State v. Fierro

257 Kan. 639 (1995)

STATE OF KANSAS, Appellee, v. JOHN E. FIERRO, Appellant.

No. 70,585

Supreme Court of Kansas.

Opinion filed May 10, 1995.

Brenton G. Lonker, of Shultz & Lonker, argued the cause and was on the brief for appellant.

JaLynn Copp, assistant attorney general, argued the cause, and Robert T. Stephan, attorney general, was with her on the brief for appellee.

Debra J. Wilson, assistant appellate defender, and Jessica R. Kunen, chief appellate defender, were on the brief for amicus curiae Office of the Kansas Appellate Defender.

*640 The opinion of the court was delivered by

ABBOTT, J.:

This is a sentencing case arising out of the period of transition from statutory indeterminate sentencing to sentencing under the Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4701 et seq. The KSGA took effect July 1, 1993. We concentrate on the rules governing offenders who committed crimes before July 1, 1993, but were not sentenced until after July 1, 1993, although the same rules would apply to persons sentenced before July 1, 1993, if the statutory elements of the crime or crimes they committed changed on or before July 1, 1993.

The defendant, John E. Fierro, was sentenced on July 9, 1993, for offenses he committed over a three-year period from 1989 to 1992. He pleaded nolo contendere to six counts of attempted indecent liberties with a child in violation of K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 21-3503 and K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 21-3301, class D felonies. The district court at sentencing: (1) denied probation and assignment to community corrections and imposed 3- to 10-year sentences to be served concurrently; (2) computed Fierro's sentence under the KSGA to be 32 months (grid block 5-I) on four counts and 18 months (grid block 6-I) on the remaining two counts (see K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4704); and (3) did not state whether and, if so, how the guidelines sentence would be applied to Fierro's benefit in the future.

Our jurisdiction is under K.S.A. 20-3018(c) (transfer from the Court of Appeals on our own motion).

FACTS

Fierro entered a plea of nolo contendere to an amended complaint charging him with six counts of attempted indecent liberties with a child. The district court accepted his plea and convicted him as charged on March 29, 1993. He appeared for sentencing on July 9, 1993.

Fierro, the State, and the district court agreed that Fierro's sentence should be computed both under the pre-guidelines statutes and under the KSGA. See K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f). *641 They disagreed on what the appropriate sentence would be under both schemes and on which scheme would control his sentence.

The district court believed the pre-guidelines sentence would control but also computed the guidelines sentence:

"As I understand it, what is going to control his sentence is the original sentencing and I think I've covered that. The only thing that the guidelines require was that I compute what I considered to be .. . his sentence under the guidelines as a guide to the corrections people and the parole board in the future."

In determining the pre-guidelines sentence, the trial court found that the maximum sentence should be imposed under the statute in existence when the crimes were committed, which was 3 to 10 years' imprisonment for each count. See K.S.A. 21-4501(d)(1). The six terms were made concurrent.

In calculating what Fierro's guidelines sentences would be, the trial court applied K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504, aggravated indecent liberties, and set the sentences at 32 months on counts 2, 3, 4, and 6 and 18 months on counts 1 and 5.

THE ISSUES

We consider whether the district court: (1) was required by K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f) or by equal protection principles to apply the guidelines retroactively to Fierro and (2) correctly determined Fierro's sentence. Three additional issues also require our review: (1) a preliminary challenge by the State to Fierro's standing; (2) the preservation of questions for appeal; and (3) an assertion by Fierro that the district court showed bias or prejudice towards him at sentencing.

Standing

The State contends that Fierro lacks standing to challenge the constitutionality of the KSGA, relying on the general rule that a party must have a sufficient interest in and have been aggrieved by a judgment in order to appeal. See Gigot v. Cities Service Oil Co., 241 Kan. 304, Syl. ¶ 1, 737 P.2d 18 (1987). The State attempts to use a statement from Fierro's brief that he is not "disadvantaged by the application of the sentencing guidelines" as an admission he has no standing. The State's argument is not well taken. The statement in Fierro's brief is lifted from its context. *642 Fierro alleges that he is disadvantaged by what he claims is unequal treatment by the guidelines' retroactivity provision. Fierro wants the guidelines to control his sentence because they impose on him a shorter term under the district court's calculation (32 months, maximum) than the statutory sentence he is presently serving (3 to 10 years) and, under his analysis, the guidelines mark him for presumptive probation. He has standing to bring his constitutional challenge.

Preservation of Constitutional Issues for Appeal

The State also claims that "[t]he trial court was not requested to rule on [the] issue regarding the [KSGA] violating the due process, ex post facto, and equal protection clauses of the United States Constitution." Thus, the State contends that we should not address these issues.

