1. While it is true that it is essential to a sale that both
parties should consent to it, yet the consent of the former owner
need not be expressly given, but may be inferred from the
circumstances of the transaction.
2. The title to interest coupons passes from hand to hand by
mere delivery. A transfer of possession is presumptively a transfer
of title, but does not import a guaranty of payment.
3. An estoppel
in pais can be set up only by a person
who has been misled to his injury.
4. The Court, on considering the facts in this case, holds that
the coupons of May and November, 1874, of the bonds of the Mobile
and Ohio Railroad Company, represented as owned by Alexander
Duncan, are existing liabilities of that company protected by its
first mortgage, and that they have no equity superior to that of
the bonds from which they were taken or of the subsequently
maturing coupons.
The facts are stated in the opinion of the Court.
MR. JUSTICE STRONG delivered the opinion of the Court.
The principal question attempted to be raised by the appellants
is whether the deed of trust or mortgage of the railroad company,
executed in 1853, is a valid security not merely for the bonds
therein described, but for the interest coupons that fell due in
May and November, 1874, and which are now held by Alexander Duncan.
Assuming that the question is properly before us, we proceed
directly to consider it. On the part of the appellants, it is
claimed that the coupons were paid when they became due, or,
secondly, if not, that Duncan, Sherman & Co., and their
assignee, Alexander Duncan, are estopped by fraud and breach of
trust from setting them up as first mortgage
Page 96 U. S. 660
liens -- that is, as entitled to the benefit of the lien of the
mortgage of 1853; and thirdly, that the coupons, if not paid when
they fell due, have since been paid to Duncan, Sherman & Co.,
under a special appropriation of the net earnings of the railroad
which the firm diverted to other uses. This, it is said, appears
from a proper marshalling of the assets of the railroad
company.
On the other hand, Alexander Duncan, who obtained those coupons
from Duncan, Sherman & Co., denies that they were paid when
they fell due or have ever been paid. He denies that there is any
estoppel arising from fraud or breach of trust, against claiming
the coupons to be entitled to the lien of the first mortgage. And
he denies that there has been any misappropriation of the net
earnings of the railroad company, which, under any proper
marshalling of the assets, shows that the coupons were paid to the
firm from which he obtained them. He insists that the coupons,
instead of having been paid, became the property of Duncan, Sherman
& Co. either by purchase or transfer from the former owners at
or about the times when they fell due, and that he has succeeded to
the rights of those purchasers. It is to the support of one or the
other of these opposite averments of the parties that most of the
evidence in this voluminous record has been directed.
If the coupons have not been paid in fact or equitably by funds
which Duncan, Sherman & Co. should have appropriated to paying
them, and if there be no estoppel against asserting them, it is not
claimed that they are not protected by the mortgage as fully as the
bonds from which they were taken.
What, then, is the evidence of actual payment? The coupons were
produced uncancelled, and they were proved before the master
appointed by the circuit court. If there were nothing else in the
case, Alexander Duncan's possession of them would raise the
presumption that he became the holder in the usual course of
business, for value, at their date, and before they became payable.
The appellees claim the benefit of this presumption, but it is
completely rebutted by proof that neither Duncan, Sherman &
Co., nor Alexander Duncan, acquired any ownership of them before
they fell due. We are then confined to a consideration of what
occurred at that time and thereafter.
Page 96 U. S. 661
There are some things so clearly established by the evidence
that they must be considered beyond doubt. They are these:
1. Neither the coupons due in May, 1874, nor those due in
November, 1874, were paid by the railroad company.
2. They were not paid with money or funds furnished by the
railroad company.
3. They were not paid by anyone in pursuance of an agreement
with the railroad company to pay them for or on behalf of the
debtors or in extinguishment of the debt.
Thus far, the evidence is full and uncontradicted.
