The Baigorry, 69 U.S. 474 (1864)
U.S. Supreme Court
The Baigorry, 69 U.S. 2 Wall. 474 474 (1864)The Baigorry
69 U.S. (2 Wall.) 474
Syllabus
1. The blockade of the coast of Louisiana, as established there, as on the rest of the coast of the Southern states generally, by President Lincoln's proclamation of 19 April, 1861, was not terminated by the capture of the forts below New Orleans in the end of April, 1862, by Commodore Farragut, and the occupation of the city by General Butler on and from the 6th of May, and the proclamation of President Lincoln of 12 May, 1862, declaring that after June 1, the blockade of the port of New Orleans should cease. Hence it remained in force at Calcasieu, on the west extremity of the coast of Louisiana, as before.
2. The fact that the master and mate saw, as they swear, no blockading ships off the port where their vessel was loaded and from which she sailed, is not enough to show that a blockade, once established and notified had been discontinued.
3. Intent to run a blockade may be inferred in part from delay of the vessel to sail after being completely laden and from changing the ship's course in order to escape a ship of war cruising for blockade-runners.
4. A vessel and cargo, even when perhaps owned by neutrals, may be condemned as enemy property because of the employment of the vessel in enemy trade and because of an attempt to violate a blockade and to elude visitation and search.
The schooner Baigorry, laden wholly with cotton, was captured at sea about one hundred miles off Havana, to
which port she was sailing from Calcasieu Pass in Louisiana, by the United States brig of war Bainbridge, on the 9th of June, 1862, and taken into Key West, where both cargo and schooner were libeled as prize of war. The ground, in fact, of the proceeding was
1. Alleged violation of the blockade, established by President Lincoln's proclamation of 19 April, 1861.
2. That the cargo and ship were enemy's property.
The defense in turn was
1. That no blockade had been broken, there not, as was alleged, having, in fact or in law, been any blockade at the date when the vessel sailed, and
2. That the cargo and vessel were neutral property, and protected under a certain proclamation of General Butler's made May 6, 1862, hereinafter mentioned.
The cotton, according to the mate's testimony, had been laden at Calcasieu, in the State of Louisiana, between the 27th of April and the 3d of May, 1862. The vessel sailed from Calcasieu on the 26th of May. [Dates in this case are important.] Calcasieu Pass is on the western portion of the coast of Louisiana and towards the western boundary of the state. Its topographical relation to the mouths of the Mississippi, New Orleans, and the country about the two will be indicated with sufficient nearness to give the reader not acquainted with this special region an idea of things, by an arrow in the lower and left corner of the diagram at page <|69 U.S. 263|>263. An extension of the line of the arrow to the coast (cut off on the diagram) would indicate the position of Calcasieu.
As mentioned in two previous cases in this volume [Footnote 1] and as is matter of known history, Commodore Farragut captured and took possession of the forts below New Orleans, then in possession of the Southern rebels, in the end of April, 1862, and General Butler, as a consequence, entered New Orleans on the 1st of May, his occupation of which by the 6th was complete. Prior to this last date, various other
forts about New Orleans were abandoned or destroyed, and the navigation of the Mississippi from its mouth for a considerable distance upwards left clear. But none of the places certainly abandoned were near to Calcasieu, nor, although Commodore Farragut reported to the government that "a general stampede" was taking place as a consequence of the capture, were the rebels at that date driven out of Louisiana generally. The "stampede" was general, as described, but it was general apparently only in the regions which were the theater of the brave Commodore's operations, the region, namely, about New Orleans. On the 6th of May, General Butler issued a proclamation, written and dated on the 1st, in which he stated that New Orleans and its environs, having surrendered, were then occupied by the United States forces; that all foreigners not naturalized and claiming allegiance to their respective governments and not having made oath of allegiance to the government of the Confederate states, would be protected in their persons and property, as heretofore, under the laws of the United States; and that the rights of property of whatever kind would be held inviolate, subject only to the laws of the United States. All the inhabitants were enjoined to pursue their usual avocations.
The proclamation of blockade referred to above as having been made by President Lincoln, April 19, 1861, was declared from the first, by the government, to be a blockade of the whole Southern coast of the United States. After the capture and complete occupation of New Orleans -- that is to say on the 12th of May, 1862, fourteen days before the Baigorry sailed at all from Calcasieu Pass, the President issued another proclamation, in which he declared that the blockade of the port of New Orleans should so far cease and determine, from and after the 16th of June, 1862, as that commercial intercourse with it might be carried on after the 1st of June following, except as to persons and things contraband.