Contrary to the State's assertion, Fierro raised his equal protection and ex post facto arguments in the proceedings below. Fierro's counsel stated at the sentencing hearing that there was a problem under equal protection principles with having the pre-guidelines statutes control Fierro's sentence, rather than the guidelines. The district court agreed with Fierro but chose not to make a ruling on those grounds, saying it was not a problem that could be solved that day. The record indicates that the district court anticipated the issue being raised on appeal, and for that reason the court did not give the issue any further consideration. With respect to the ex post facto argument, Fierro's counsel discussed this claim at length in his brief in opposition to the State's successful motion to reconsider the sentence. We conclude that Fierro properly raised his equal protection and ex post facto arguments in the trial court.

As for Fierro's due process argument, the State may be correct because we are unable to locate in the record where Fierro expressly objected to the guidelines or to his sentence on due process grounds. However, this omission is of no practical consequence because the only specific and independent due process argument that Fierro appears to make on appeal is virtually indistinguishable in substance from his equal protection argument. *643 We have recognized that the analyses under the equal protection and due process clauses are almost identical. See Chiles v. State, 254 Kan. 888, Syl. ¶ 10, 869 P.2d 707, cert. denied 115 S. Ct. 149 (1994) ("The test in determining the constitutionality of a statute under due process or equal protection concepts weighs almost identical factors."). We will review Fierro's equal protection and ex post facto arguments.

DISCUSSION

The Equal Protection Challenge

There is uncertainty and disagreement between the parties about how the guidelines and pre-guidelines sentencing schemes apply to Fierro and others sentenced after July 1, 1993, for crimes committed before that date. The district court did not indicate whether, in its view, Fierro would be entitled to convert his statutory sentence to the guidelines sentence at some later date and, if so, how such conversion would occur. Cf. State v. Gonzales, 255 Kan. 243, 250, 874 P.2d 612 (1994) (conversion is mandatory for persons sentenced before July 1, 1993, if they qualify for retroactivity under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724[b]).

This appeal involves statutory construction. The interpretation of a statute is a question of law. Our standard of review is unlimited. State v. Donlay, 253 Kan. 132, 133-34, 853 P.2d 680 (1993).

Fierro contends that K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724 excludes otherwise qualified offenders like him, who committed their crimes before July 1, 1993, but were sentenced after that date, from the benefits of retroactivity. He argues that he is therefore treated less favorably than similar offenders sentenced before July 1, 1993. The disparate treatment, he asserts, is not supported by a rational basis and thus violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Fierro's constitutional challenge is one of first impression. It involves a different challenge to K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724 than the one we resolved in Chiles v. State, 254 Kan. at 901 (finding, in part, that the "more serious versus less serious offenses" classification for determining to whom retroactivity applies has a rational basis and thus passes equal protection challenge).

*644 In Gonzales, 255 Kan. at 250-51, we held that conversion to a guidelines sentence is mandatory for persons who qualify for retroactivity under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(b). Subsection (b) applies, in pertinent part, to persons sentenced prior to July 1, 1993, "who committed crimes which would be classified in a presumptive nonimprisonment grid block on either sentencing grid, [or in a border box of the nondrug grid] ..., if sentenced pursuant to the Kansas sentencing guidelines act." (Emphasis added.) K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(b).

Fierro was sentenced on July 9, 1993, and therefore the district court applied K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f), which states:

"In the case of any person to whom the provisions of this section shall apply, who committed a crime prior to July 1, 1993, but was sentenced after July 1, 1993, the sentencing court shall impose a sentence as provided pursuant to law as the law existed prior to July 1, 1993, and shall compute the appropriate sentence had the person been sentenced pursuant to the Kansas sentencing guidelines."

Under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f), the district court concluded that Fierro's controlling sentence was the pre-guidelines 3- to 10-year term. The district court also computed Fierro's guidelines sentence, as subsection (f) requires, but gave no indication if or when the guidelines sentence might become relevant. The district court did not apply the guidelines retroactively to Fierro.

It is unclear whether and, if so, how Fierro would be able to convert his sentence to the guidelines sentence at some time in the future, assuming his pre-guidelines sentence initially controls under the district court's order. The KSGA does not expressly provide Fierro such a right. The conversion procedure established in K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724 applies only to "persons who committed crimes and were sentenced prior to July 1, 1993." K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(c)(1) begins:

"Except as provided in subsection (f), the department of corrections shall conduct a review of all persons who committed crimes and were sentenced prior to July 1, 1993, and are imprisoned in the custody of the secretary of corrections as of that date."