4. Duncan, Sherman & Co., who furnished the money which the
former owners received for the coupons, did not intend to pay them
in any such sense as to relieve the railroad company from its
obligation. By advancing the money and directing its payment to the
holders of the coupons, they intended to take the place of those
holders and to become the owners of the evidences of the company's
debt -- or in other words they intended to obtain for themselves
the rights of purchasers. They did not advance the money either to
or for the company. Certainly they did not intend to extinguish the
coupons. Of this the evidence is very full. The firm had made
advances to the company to pay the coupons due in November, 1873,
as well as interest due in January and March, 1874, amounting to a
very large sum. These advances had not been repaid when the May
coupons fell due. Those coupons the company was then utterly unable
to take up. In near prospect of this inability, William B. Duncan,
the head of the firm, on the 28th of April, 1874, telegraphed from
New York to the company at Mobile that his firm would purchase for
their own account sterling coupons, payable in London. The firm
also telegraphed to the Bank of Mobile and to the Union Bank of
London to purchase the coupons there presented for them, charging
their account with the cost and transmitting the coupons
uncancelled. The railroad company acceded to the proposition made
them, and the Bank of Mobile and the Union Bank did also. Similar
arrangements were made respecting the November coupons, except that
Duncan, Sherman & Co. arranged with the Credit Foncier to make
the purchase in London. Both these banks were agents of the firm in
the transactions. They were not agents of the
Page 96 U. S. 662
railroad company. They had no funds of the company in hand. In
taking up the coupons, they acted for Duncan, Sherman & Co.,
charged the cost to their account, transmitted to them the coupons
taken up without cancellation, and were repaid by them. In view of
these facts, if is manifest that whatever may have been the nature
of the transaction by which the coupons passed from the hands of
the former holders into the possession of Duncan, Sherman &
Co., it was not intended by the firm to be a payment or
extinguishment of the company's liability. Neither they nor the
company nor the Bank of Mobile nor the Union Bank nor the Credit
Foncier so intended or understood it. Was it, then, a payment? It
is as difficult to see how there can be a payment and
extinguishment thereby of a debt without any intention to pay it as
it is to see how there can be a sale without an intention to
sell.
But that the coupons were either paid or transferred to Duncan,
Sherman & Co. unpaid is plain enough. The transaction, whatever
it was, must have been a payment or a transfer by gift or purchase.
Was it then a purchase? It is undoubtedly true that it is essential
to a sale that both parties should consent to it. We may admit also
that
"where, as in this case, a sale, compared with payment, is
prejudicial to the holder's interest by continuing the burden of
the coupons upon the common security and lessening its value in
reference to the principal debt, the intent to sell should be
clearly proved."
But the intent to sell or the assent of the former owner to a
sale need not have been expressly given. It may be inferred from
the circumstances of the transaction. It often is. In the present
case, the nature of the subject cannot be overlooked. Interest
coupons are instruments of a peculiar character. The title to them
passes from hand to hand by mere delivery. A transfer of possession
is presumptively a transfer of title. And especially is this true
when the transfer is made to one who is not a debtor -- to one who
is under no obligation to receive them or to pay them. A holder is
not warranted to believe that such a person intended to extinguish
the coupons when he hands over the sum called for by them and takes
them into his possession. It is not in accordance with common
experience for one man to pay the debt of another without receiving
any
Page 96 U. S. 663
benefit from his act. We cannot close our eyes to things that
are of daily occurrence. It is within common knowledge that
interest coupons, alike those that are not due and those that are
due, are passed from hand to hand; the received paying the amount
they call for, without any intention on his part to extinguish
them, and without any belief in the other party that they are
extinguished by the transaction. In such a case, the holder intends
to transfer his title, not to extinguish the debt. In multitudes of
cases, coupons are transferred by persons who are not the owners of
the bonds from which they have been detached. To hold that in all
these cases the coupons are paid and extinguished, and not
transferred or assigned, unless there was something more to show an
assent of the person parting with the possession that they should
remain alive, and be available in the hands of the person to whom
they were delivered, would, we think, be inconsistent with the
common understanding of business men.
