STATE OF IOWA vs. JAMES ALEXANDER EVANS
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF IOWA
No. 08–0532
Filed June 25, 2010
STATE OF IOWA,
Appellee,
vs.
JAMES ALEXANDER EVANS,
Appellant.
On review from the Iowa Court of Appeals.
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Eliza J.
Ovrom, Judge.
Defendant claims trial counsel was ineffective for failing to
challenge submission of a jury instruction that included assault as
defined under Iowa Code section 708.1(1) (2005) as a lesser-included
offense to the crime of attempt to commit murder. AFFIRMED.
Mark C. Smith, State Appellate Defender, and Shellie L. Knipfer,
Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, Thomas S. Tauber, Assistant
Attorney General, John Sarcone, County Attorney, and Frank Severino,
Assistant County Attorney, for appellee.
2
PER CURIAM.
The defendant, James Evans, appeals from his conviction for
assault and contends his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object
to the instruction on assault as a lesser-included offense of attempt to
commit murder.
He claims we should overrule Blanford v. State, 340
N.W.2d 796 (Iowa Ct. App. 1983), and State v. Powers, 278 N.W.2d 26
(Iowa 1979), to the extent those decisions hold assault is a lesserincluded offense of attempt to commit murder. We hold that assault is a
lesser-included offense under Iowa Code section 708.1(1) (2005). Evans’s
counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to the inclusion of assault
as a lesser-included offense of the charges submitted.
I.
Background Facts and Proceedings.
James Evans was accused of robbing the Mister Money Store on
South East 14th Street in Des Moines on June 26, 2007.
He was
charged with four crimes: (1) attempted murder in violation of Iowa Code
section 707.11, (2) first-degree robbery in violation of Iowa Code sections
711.1 and 711.2, (3) intimidation with a dangerous weapon with intent
in
violation
of
Iowa
Code
section
708.6,
and
(4) eluding
while
participating in a felony in violation of Iowa Code section 321.279(3).
A jury trial was held. The matter was submitted to the jury at the
close of the trial. The court submitted jury instructions on assault with
intent to inflict serious injury in violation of Iowa Code sections 708.1(1)
and 708.1(2) as lesser-included offenses of attempted murder. The jury
found Evans guilty of assault with intent to inflict serious injury, firstdegree robbery, intimidation with a dangerous weapon with intent, and
eluding while participating in a felony.
Evans appealed.
In his appeal, he challenged his conviction for
assault with intent to inflict serious injury, claiming that attempted
3
murder does not include the lesser-included offense of assault with
intent to inflict serious injury under the Iowa test for lesser-included
offenses. He also claimed he was denied effective assistance of counsel
because his attorney failed to object to the submission to the jury of
assault as a lesser-included crime. He did not challenge his three other
convictions.
His appeal was routed to the court of appeals.
The court of
appeals found that assault was a lesser-included offense of attempt to
commit murder and affirmed his conviction. He filed an application for
further review, which we accepted.
II.
Scope of Review.
Generally we preserve ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claims for
postconviction relief; however, we will address these claims on direct
appeal if the record is sufficient. State v. Lane, 726 N.W.2d 371, 392–93
(Iowa 2007). We find the record adequate to address Evans’s claim.
To establish an ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim, a defendant
must demonstrate by a preponderance of the evidence that:
“ ‘(1) his
trial counsel failed to perform an essential duty, and (2) this failure
resulted in prejudice.’ ” Anfinson v. State, 758 N.W.2d 496, 499 (Iowa
2008) (quoting State v. Straw, 709 N.W.2d 128, 133 (Iowa 2006)). The
claim fails if either element is lacking. Id.
III.
Discussion and Analysis.
At Evans’s trial, the assault alternatives in both Iowa Code section
708.1(1) and section 708.1(2) were submitted to the jury. Evans’s sole
contention in this appeal is that assault as defined under Iowa Code
section 708.1(1) is not a lesser-included offense of attempted murder.1
1Evans
was convicted of assault with intent to inflict serious injury under
instructions that contained both subsections (1) and (2) of Iowa Code section 708.1.
Because the conviction of that count was under a general verdict, we cannot determine
4
We recently held in a companion case that assault as defined in Iowa
Code section 708.1(1) is a lesser-included offense of attempted murder.
State v. Braggs, __ N.W.2d __, __ (Iowa 2010); see also Iowa R. Crim. P.
2.6(3) (“In cases where the public offense charged may include some
lesser offense it is the duty of the trial court to instruct the jury, not only
as to the public offense charged but as to all lesser offenses of which the
accused might be found guilty under the indictment and upon the
evidence adduced, even though such instructions have not been
requested.”).
Because an objection to assault, as defined under Iowa Code
section 708.1(1), as a lesser-included offense would have been without
merit, we find Evans’s counsel was not ineffective for failing to object to
the inclusion of assault as a lesser-included offense of attempted
murder.
IV.
Disposition.
We affirm Evans’s conviction and sentence.
AFFIRMED.
This opinion shall not be published.
which alternative was the basis of the jury’s verdict. Assault as defined in subsection
(2) requires:
Any act which is intended to place another in fear of immediate physical
contact which will be painful, injurious, insulting, or offensive, coupled
with the apparent ability to execute the act.
Iowa Code § 708.1(2). Because the argument has not been made, we do not answer the
question whether an assault under subsection (2) is a lesser-included offense of
attempted murder, i.e., whether a threat may be sufficient to sustain a conviction for
assault under subsection (2) if intended to provoke fear and the defendant had the
apparent ability to execute the act threatened, but not support a charge of attempted
murder which requires the intent to do actual physical harm, not just instill fear of
future harm in the victim.
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