - i .e., when the variance "misleads the accused in
making his defense or exposes him to danger of a second conviction of the same
offense ."' Since we adopted the Rules of Criminal Procedure, which "place more
,,8
emphasis on fair notice and fair trial than upon rigid technicality and provide for more
liberal amending of indictments, 9 the issue of whether the indictment could have been
amended to eliminate the variance has become central to an analysis of the prejudice
associated with a variance between an indictment and an instruction.' ° Admittedly, in
5 See McBride v. Commonwealth , 13 Bush 337, 338 (1877) .
6 Code of Practice in Criminal Cases (1877) (repealed 1963) §353 ("The
judgment shall be reversed for any errors of law appearing on the record when, upon
consideration of the whole case, the court is satisfied that the substantial rights of the
defendant have been prejudiced thereby.") .
7 Braswell v. Commonwealth, Ky., 339 S .W .2d 637, 638 (1960).
8 Robards v. Commonwealth, Ky., 418 S .W.2d 570, 573 (1967). See also Finch
v. Commonwealth , Ky ., 419 S.W.2d 146,147 (1967) (explaining that the new Rules of
Criminal Procedure "have adopted the principle of notice pleading" and that, although
"all details of the charge" need not be set forth in the indictment, "if the defendant needs
information concerning the details of the charge against him to enable him to prepare
his defense, he should be supplied them through a requested bill of particulars .").
9 Compare Code of Practice in Criminal Cases, supra note 6 at §126(5) ("The
court may at any time cause the indictment to be amended in respect of any defect,
imperfection, or omission in the matter of form only." (emphasis added)) with RCr 6.16,
supra . See also International Shoe Co . v. Commonwealth , 300 Ky. 806, 190 S .W.2d
553, 554 (1945) (holding that §126(5), which was adopted in 1942, will not "permit the
Commonwealth's Attorney to amend an indictment by supplying substantial averments
omitted by the Grand Jury.") .
10 Johnson v. Commonwealth , Ky., 864 S.W.2d 266, 273 (1993) ("[T]he
indictment here ought to have been amended to be more accurate, it ought to have
cases such as the one at bar - where RCr 6.16's first limitation is not implicated
because the variance between the instructions and the indictment does not charge a
separate or additional offense - this determination is a close parallel to harmless error
review under RCr 9.24, which directs courts to "disregard any error or defect in the
proceeding that does not affect the substantial rights of the parties."" By framing the
inquiry in terms of the possibility of an amendment of the indictment under RCr 6.16,
however, we access a body of precedent in which "it is well-settled that any variance
which misleads the accused in making or preparing his defense is fatal." 12 And, we
thus evaluate prejudice to the defendant's substantial rights by examining the de facto
amendment's effect upon defense strategy .
Here, the jury instructions unquestionably broadened the indictment's specific
allegation and permitted the jury to find Appellant guilty without finding that Appellant
undertook some affirmative act to cause J .R. to participate in a sexual performance . 13 I
conclude, however, that the indictment did not mislead Appellant or cause him to
believe that the Commonwealth was alleging liability only under KRS 531 .310 "induces"
been more carefully drafted), but the failure to amend was unquestionably harmless.");
Day v. Commonwealth , Ky., 599 S.W.2d 166, 169 (1980) ("[U]nder RCr 6 .16 the
indictment could and should have been amended to include the period through July 3,
1977, the date shown by the proof and used in the instructions . However, the failure to
do so did not affect Day's substantial rights ."); Robards v. Commonwealth , supra note 8
at 573 ("The indictment could and should have been amended at the conclusion of the
testimony, but it cannot reasonably be held that a failure in that respect affected the
defendant's substantial rights ."); Berry v. Commonwealth , Ky.App ., 84 S.W .3d 82, 92
(2002).
11
RCr 9.24.
12 Davis v. Commonwealth , Ky., 399 S.W.2d 711, 713 (1966).
13
See Holbrook v. Commonwealth , Ky.App ., 662 S .W .2d 484, 488 (1984)
("'[C]onsent to' or `authorize' as used in [KRS 531 .310] does not require an affirmative
act to cause Diaz to participate in the movie. To employ or induce a minor to engage in
the performance of sexual acts would necessitate such an affirmative act; however, the
definition of the offense is not limited to such affirmative acts .").
language . Four (4) months before trial, Appellant filed a Motion to Consolidate Counts
in which he stated both that he was "charged with eleven counts of 'employ[ing],
consent[ing] to, authoriz[ing], or induc[ing] a minor to engage in a sexual performance"'
and that "[t]he key element as pertaining to the defendant's guilt is whether he
employed, consented to, authorized, or induced a minor to engage in a sexual
performance ." In my view, this motion evidences Appellant's understanding that the
Commonwealth would seek to impose liability for each of the bases outlined in KRS
531 .310, and, as such, it reflects knowledge that refutes Appellant's assertion that he
was misled . Further, the actions taken (and not taken) by Appellant after the trial court
overruled his motion for a directed verdict (and informed counsel that it intended to
instruct the jury on not only the "induces" basis, but also the "employs" and "authorizes"
bases of KRS 531 .310 liability 14 ) are not what one would expect from someone who
14
Although not raised as an allegation of error in either the trial court or on
appeal to this Court, the manner in which the trial court dealt with Appellant's Motion for
Directed Verdict may have allowed the jury to return a non-unanimous verdict. The
basis for Appellant's Motion for Directed Verdict was that the Commonwealth had failed
to prove that Appellant had "induced" J .R. to participate in a sexual performance as
alleged in the indictment . Although the trial court denied Appellant's motion, it did so
because it found that the evidence would support a guilty verdict for one of the
alternative bases of KRS 531 .310 liability ("authorizes" and "employs"), but the trial
court never addressed (on the record, anyway) whether the evidence would support the
"induces" theory it submitted to the jury. If the evidence would not have permitted a jury
reasonably to conclude that Appellant had "induced" J.R. into a sexual performance,
even if it would have supported a guilty verdict under the other KRS 531 .310 bases, the
trial court risked reversible error by including the "induced" basis in the jury instructions .