In the present case, there was much in the circumstances
attending the transfer of the possession of the coupons from the
original holders to Duncan, Sherman & Co., or their agents,
tending to show that those holders could not have believed the
payment made to them extinguished the securities, so that they
could not thereafter be set up by the transferees against the
railroad company. Those circumstances, certainly, should have
awakened their attention and led them to inquiry. The coupons were
not paid in the usual manner, or at the usual place, or by the
persons accustomed to pay them. Before May, 1874, the coupons paid
at Mobile had always been paid at the office of the company by its
officers, and had been left there. They had been paid, it is true,
by checks drawn on the Bank of Mobile, but the holders had received
those checks only on the delivery of the coupons to the company. In
regard to the May and November coupons of 1874, this usage was
changed. The coupons were not left at the company's office. They
were taken there for verification, and then returned to the
holders, with directions to take them to the bank, where they would
be paid; but no checks drawn upon the bank were given to the
holders. Some of them knew the company was not paying those
coupons. Others inquired, and were told the bank would
Page 96 U. S. 664
purchase. Others did not know the company would not pay, and
they made no inquiry. At the bank, the holders received the amounts
due on the coupons, and left them in the possession of the bank;
but as they brought no checks, they must have known that the bank
had no vouchers for its payments, unless the coupons continued in
force in the hands of the new possessors, and hence it is a fair
presumption, that when they delivered the possession, they assented
to a transfer of ownership. They must have expected that the bank
would hold the coupons as claims against the railroad company; and
with that expectation, they transferred them to the bank. What was
that but tacit consent to a sale?
Similar remarks might be made respecting the coupons presented
in London. On the 28th of April, 1874, Duncan, Sherman & Co.
sent a telegram to the Union Bank, requesting it to pay the May
coupons for their account and forward them uncancelled. These
instructions the bank followed. Parties who presented the coupons
there received the amount, and handed over the security, so far as
it appears without a word. Here too, it is a reasonable
presumption, that both parties supposed and expected that the
coupons remaining uncancelled would be preserved, and held as
claims against the railroad company.
The coupon holders who presented their coupons in New York were
informed that Duncan, Sherman & Co. were purchasing them.
The manner in which the November coupons passed from the holders
was not essentially different. There were, however, notices that
the Bank of Mobile was purchasing them posted in the bank, and in
the office of the railroad company. In London, they were taken by
the Credit Foncier, with which Duncan, Sherman & Co. had
arranged to purchase them; and notice of an intention to purchase
was publicly given by the London house.
If, now, in addition to this, it be considered that none of the
original holders of these coupons, with perhaps one exception (and
he not an appellant), have hitherto denied the sale and purchase,
and that not one has reclaimed the coupons and thus disaffirmed any
sale, it seems to us a just conclusion, that they must be held to
have assented to the purchase which was certainly
Page 96 U. S. 665
intended by those who gave them the money and thereby acquired
the possession.
It is argued, however, by the appellant, that Duncan, Sherman
& Co., and, consequently, Alexander Duncan, their assignee, are
estopped from claiming that the May and November coupons are
unpaid. Precisely wherein this alleged estoppel consists, we are
unable to discover. It is said, that setting up the coupons now as
an existing claim entitled to the protection of the mortgage of the
railroad company, is a fraud upon the bondholders secured by it.
This we cannot see. If the original holders of the May and November
coupons had sold them to someone else than Duncan, Sherman &
Co., it could not be doubted those vendees would have an
unimpeachable right, equal at least to the right of the
bondholders. Such a sale would have worked no injury to the
bondholders of which they could complain. They are in no worse
condition now than they would have been in the case supposed. If
there be any difference between that case and the present, it must
be found in the relation William B. Duncan, and the firm of which
he was a member, held to the railroad company and to its creditors.
The firm had been financial agents of the company, and Duncan had
been a director several years. In April, 1874, he was elected its
president. It was his duty, therefore, to have regard for the
interests of the company, its stockholders, and, measurably, of its
creditors. He was bound to entire good faith. This may be conceded.
But was it unfaithfulness to the company, or to the bondholders of
the company, to purchase either the bonds or the coupons falling
due, which the company was unable to pay as they fell due? Was it
unfaithfulness thus to save the company from going into immediate
bankruptcy? This cannot be maintained. Subsequent events may show
that it would have been better for the bondholders had the May and
November coupons been suffered to go to protest, or had the company
acknowledged publicly its inability to pay them when they fell due,
though it is not proved that it would have been better. But the
duty of Duncan was to do what in his judgment at the time was the
best thing for all persons for whom he was a trustee. It surely was
not his duty to permit the coupons to go into default. Still less,
as it
Page 96 U. S. 666
appears to us, was it a breach of trust in him to purchase the
coupons and hold them in order that the company might have time to
provide for their payment. The company was informed of his
intention to make the purchase, and its consent was given. It can
therefore make no claim that Duncan, Sherman & Co. are estopped
from asserting that they acquired possession of the coupons by
purchase, and the company makes no such assertion. The bondholders,
under the first mortgage, or rather a very small number of them,
however, do. They say, had the coupons not been purchased, had the
company been known to have defaulted upon them, the trustees in the
mortgage might have taken possession of the railroad, for the
benefit of the bondholders. Hence they say they were injured by the
purchase, if there was one. But, as we have said, they would have
been equally injured if the purchase had been made by a stranger.