The "Except as provided in subsection (f)" language is confusing, since subsection (f) expressly applies to a completely different *645 group of persons ("sentenced after July 1, 1993") than those to whom subsection (c)(1) expressly applies ("sentenced prior to July 1, 1993"). We do not see how subsection (f) is an "exception" to (c)(1), since the two provisions seem exclusive of each other on their own terms. We reason that the legislature intended to cross-reference subsection (f) in subsection (c)(1) to highlight the fact that the two provisions apply to separate groups of offenders and that offenders who fall under subsection (f) were not entitled to (and would not necessarily need) the conversion procedure outlined in subsections (c) and (d).

The 1994 Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Desk Reference Manual, prepared by the Kansas Sentencing Commission, vaguely suggests that some otherwise eligible offenders (based on the 21-4724[b] "less serious offense" criteria) sentenced after July 1, 1993, may be able to receive the benefits of retroactivity. In discussing 21-4724(f), the manual states the following:

"For those offenders who committed crimes prior to July 1, 1993, but who were sentenced after that date, the court must impose a sentence pursuant to the law in effect before July 1, 1993. However, the guidelines sentence must be computed as well as a means of determining whether the offender is thereby excluded from eligibility for retroactive application of the sentencing guidelines or not. The offender may challenge the compiled criminal history prior to sentencing. The Department of Corrections may use this information to determine eligibility for retroactive application of the guidelines, or a court may take judicial notice of these documents in a subsequent hearing." (Emphasis added.) 1994 Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Desk Reference Manual, p. 37.

If, as the Sentencing Commission suggests, the purpose of computing the guidelines sentence for persons sentenced after July 1, 1993, is to determine whether they are eligible for retroactivity (i.e., whether their guidelines sentence falls within the presumptive probation or border box grid blocks), then the natural implication is that offenders deemed eligible will receive the benefits of retroactivity. If a particular offender would not benefit from a retroactive application of the guidelines, but rather would be disadvantaged, then the offender's original pre-guidelines sentence would remain in effect. K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(e) ("A person's sentence shall not be increased in length through a conversion to one under sentencing guidelines."); see State v. Nunn, *646 244 Kan. 207, 219, 768 P.2d 268 (1989). The State makes a similar assertion about the application of K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724, alleging that for eligible offenders, "both sentences will be administered by the Department of Corrections [and] whichever sentence has the earliest release date is the one the Department of Corrections will abide by." Thus, the State seems to agree with our assessment of the interplay between the pre- and post-guidelines sentencing schemes.

We believe that when including subsection (f) in K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724, the legislature was trying to avoid any potential ex post facto problems resulting in the event that the guidelines increased the penalty for a particular offender who committed a crime before the July 1, 1993, effective date, but who was not sentenced until after that date. See K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(e). An ex post facto violation occurs when a new law is retroactively applied to events that occurred before its enactment and the new law disadvantages the offender affected by it. Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 430, 96 L. Ed. 2d 351, 107 S. Ct. 2446 (1987). By inserting a blanket prohibition on adverse retroactivity for pre-July 1, 1993, offenders sentenced after the effective date, the legislature ensured that no such offender would receive a longer sentence because of the guidelines.

Would the granting of retroactivity to some qualified offenders who committed crimes before July 1, 1993, but not to other similar offenders who also committed crimes before July 1, 1993, with the distinction based on the date of sentencing, violate the equal protection rights of similar offenders sentenced after July 1, 1993? Fierro thinks so, and we agree.

As in Chiles, the applicable level of scrutiny in Fierro's case for the challenged classification based on the date of sentencing is the rational basis test. See Chiles, 254 Kan. at 901. The challenged legislative classification will be upheld if it bears a rational relationship to a legitimate objective. 254 Kan. at 892. The State has not articulated either a rational basis or a legitimate objective for providing beneficial retroactivity to one offender whose sentencing took place, for example, on June 30, 1993, while denying retroactivity to an otherwise identical offender whose sentencing *647 took place on July 2, 1993. The State's argument concerning the rational basis test is not persuasive. The State attempts to justify why different offenders' hearings are held at different times, rather than why one group is given retroactivity while the other group is not.

In Chiles, we held that the line drawn by the legislature in providing retroactivity to "less serious" offenders but not to "more serious" offenders was "rationally related to the purpose of reducing the prison population while protecting public safety." 254 Kan. at 901. We can think of no comparable purpose for drawing a line between less serious offenders sentenced before July 1, 1993, and less serious offenders sentenced after that date. Such a line is not rationally related to public safety concerns, since both groups of offenders are among those deemed less serious.

If K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f) denied retroactivity to persons sentenced after July 1, 1993, who would otherwise qualify for retroactivity under 21-4724(b), the statute would violate the Equal Protection Clause. We therefore construe the statute as providing offenders sentenced after July 1, 1993, who are otherwise qualified for retroactivity under 21-4724(b), the same opportunity for retroactivity as offenders sentenced before that date. This construction is derived from legislative intent as expressed in K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724.