The charge of breaking the blockade was resisted, therefore, partly on the ground that the blockade had been raised
by the Executive, but more on the fact testified to by the captain of the vessel, that he saw no blockaders either when he went into Calcasieu or when he came out of it. He swore
"he knew before going to sea that the City of New Orleans had been taken by the United States before the vessel left Calcasieu, and had information that the United States had allowed vessels to go from Berwick's Bay [Footnote 2] to Sabine after being visited."
He knew, also, as he swore,
"that there had been an order of blockade of the ports of the State of Louisiana, but he thought that the ports of the state were open after the capture of New Orleans. He wished to go to New Orleans for a clearance from the United States authorities, but was not allowed by the Confederates to pass through the country. He had seen blockading vessels in February, 1862, when sailing from Havana towards the coast of Louisiana without having any fixed port of destination, but saw none either when he entered or when he left Calcasieu on this last voyage, though he saw a steamer passing along at a distance from the coast once while the Baigorry was at Calcasieu."
The mate testified that he knew that on the 26th of May, when the Baigorry set sail,
"the ports of Louisiana were then declared to be blockaded, but he did not see any vessel then on the coast. He saw steamships at a distance off the coast twice while the Baigorry lay at Calcasieu Pass. He did not know what they were."
The Bainbridge was first seen the evening before the capture. "I changed the course," said the captain, "after I saw that the Bainbridge was waiting for me, in order to avoid her. There was very little wind." No spoliation of papers or concealment were alleged.
The business of the vessel was thus described by the captain:
"I first saw her in November, 1861, at Grand Caillou, a port
on the coast of Louisiana. She made a voyage from that place to Havana and thence to Calcasieu, last before the voyage on which she was taken. She carried cotton from Grand Caillou to Havana, and brought groceries, shoes, clothing, medicines, and wine to Calcasieu. She took cotton at Calcasieu, which was on board when she was taken. This last voyage would have ended at Havana unless the port of New Orleans had been opened."
So far as to breaking the blockade. Next as to the character of the ownership and the character of the trade in which she was employed.
She was first the property of her builder, at Grand Caillou, Louisiana, from whom one Adolphe Mennet, of New Orleans, purchased her, in October or November, 1861. She was American built; at the time named the Three Brothers, and had before borne the name of the G. W. Goodwin. Mennet, the owner, appointed Renaud, who was now commanding her at New Orleans, to command her in December, 1861. Both lived at New Orleans, Renaud, who was a naturalized citizen of the United States, having lived there since 1853, and having a family there. They went to Grand Caillou, where Mennet placed Renaud in possession.
Renaud, whilst at Havana, under an alleged power of attorney from Mennet, sold or pretended to sell the schooner to an Englishman named Frederick Thensted, and under a British provisional certificate of registry, issued by the British consul-general at Havana, the new title and name of the British schooner Baigorry was given to her. Renaud (whose statement was the only evidence of the sale, no bill of sale having been produced) could not remember, so he swore, what her price was; but he swore that "it was paid to Charles Caro & Co.," a house well known as the consignees, at Havana, of blockade-runners. But it appeared by an entry on the British register, made at New Orleans, March 29, 1862, by a notary, that the vessel was mortgaged and hypothecated by Thensted to Adolphe Mennet to secure payment for the sum of $5,000, amount of two promissory notes. This practice of mortgaging, it may be here
stated, was a frequent method, during the rebellion, of securing one man's interest in a vessel whilst she was passing under cover of another's name.
The crew, chiefly French, Italian, and Spanish, were shipped at New Orleans, by order of the master, on the 16th of April, 1862, and went on board at Calcasieu on the 20th. It may be noted that at that time the concentration of our forces in the operations for the capture of New Orleans made it impossible to load for blockade-running at that port. The master swore that the cargo was owned by several French citizens residing in New Orleans, and was shipped by one Durell, also of New Orleans, for them, and was consigned to Caro & Co., of Havana, to be delivered at that place for, and on account, risk, and benefit of, the said French citizens. A claim filed by Renaud for them, and the only claim made, asserted the same facts. The manifest sworn to by Renaud, 14th of April, 1862, at New Orleans, accorded with these statements. The bill of lading represented the cargo as shipped at New Orleans by Cassillo and Harispe. The vessel cleared for Havana, at the "Confederate" custom house at New Orleans, on the 14th of April, 1862.
The court below condemned both vessel and cargo as enemy property. Appeal here.