There would have been no estoppel against a stranger. And William
B. Duncan can be in no worse position, unless it be shown that he
was guilty of bad faith in making the purchase through his
firm.
Moreover, it is necessary to notice who sets up this plea of
estoppel. An estoppel
in pais does not operate in favor of
everybody. It operates only in favor of a person who has been
misled to his injury, and he only can set it up. If, therefore,
there be any estoppel in this case, it must be in favor of some
bondholder (if any there was) who was led to believe, by the action
of William B. Duncan, that the railroad company was, in May and
November, 1874, paying the coupons of the first mortgage, then
falling due, and paying them in order to extinguishment; but no
such bondholder asserts such an estoppel. So far as it appears, no
one of the appellants was so misled. No one of them can claim an
estoppel which is personal, and of which only the person misled to
his hurt can avail himself. Indeed, it does not appear that any one
of the witnesses (very few in number) who supposed the coupons were
being paid when they received their money from the Bank of Mobile,
was at the time, or is now, the holder of a single first mortgage
bond. Nor is there a single coupon holder who now claims that he
was misled or deceived by any of Duncan, Sherman & Co.'s
agents, by the Bank of Mobile, or the Union Bank of London, or
by
Page 96 U. S. 667
the Credit Foncier. It is impossible, therefore, to see how
there can be any estoppel, or wherein can be found any fraud in
purchasing the coupons.
The appellants have expended much argument to show that Duncan,
Sherman & Co., and Alexander Duncan, their assignee, are not
entitled by subrogation to any rights of the persons who
transferred to them the possession of the coupons. This may be
admitted, but the argument is inapplicable to the case. Subrogation
is an equitable right. The right claimed here is a legal one,
obtained by transfer of the coupons, as distinguished from payment.
Numerous authorities have been adduced to maintain that there is no
right of subrogation. They are all wide of the mark. The case of
Union Trust Company of New York v. Monticello & Port Jarvis
Railroad Co., 63 N.Y. 311, is the one principally relied upon.
There it appeared that one Smith had made an agreement with a
railroad company to advance the money to pay coupons on the
company's bonds when they should become due, holding the coupons
for security. In pursuance of this agreement, he went to the
plaintiff, where the coupons were payable, and left with it the
money to pay the coupons when presented; it agreeing with him to
take and deliver them to him uncancelled, that he might hold them
as security for the money advanced. It was held that Smith was not
entitled to share ratably in the proceeds of the mortgage to secure
the bonds and coupons with other bond and coupon holders; but in
that case the money was substantially advanced to the company, and
the coupons were paid by it through its agent at the place where
they were payable. The coupons were paid with money advanced to the
company, and under an agreement to make such an advance to pay.
These coupon holders had a right to conclude that the money as paid
by their debtors. We gather the facts from the opinion of the
court. The case therefore bears very slight resemblance to the
present. It was not a case of subrogation; nor was it a case of
purchase or transfer -- it was a case of agency for the debtor.
It is next contended by the appellants that, even it Duncan,
Sherman & Co. did become the owners of the coupons, by purchase
or transfer, the firm received from the railroad company sums of
money sufficient to pay what had been paid for the
Page 96 U. S. 668
coupons, and which it ought to have applied to their extinction.
This raises a question of appropriation. The facts exhibited by the
evidence are these:
When, in April, 1874, William B. Duncan became the president of
the railroad company, his firm was a large creditor of the company
for money lent, and for advances made to pay the interest of the
first mortgage bonds due in 1873. And there was then a large
floating debt, amounting, at the beginning of 1874, to about
$1,500,000. Of this floating debt, nearly $200,000 were due to his
firm, more than three-quarters of which consisted of a temporary
loan made to the company, to enable it to pay its interest and meet
its current liabilities. At the same time, the May interest on the
first mortgage bonds was about coming due, and the company had no
means to meet it. In these circumstances, the board of directors of
the company, on the 28th of April, 1874, in the absence of Duncan,
passed the following resolution:
"
Resolved that the net earnings of the company, after
payment of the current expenses, be pledged for repayment of
advances obtained by the president, for the purpose of meeting the
May interest, and that the floating debt, in the shape of bills
payable, be extended, so far as practicable, to next winter, and
that credits so extending shall be secured by pledge of
consolidated bonds in the hands of Bank of Mobile, or at such other
bank or place as may be determined by the vice-president, in trust,
at the rates of seventy-five cents."