"`In determining legislative intent, courts are not limited to a mere consideration of the language used, but look to the historical background of the enactment, the circumstances attending its passage, the purpose to be accomplished and the effect the statute may have under the various constructions suggested.' "`... When the interpretation of one section of an act according to the exact and literal import of its words would contravene the manifest purpose of the legislature, the entire act should be construed according to its spirit and reason, disregarding so far as may be necessary the literal import of words or phrases which conflict with the manifest purpose of the legislature.'" Gonzales, 255 Kan. at 249 (quoting Brown v. Keill, 224 Kan. 195, Syl. ¶¶ 3, 4, 580 P.2d 867 [1978]).

Under the guidelines classification computed by the district court, Fierro qualifies for retroactivity under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(b).

Fierro's Guidelines Sentence

We now address Fierro's challenge to the district court's computation *648 of his guidelines sentence. The question is whether the district court correctly determined Fierro's sentence under the KSGA. Fierro contends that the district court committed an ex post facto violation in determining his offense severity level. He also contends that his correct guidelines sentence calls for presumptive probation and that the district court failed to justify its departure from probation in announcing his guidelines sentence. The parties agree that Fierro's criminal history category is "I" (no prior record).

In addition to the first-impression nature of the interplay between pre- and post-guidelines sentences, the case at bar also presents a general question of first impression concerning how a sentencing court should determine a guidelines sentence for a crime committed before July 1, 1993. Many of the substantive criminal statutes were substantially amended when the guidelines were enacted. Crimes that were previously defined in broad terms and classified as a general class of felony were broken down by the legislature into different crimes and were assigned different severity levels. Many of the variations that now give rise to different severity levels did not exist in the criminal laws prior to July 1, 1993. The indecent liberties and aggravated indecent liberties statutes at issue in Fierro's case are but two examples. Similar problems have arisen with aggravated battery, see State v. Houdyshell, 20 Kan. App.2d 90, 884 P.2d 437 (1994), and aggravated incest, see State v. Colston, 20 Kan. App.2d 107, 883 P.2d 1231 (1994).

The problem is this: The substantive criminal statutes that defined crimes before July 1, 1993, did not contain "severity levels," which are necessary to compute a guidelines sentence under the KSGA. Severity levels are found only in the substantive criminal statutes that took effect July 1, 1993. Had the legislature made no substantive changes to the criminal laws when enacting the guidelines, but simply converted the "class felony" system to a "severity level" system without touching the names, elements, and definitions of the substantive crimes, the perplexing problem now before us would not exist. However, the legislature made substantial changes to many substantive crimes. As a result, it is often *649 difficult to determine the guidelines severity level of a pre-July 1, 1993, offense.

The reasoning of this appeal applies to all those crimes amended effective July 1, 1993, plus any crimes amended after a prisoner commenced serving a sentence, whether the amendment occurred before or after July 1, 1993. They are countless and involve a large number of prisoners.

Historically, and in this case, the fundamental rule is that a person convicted of a crime is given the sentence in effect when the crime was committed. See State v. Reed, 248 Kan. 792, 795, 811 P.2d 1163 (1991). That rule is codified in K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4723 and K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f), which require the sentencing court to impose a sentence as provided pursuant to law as the law existed prior to July 1, 1993. The sentence imposed on Fierro was 3 to 10 years in prison. The conversion of that sentence is an act of grace on the part of the legislature, and so long as all persons similarly sentenced are treated the same there is no constitutional issue. In those cases where a crime is committed prior to July 1, 1993, and sentencing occurs after that date, although the trial court must impose a sentence according to the pre-July 1, 1993, law, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f) also requires the trial judge to next compute what the sentence would be had the defendant been sentenced pursuant to the Kansas sentencing guidelines. Why is this provision in the statute? The issue before us is one of legislative intent. We believe the provision requiring calculation of the guidelines sentence by the trial court was added by the legislature to enable the trial court to resolve the guidelines issue while the facts were fresh and readily available to both the defendant and the prosecutor and to prevent subsequent appeals to the trial court should the defendant or the prosecutor disagree with the Department of Corrections' calculations on conversion.

In cases involving prisoners already serving sentences on July 1, 1993, the legislature provided that if a dispute arose as to conversion, that person could request a hearing in the trial court in which the person was originally sentenced (either direct review or as a K.S.A. 60-1507 motion) and have the dispute settled. That step is not necessary for those sentenced after July 1, 1993, because *650 the legislature wisely provided for those issues to be disposed of at sentencing by having the trial court compute the sentencing guidelines sentence just as the Department of Corrections does for prisoners who were serving sentences on July 1, 1993.