See Neal v. Commonwealth , Ky., 95 S .W .3d 843 (2003). As Appellant does not
question the sufficiency of the evidence on appeal, did not object to including "induces"
in the instructions, and actually requested that the trial court include "consents to" after
the trial court expressed its preliminary belief that the evidence did not support a
conviction on that basis, I mention the possibility of error only to caution the bench and
bar of the need to tailor jury instructions to the evidence presented. See Cooper, supra
note 4 at §1 .06 at 18-19 ("[T]he instructions must have a source within the framework of
the evidence actually introduced at trial . . . . The jury should not be instructed on a
theory of the case not sustained by the evidence, or on a theory opposed to the
evidence." (footnotes omitted)).
had just been "sucker-punched" by an unexpected, mid-trial change of theory on the
part of the Commonwealth . Specifically, Appellant, through his trial counsel : (1) made
little effort to minimize his exposure to allegedly unexpected bases of liability and, in
fact, argued that, if the court had decided not to limit liability to "induces," it should
instruct on all of the KRS 531 .310 bases of liability, including "consents to," which the
trial court had indicated its intention not to include in the instructions ; (2) did not ask for
a continuance to retool the defense; (3) presented no evidence in his own defense, and
did not recall any of the Commonwealth's witnesses in order to mount a factual defense
to the alternative bases for KRS 531 .310 liability ; and (4) focused his closing argument
upon a technical, legal argument, which was wholly unrelated to the difference between
"induces" and the other KRS 531 .310 bases of liability and which Appellant had raised
previously in a pre-trial motion four (4) months prior to trial . I also observe that, in
support of this argument, counsel referenced the previous day's cross-examination
testimony and utilized poster-sized exhibits reproducing statutory language during his
closing - suggesting that this defense was not cobbled together overnight after a
surprise ruling by the trial court . In short, Appellant's trial counsel, no doubt recognizing
that he had little ability to muster a factual defense to this offense given his client's
admission that he took nude photographs of his pre-teen step-granddaughter, made a
clever attempt - albeit a bit of a "Hail Mary" - to win a directed verdict on a technicality .
Appellant, however, "was not misled, surprised or thrown off guard except insofar as he
chose to shoot the gap in reliance upon a mere technical defect of which he was fully
aware." 15 And, here, even "reliance" was absent because, when the trial court denied
Appellant's motion for a directed verdict of acquittal - and thereby prevented Appellant
'5
Robards v. Commonwealth , supra note 8 at 573.
-6-
from exploiting this technicality - Appellant was equipped to mount a defense against
the indictment on legal rather than factual grounds. As such, Appellant's defense
preparations would not have been prejudiced by an amendment of the indictment, and
the variance between the indictment and the instruction was thus a harmless error.
Although I believe that the de facto amendment of this indictment did not, in fact,
mislead Appellant as to the nature of the Commonwealth's allegations, I should
emphasize that I can envision how, in other cases, a defendant may be misled by an
indictment that identifies one or more bases or theories of liability and excludes others .
After all, under the theory of notice pleading incorporated within our criminal rules,
indictments are supposed to "fairly inform0 the defendant of the nature of the crime with
which he is charged ,"16 and RCr 6.10 accordingly provides that "[t]he indictment . . .
shall contain . . . a plain, concise and definite statement of the essential facts
constituting the specific offense with which the defendant is charged ."" Because our
rules allow - but do not require - an indictment to specify the means by which a
defendant committed an offense, 18 1 find it reasonable for a defendant to conclude that
the Commonwealth intends to hold him or her liable for an offense only under the bases
identified if bases are specified in the indictment. Accordingly, I simply do not agree
with the notion that, as long as the indictment complies with RCr 6.10(3) and "state[s] . .
. the official or customary citation of any applicable statute, rule, regulation, or other
provision of law which the defendant is alleged therein to have violated," 19 a defendant
16
17
Finch v. Commonwealth , supra note 8 at 147.
RCr 6 .10(2) (emphasis added) .
18 RCr 6 .10(3) ("It may be alleged in any count that the means by which the
defendant committed the offense are unknown or that the defendant committed it by
one or more specified means .").
19
has notice that the Commonwealth may seek instructions as to any and all statutory
means of committing the offense named .
After all, if the mere citation of an applicable
statute is sufficient notice, then the other provisions of RCr 6.10 are superfluous
because the indictment need only state that the defendant violated the statute. I am
confident from my review of the record that the Commonwealth's eleventh-hour request
for instructions permitting the jury to find Appellant guilty if it found that Appellant
"authorized," employed," or "consented to" J.R .'s participation in a sexual performance
was not delayed deliberately for tactical gain. This case, however, illustrates the need
for diligence on the part of both prosecutors - in reviewing evidence prior to presenting
cases to the grand jury, in drafting proposed indictments, in reviewing indictments
during subsequent preparations for trial, and in seeking amendments as soon as trial
preparations reveal that the evidence will support additional bases of liability - and
defense attorneys - in reviewing indictments returned by the grand jury in light of
discovery and independent investigations and, if necessary, seeking a bill of particulars
under RCr 6.22 when additional details regarding an accusation are needed in order to
prepare a defense .
In future cases, adequate preparation should help to eliminate any
risk of confusion .
Cooper, J., joins this concurring opinion .
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