This, it is contended by the appellants, was a specific
appropriation of the net earnings of the road to the payment of the
May interest, which the president was bound thus to appropriate, in
preference to paying the floating debt, or any thing except current
expenses. Whether it was or not we will presently consider.
The net earnings of the road during the year 1874 (assuming that
they all went into the hands of Duncan, Sherman & Co.),
together with the proceeds of sales of company bonds, amounted to
about $800,000. The annual interest of the company's bonds was
considerably more than that sum. But it was necessary to keep the
floating debt afloat, and that could be done only by partial
payments and renewals, and by pledging collaterals.
Page 96 U. S. 669
Had that debt not been kept afloat, the company must at once
have suspended operations and ceased making earnings. Accordingly
it was reduced and extended. It was reduced over $280,000 during
the year, and included in the reduction was a payment of $150,000
to Duncan, Sherman & Co., to reimburse their temporary loan,
and some $24,000 more on their general account; leaving still some
$17,000 due to them beyond what was due on the May and November
coupons they had purchased. The remainder of the net earnings was
used to pay overdue coupons of the previous year, interest on the
floating debt, interest on the company's convertible and other
bonds, claims in judgment, and other pressing liabilities. All the
resources of the company were thus disposed of.
It is obvious, therefore, that in the latter part of April,
1874, unless the company could be relieved from immediate demand
for payment of the May coupons, it would be in the power of its
mortgage creditors to take possession of the road and force a
foreclosure. And unless the floating debt could be taken care of,
for which reliance must be placed mainly on the future net
earnings, equal disaster might be expected from that direction. It
was when the company was in this condition the resolution of April
28, 1874, was passed. It contemplated the possibility of obtaining
advances to the company in order to meet the imminent claims for
payment of the coupons, and it offered a pledge of net earnings as
a security for such advances or loans to the company. But no such
advances or loans were made by anybody. They had been made the year
before; but none were made or agreed to be made to enable the
company to pay the May interest. There never came into existence,
therefore, any debt for which the earnings were pledged by the
resolution. And, even if the purchase of the coupons by Duncan,
Sherman & Co. could be considered advances to the company to
enable it to pay the coupons, the pledge made by the directors'
resolution was not a pledge to the coupon holders. It was a pledge
for the benefit of the firm, which it was competent for the firm to
forego without losing its claim as transferees of the coupons upon
the railroad company.
There was, then, no misappropriation of the company's funds by
William B. Duncan -- no payment by him of which either
Page 96 U. S. 670
the company or the bondholders have any reason to complain. And
there is no foundation for the claim now made, that the payments
out of the net earnings, applied to the payment of coupons of
former years, to the reduction of the floating debt, and to the
satisfaction of interest upon it, should have been made in
discharge of the May and November coupons.
The exact net earnings of the year 1874, as it appears from the
report of the directors for that year, was $707,865.04. These were
disposed of as follows:
1. Paid interest coupons matured in
1872 and 1873 . . . . . . . . . . . . $139,296.35
2. Interest coupons matured in 1874, none
of them those of May and November . . 197,970.70
3. Interest paid to secure renewal of
floating debt and to prevent pro-
ceedings against the company on the
part of the holders . . . . . . . . . 118,346.97
4. Paid on account of floating debt to
prevent sacrifice of securities
belonging to the company. . . . . . . 281,948.85
-----------
Total . . . . . . . . $737,562.87
In view of this, it cannot be maintained either that the coupons
of May and November, transferred to Duncan, Sherman & Co., were
paid or that, in obedience to any rule of law or equity, the net
earnings of the road should have been applied in payment of them.
They are, therefore, existing liabilities of the railroad company,
and protected by the first mortgage.
But we think they have no equity superior to that of the bonds
from which they were taken, or the subsequently maturing coupons.