The legislature clearly intended that the defendant's sentence be modified by comparison with the sentencing guidelines as if the "crime" had been committed on or after July 1, 1993. In converting a sentence, the legislature intended that the Department of Corrections use records available to it to determine what the defendant did when the crime was committed and convert that crime to an analogous crime existing after July 1, 1993. This is reflected throughout the sentencing guidelines. See, for example, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4707(b), (c)(1), and K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4711(e).

The legislature also allows the Department of Corrections to compute criminal history based on its own records and the records of others, which in many cases are not part of the defendant's court record. A defendant's criminal history includes juvenile offenses and criminal convictions that have been expunged. This shows legislative intent that the true facts of an offense be used to determine what the defendant would be sentenced to if the crime had occurred after July 1, 1993. The conversion should be based on the facts and should not ignore what has been charged and either proven or admitted by the defendant, as in this case.

This case has significance in cases other than indecent liberties. It will apply to nearly all sex crimes involving minors as victims. It will also apply, for example, to aggravated arson, aggravated assault on a law enforcement officer, and aggravated battery on a law enforcement officer; to any offense where a firearm was used to commit a person felony; to drug crimes where solicitation, conspiracy, or attempt was not an element prior to 1993; and to many drug cases, based on the weight of the illegal substance.

Here, Fierro pleaded guilty to crimes involving victims whose ages are not in dispute. The legislature has expressed great concern for criminal acts directed at young children as demonstrated by the number of new crimes involving sexual acts committed on minors and by increasing penalties for these crimes.

*651 We hold the legislature intended that the trial court compute the sentence under the sentencing guidelines by looking at actual conduct and by applying the actual acts committed to the comparable crime in effect after July 1, 1993.

It is important to remember the trial court at this stage is not dealing with guilt or innocence of a defendant. The defendant has been convicted and sentenced for the crime in effect with the defendant committed the crime. The issue before the court is whether the defendant will have a sentence reduction based on the severity level set by the legislature for crimes in effect on or after July 1, 1993.

The trial judge is not to impose a sentence under the sentencing guidelines. The trial judge has already imposed the sentence based on the statutes in effect when the crime was committed. All the trial judge is to do is compute the sentence that would have been imposed had the defendant been sentenced pursuant to the sentencing guidelines. K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(f). The Department of Corrections will then require the defendant to serve the lesser of the two.

In summary, we approve State v. Colston, 20 Kan. App.2d 107, 883 P.2d 1231 (1994), and disapprove other Court of Appeals decisions to the contrary.

Bias or Prejudice at Sentencing

Fierro interprets some of the district court's comments during the sentencing hearing as indicating a bias or prejudice against sex offenders and a "predisposition" in favor of imprisonment for pedophiles. He cites State v. Fisher, 249 Kan. 649, 652, 822 P.2d 602 (1991), in which we held that the district court's comments indicated that it did not exercise any discretion in imposing a sentence of imprisonment on a narcotics offender, in violation of K.S.A. 21-4601. The sentencing record in the instant case does not support Fierro's contention of bias. Nor does it support the contention that the district court was incapable of rendering a fair, objective, and impartial decision because of the nature of Fierro's offenses.

CONCLUSION

Fierro qualifies for and is therefore entitled to retroactive application *652 of the KSGA. Consequently, his guidelines sentence controls to the extent that it benefits him. If it disadvantages him compared to his pre-guidelines sentence, then his pre-guidelines sentence must control. Therefore, both his pre-guidelines sentence and his guidelines sentence must be computed, separately, in order to effectively impose and administer Fierro's sentence. The trial court properly computed Fierro's pre-guidelines sentence and guidelines sentence.

Affirmed.

SIX, J., concurring and dissenting:

I agree with the majority that: (1) Fierro has standing, (2) he preserved his constitutional issues for appeal, and (3) he failed to show bias or prejudice at sentencing. I also agree that Fierro qualifies for retroactivity under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(b).

I dissent from the majority's analysis for determining Fierro's guidelines sentence and from the disposition of the case. I would reverse and remand for resentencing.

Supplemental Facts

Fierro pleaded nolo contendere to six counts of attempted indecent liberties with a child and was convicted as charged on March 29, 1993. He appeared for sentencing on July 9, 1993.

In determining the pre-guidelines sentence, the district court discussed the K.S.A. 21-4606 factors and imposed the maximum sentence for each count, which was 3 to 10 years. See K.S.A. 21-4501(d)(1). The six terms were made concurrent.