The mortgage was given as a security for the principal of the bonds
as well as the interest, with no priority to either. The coupons
are mere representatives of the claim for interest. The obligation
of the debtor evidenced by them cannot be higher, nor entitled to
greater privileges, than it would be had the bonds, in their body,
undertaken the payment of interest. Cutting them from the several
bonds of which they were a part, and transferring them to other
holders, can give them no increased equities, so far as we can
perceive. Had they been assigned with a guaranty of payment, it may
well be they would be entitled to payment before the assignors
could claim the fund. Then they might have an
Page 96 U. S. 671
equity to prior payment growing out of the guaranty. But there
was no such undertaking of the assignors in this case. A mere
transfer or assignment does not import a guaranty. At most, it
warrants title, not solvency of the debtor, or collectibility of
the chose assigned. A transfer or assignment of a claim, or part of
a claim, secured by a mortgage given to protect that claim, in
common with other claims contemporaneously originating, would seem
to refer the transferee to the common security, and measure his
rights and equities by that. It is in vain to urge that as between
the person transferring and the transferee there is an equity, or
even moral obligation, if it was the intention of the parties to
participate, "
pari passu," in the proceeds of the property
pledged as a security. And such an intention may well be inferred
from an assignment or transfer without guaranty. The meaning of
such a transfer without more is that the transferee takes precisely
the rights of the person from whom he obtains his title, and no
more. But certainly such a transfer cannot have the effect of
giving to the transferee greater rights than those created by the
mortgage.
Dunham v. Cincinnati, Peru,
&c. Railway Co., 1 Wall. 254;
Gordillo v.
Wiquetin, L.R. 5 Ch. 287.
The mortgage in this case secures no priority to the coupons
past due, nor to those first due. It places all bondholders and
coupon holders on the same level. It requires the trustees, in case
of a sale, to apply the residue of the proceeds, after deducting
costs, charges, &c., "to pay the principal and interest which
may be due on the bonds issued," as recited, rendering the balance,
if any, to the company, plainly meaning that the bonds and interest
due (that is, owing or contracted to be paid) are to share in the
application. By the terms of the mortgage the holders of the
coupons of May and November, 1874, are therefore to have no
preference over the bondholders and other coupon holders.
We concur, therefore, in the decree of the circuit court so far
as it determined the priorities of the parties.
It remains only to consider the terms of the sale ordered. That
a sale was properly directed, rather than a strict foreclosure, is
quite evident. It was the object of all the consolidated bills to
procure a sale, and if there was not assent by all
Page 96 U. S. 672
parties, there was at least no objection to it. A strict fore
closure would not have converted the property into money. It would
in fact have required the creditors to advance more funds to pay
the costs and expenses. This no bondholder could justly require
from his associates. Besides, a strict foreclosure would not be a
winding up of the matter. It would leave an undivided beneficial
interest in an unmanageable property in the hands of a large number
of persons, who are very likely to disagree in regard to its use.
The same observations might be made respecting a purchase by a
trustee for the benefit of all the lien creditors. Such a purchase
would convert them all into tenants in common, and probably give
rise to endless discussion. Assuming that it was competent for the
court, on bills praying for a sale and payment thereby of debts
due, to compel creditors to take, in lieu of their personal rights,
undivided interests in realty, which may be doubted, what could the
trustee do after he had become the purchaser? Could he operate the
railroad, at his discretion, through four states and in as many
jurisdictions? Or would the court have placed the property again in
the hands of a receiver? If so, what progress would have been made
in securing payment of the creditors' bonds? What advance from the
position in which the creditors now are, since the road is now in
the hands of a receiver? It is too plain for any further comment
that neither a strict foreclosure, nor a purchase by a trustee to
buy, would have been for the interest of any bondholder.
The main objection to the terms prescribed by the circuit court
for conducting the sale ordered, appears to be that they give
superior advantages to some of the bond and coupon holders. The
masters appointed to make the sale were, by the decree, required to
exact from any bidder, before making an adjudication to him, a
deposit of $50,000 in money, to pay costs and expenses, and a
further deposit of $100,000 in money, or of the bonds or coupons
described in the deed of trust and master's report, as a part of
the debt secured by the deed. The decree further ordered that the
masters might receive, in payment from the highest and last bidder,
bonds and coupons which form a part of the first mortgage debt
ascertained to be due or owing by the master in his report, and
sustained by the
Page 96 U. S. 673
opinion of the court,
"provided, however, that a sum sufficient to pay the costs,
charges, and expenses of the trust a above mentioned, whether
exceeding the said cash deposit or not, and also to provide for the
payment of the
pro rata dividend which shall be due or
owing to the owners of other bonds and coupons secured under the
deed of trust, must be paid in money, and provided also that if the
said mortgage property shall be bid off, directly or indirectly,
by, for, or in behalf of the bondholders and creditors who have or
shall have entered into and subscribed the agreement for the
readjustment of the securities of said company, dated Oct. 1, 1876,
commonly called the agreement of reorganization, then and in that
case all and every bondholder and creditor of said company not
having already entered into and subscribed said agreement, who
shall, on or before the first day of September next, enter into and
subscribe the same, and deposit their securities with the Farmers'
Loan and Trust Company, in the City of New York, or with the Bank
of Mobile, in the City of Mobile, as provided by said agreement,
shall be, and they are hereby, allowed to participate in said bid
and purchase, on the same terms, on an equal footing in all
respects, according to the character of their claims respectively,
with the said bondholders and creditors who have heretofore entered
into and signed said agreement."
It is said this enables those who have subscribed to that
agreement, and who are a large majority of the bondholders, to
purchase on paying a much less sum in money than would be required
of other bondholders who have not signed the agreement. This is
true, but we do not perceive that it is inequitable. After all, it
makes no distinction against the minority which they have not
themselves made by failing to secure a majority of the bonds. They
are as much entitled to use their bonds in payment as any other
bondholders are. It is their misfortune if they have not as many
bonds as others have. They have no equity to cast their misfortune
upon those who own more bonds than they do. Permission to
bondholders who are mortgagees to purchase at a sale of the
mortgaged property and to pay by their bonds is not only usual, but
it is highly advantageous to all persons who have an interest. It
tends to enhance the price which may be obtained, and thus
Page 96 U. S. 674
benefits other creditors as well as the mortgagor. That large
bondholders have an advantage over small ones, in that they are
required to pay less in money, may be true; but it is an advantage
they purchased when they obtained their bonds, of which it would be
inequitable to deprive them. Such an advantage is everywhere
recognized and protected -- notably in partition suits, and in
sales of the assets of a partnership, as well as in many sheriffs'
sales. Had there been but two creditors of the railroad company --
one holding $10,000,000 of the company's mortgage bonds, and the
other $100,000 -- it would be strange indeed if the former, buying
at a foreclosure sale, might not pay with his bonds that proportion
of his bid which would come to him, paying the rest in money,
because the latter would be obliged to pay more in money if he had
become the purchaser. The minority holder has no such equity to
control the sale. The case supposed is in principle the one we have
before us; for it is not to be doubted that creditors of a common
debtor may combine to purchase the debtor's property at a judicial
sale, though they may not combine to prevent others from
purchasing. The decree now complained of puts no obstacle in the
way of a purchase by the appellants, nor does the agreement of Oct.
1, 1876.
It follows from what we have said that neither of the appeals
can be sustained.
It is ordered that the appellants in the first case pay all
costs of their appeal, except the costs of the certiorari and
return, including the printing thereof and the clerk's fees for
copying, which the appellees are ordered to pay.
It is further ordered that Henry Jump, one of the appellants,
shall not be charged with any costs that may have accrued since
April 1, 1878, when he moved to withdraw his appeal.
And it is further ordered that the costs of the appeal in the
second case be paid by the appellants.
Decree affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE CLIFFORD, with whom concurred MR. JUSTICE SWAYNE,
MR. JUSTICE MILLER, and MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, dissenting.
I am of opinion that the coupons which are by this decree
Page 96 U. S. 675
held to be a lien on the road were extinguished by payment; that
the holders of them, who presented them for payment at the several
places to which they were directed, had no thought of selling them,
and, in fact, did not sell them, and therefore in law they were
paid, and not sold.
I also believe that the attempt of Duncan, Sherman & Co. to
take up these coupons without paying them was deceptive and
collusive, and was dictated by their interest in concealing from
the public the fact that the railroad company was unable to meet
those payments.