The district court then computed the guidelines sentence for each count (see K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4704[a] for the guidelines grid for nondrug crimes). Fierro's criminal history category was "I." The district court originally determined that the offense severity level for attempted indecent liberties was either 6 or 7, depending on the age of the victim at the time of the offense (e.g., in counts 1 and 5 the victims were 14 or older at the time; therefore, the offenses were less severe under the sentencing statute applied by the district court). Thus, the district court noted that grid box 6-I called for 18 months on counts 2, 3, 4, and 6, and grid box 7-I called for 12 months on counts 1 and 5. The *653 district court did not specifically take notice, however, that the grid boxes applicable to Fierro called for "presumptive probation."

After announcing Fierro's terms of imprisonment, the court addressed what it viewed as a "motion for probation." The court concluded that Fierro should not be placed on probation.

Defense counsel argued that the court must consider the possibility of assignment to community corrections if it denied probation for Fierro. In pronouncing the sentence, the court did not expressly consider assignment to community corrections. The journal entry, however, stated that "the court denies the defendant's motions for probation and community corrections."

Several days later the State filed a motion to reconsider Fierro's guidelines sentence. The State argued that the offense severity levels should have been lower (resulting in a greater sentence) based on the July 1, 1993, amendments to K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 21-3503 and K.S.A. 21-3504, which changed the penalties and modified the definitions of indecent liberties and aggravated indecent liberties. The district court granted the State's motion. Accordingly, the court applied K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504, aggravated indecent liberties, and increased Fierro's guidelines sentences to 32 months on counts 2, 3, 4, and 6 and to 18 months on counts 1 and 5.

Discussion

As the majority notes, the substantive criminal statutes that defined crimes before July 1, 1993, did not contain "severity levels," which are necessary to compute a guidelines sentence under the KSGA. Severity levels are found only in the substantive criminal statutes that took effect July 1, 1993.

The legislature provided no guidance for courts trying to solve the crime comparison problem. The retroactivity statute simply instructs courts to determine the appropriate guidelines sentence for crimes as if they had been committed on or after July 1, 1993. K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724(b)(1), (c)(1). The legislature was silent as to whether the guidelines sentence should be based upon the name of the pre-guidelines crime, the elements of the pre-guidelines *654 crime, or the sum of the criminal activity which led to the conviction.

Fierro was convicted of attempted indecent liberties with a child under K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 21-3503 and K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 21-3301. At the time of Fierro's offenses, the indecent liberties and aggravated indecent liberties statutes provided as follows:

21-3503. Indecent liberties with a child.

"(1) Indecent liberties with a child is engaging in any of the following acts with a child who is under 16 years of age:

(a) Sexual intercourse; or

(b) any lewd fondling or touching ... of either the child or the offender, done or submitted to with the intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the offender, or both; or (c) soliciting the child to engage in any lewd fondling or touching of ... another with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of the child, the offender or another. "(2) It shall be a defense ... that the child was married to the accused at the time of the offense. "(3) Indecent liberties with a child is a class C felony."

21-3504. Aggravated indecent liberties with a child.

"(1) Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is the commission of indecent liberties with a child, as defined in K.S.A. 21-3503 and amendments thereto, by any guardian, proprietor or employee of any foster home, orphanage or other public or private institution for the care and custody of minor children, to whose charge the child has been committed or entrusted by any court, court services officer, department of social and rehabilitation services or other agency acting under color of law. "(2) Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is a class B felony."

Three observations regarding the pre-July 1, 1993, versions of these statutes are important. First, consent or lack of consent by the victim was irrelevant. Second, whether the victim was under 16 was the only relevant age factor. Third, what distinguished aggravated indecent liberties from indecent liberties was strictly the nature of the relationship between the offender and the victim. Fierro did not have the necessary relationship with his victims to establish aggravated indecent liberties under K.S.A. 1992 Supp. 21-3504.

By the time Fierro was sentenced, after July 1, 1993, the indecent liberties statutes read as follows:

*655 21-3503. Indecent liberties with a child.

"(a) Indecent liberties with a child is engaging in any of the following acts with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age: (1) Any lewd fondling or touching ... of either the child or the offender, done or submitted to with the intent to arouse or to satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the offender, or both; or (2) soliciting the child to engage in any lewd fondling or touching ... of another with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of the child, the offender or another. "(b) It shall be a defense to a prosecution of indecent liberties with a child as described in subsection (a)(1) that the child was married to the accused at the time of the offense. "(c) Indecent liberties with a child is a severity level 5, person felony." (Emphasis added.)

21-3504. Aggravated indecent liberties with a child.

"(a) Aggravated indecent liberties with a child is:

(1) Sexual intercourse with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age; (2) engaging in any of the following acts with a child who is 14 or more years of age but less than 16 years of age and who does not consent thereto; (A) Any lewd fondling or touching ... of either the child or the offender, done or submitted to with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the offender, or both; or (B) causing the child to engage in any lewd fondling or touching of ... another with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of the child, the offender or another; or (3) engaging in any of the following acts with a child who is under 14 years of age: (A) Any lewd fondling or touching ... of either the child or the offender, done or submitted to with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the offender, or both; or (B) soliciting the child to engage in any lewd fondling or touching of ... another with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of the child, the offender or another. "(b) It shall be a defense to a prosecution of aggravated indecent liberties with a child as provided in subsection (a)(1), (a)(2)(A) and (a)(3)(A) that the child was married to the accused at the time of the offense. "(c) Aggravated indecent liberties with a child as described in subsections (a)(1) and (a)(3) is a severity level 3, person felony [and] as described in subsection (a)(2) is a severity level 4, person felony." (Emphasis added.)

Under the July 1, 1993, amendments, with respect to lewd fondling and touching (the allegations in the case at bar), indecent *656 liberties occurs only when the victim is 14 or more but less than 16 years of age and consents. If the victim is between 14 and 16 and does not consent, the aggravated indecent liberties statute applies. If the victim is under 14, regardless of consent, the crime is aggravated indecent liberties.

I believe Fierro's crime severity levels must be determined under indecent liberties, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3503. Like the statute under which he was convicted, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3503 does not require a showing of lack of consent. The statute used to determine his guidelines sentence in this case, and upheld by the majority, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504, requires a showing of lack of consent with respect to victims over 14 but less than 16. I also believe that the fact that some victims were under 14 should not be used against the defendant, as it would be under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504(a)(3), since the victim's being under 14 was not a relevant factor at the time of the offenses. The only reason the age factors were applied in determining Fierro's guidelines sentence was because such facts were unnecessarily set forth in the amended complaint. Under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3503, Fierro's crime severity level would be 7 (a two level increase because the crime was an attempt, see K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3301[c]), and his grid box would be 7-I for each count, which calls for "presumptive probation."

The district court should not have looked to the underlying facts of Fierro's conviction and applied them to the new indecent liberties statutes to determine the crime severity level. Rather, the current statute most analogous in its legal elements to the statute of conviction, without containing any additional elements, should have been applied. Facts such as age (whether the victims were under 14) and lack of consent should not have been considered "established" since they were not necessary to (i.e., elements of) Fierro's conviction.

Assume, for example, that the amended complaint in this case had been less specific, i.e., it did not list the victims' ages or describe the offenses in detail but simply used the statutory language in effect at the time the offenses were committed (e.g., "Fierro committed lewd fondling and touching with a girl, A.H., *657 under the age of 16."). Would Fierro's guidelines sentence have been determined under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504? Could the State have introduced evidence at the sentencing hearing as to the girl's specific age at the time of the offenses and the circumstances of each offense in order to have Fierro's guidelines sentence computed under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504 rather than K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3503? If Fierro had been convicted by jury trial, could the sentencing court have looked at the trial transcript or the description of the offense in a presentence investigation report in order to determine Fierro's true "crime" for purposes of selecting the appropriate severity level?

I turn now to the recent case State v. Colston, 20 Kan. App.2d 107, 883 P.2d 1231 (1994), endorsed by the majority. Colston was convicted in 1992 of aggravated incest under K.S.A. 21-3603 based on alleged acts of sodomy with his seven- or eight-year-old child. Following K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4724, the Department of Corrections (DOC) issued a retroactivity report placing Colston's severity level at 5 based on the new crime by the same name and statutory section, aggravated incest, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3603. The State contested the report, arguing that the new crime more applicable to Colston's crime was now aggravated criminal sodomy, a severity level 2 crime. See K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3506.

The old aggravated incest statute applied to any act of sodomy with one's own child under 18. The new aggravated incest statute pertained to sodomy with one's own child only if the child was between 16 and 18. Under the new statutes, sodomy with one's own child under the age of 16 is aggravated criminal sodomy.

Colston's amended information alleged the date of birth of the victim, the date of the crime, and the fact that the victim was Colston's own child. Thus, it could be determined from the charging document that the victim was seven or eight years old at the time of the crime and was Colston's child. Colston pleaded nolo contendere to the charges. The Court of Appeals agreed with the State and held that the "criminal activity" alleged in the "well-pleaded facts" in the charging document, not the name of the crime, determines the appropriate guidelines sentence. 20 Kan. App.2d at 112. Thus, the Court of Appeals concluded that Colston's *658 guidelines sentence should be derived from the aggravated criminal sodomy statute, which carries an offense severity level of 2. 20 Kan. App.2d at 115-16.

It was not necessary to prove the exact age of the child victim to convict Colston of his original crime and, for that reason, Colston would have had no reason or incentive to contest the age of the child set forth in the information, as long as he conceded the child was under 18. However, the Court of Appeals held it "established" that the child was under 16 based on the charging document to which Colston pleaded nolo contendere. See 20 Kan. App.2d at 115. Achieving that result, however, required looking beyond the elements of the crime of conviction and could give rise to unfair results, or additional fact-finding procedures, in other cases. I disagree, in part, with the Court of Appeals' analysis in Colston.

Next, consider the situation where an essential element of a new crime proposed as the "sentencing" crime was not alleged in the charging documents. In Fierro's case, the amended complaint failed to specifically allege that the victims did not consent. Nevertheless, Fierro was sentenced on counts 1 and 5 under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3504(a)(2) (applicable to victims between 14 and 16; requires a lack of consent). The Court of Appeals recently addressed a similar question in State v. Houdyshell, 20 Kan. App.2d 90, 884 P.2d 437 (1994). The majority in the case at bar cites Houdyshell without discussion.

In Houdyshell, two defendants were convicted before and sentenced after July 1, 1993, on charges of aggravated battery under K.S.A. 21-3414. The aggravated battery statute was amended July 1, 1993, and subdivided into different parts with different crime severity levels. The district court determined the Houdyshells' crime severity levels based on a subsection of the new statute that contained an element (intent to commit serious bodily harm) which was neither alleged in the charging documents nor included in the elements of the crime of conviction.

The Court of Appeals in Houdyshell reversed, holding that "[i]f an information fails to allege an essential element of a crime, the district court has no jurisdiction to sentence a defendant for that *659 crime or to calculate the offenders' [KSGA] sentence as if the offender had been convicted of that crime." 20 Kan. App.2d 90, Syl. ¶ 3. The Court of Appeals further held that "[d]ue process requires that the State prove all essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt before a defendant can be convicted of or sentenced for that crime. 20 Kan. App.2d 90, Syl. ¶ 4. The Court of Appeals' reasoning is persuasive. I agree with Houdyshell's rationale.

Of the three alternatives (name, elements, or the sum of the criminal activity) for ascertaining the most appropriate post-July 1, 1993, crime to determine a severity level for a pre-July 1, 1993, conviction, I conclude the "elements approach" is preferable and should be used. Fierro's guidelines sentence should be determined by K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-3503, which would place him in grid block 7-I (12 months; presumptive probation).

With respect to Fierro's pre-guidelines sentence, K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4606a addresses presumptive probation for crimes committed before July 1, 1993. The presumptive sentence for a first-time felon convicted of a class D felony is probation, unless the crime falls within articles 34, 35, or 36 under Chapter 21 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated or was an attempt to commit such a crime. Although Fierro was a first-time felon convicted of a class D felony, his crimes were attempts to commit an article 35 crime (indecent liberties, 21-3503); consequently, he did not qualify for presumptive probation under the pre-guidelines sentencing statutes.

Fierro contends, however, that the district court erred by failing to consider the presumptive status of assignment to community corrections. I agree. The majority does not address this contention. Fierro relies on the construction of K.S.A. 1991 Supp. 21-4606b in State v. Turner, 251 Kan. 43, 48, 833 P.2d 921 (1992). The amendments to 21-4606b in effect at the time of Fierro's sentencing on July 9, 1993, are primarily technical and do not change the pertinent language of 21-4606b as it was construed in Turner.

K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4606b(a) provides that if probation is not granted pursuant to 21-4606a, "the presumptive sentence for a *660 person convicted of a class D or E felony shall be assignment to a community correctional services program on terms the court determines." K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4606b(b) further states that in determining whether to actually assign the defendant to community corrections under the presumption, the court "shall consider" certain "aggravating circumstances," including whether the crime was an article 34, 35, or 36 crime, or an attempt to commit such a crime. Under K.S.A. 1993 Supp. 21-4606b(b), the fact that the crime was an attempt to commit an article 35 crime is not an absolute bar to imposing a sentence of assignment to community corrections, but is just one of three aggravating circumstances to consider. See State v. Turner, 251 Kan. at 49.

The district court should have determined whether there were sufficient aggravating circumstances under 21-4606b(b) to rebut the presumption of assignment to a community correctional services program or whether the presumption controls Fierro's sentence.

Conclusion

Fierro's sentence should be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing. Both his pre-guidelines sentence and his guidelines sentence must be computed, separately and correctly, in order to effectively impose and administer Fierro's sentence.

ALLEGRUCCI, J., joins the foregoing concurring and dissenting opinion.