The western and northern boundary lines of the State of
Missouri, as described in the first article of the constitution of
that state, were as follows: from a point in the middle of the
Kansas River, where the same empties into the Missouri River,
running due north along a meridian line to the intersection of the
parallel of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River
Des Moines, making said line correspond with the Indian boundary
line; thence east from the point of intersection last aforesaid
along the said parallel to the middle of the channel of the main
fork of the said River Des Moines, thence &c.
The Constitution of the State of Missouri was adopted in 1820.
But in 1816, an Indian boundary line had been run by the authority
of the United States, which in its north course did not terminate
at its intersection with the parallel of latitude which passed
through the rapids of the River Des Moines, and in its east course
did not coincide with that parallel, or any parallel of latitude at
all.
Missouri claimed that this north line should be continued until
it intersected a parallel of latitude which passed through certain
rapids in the River Des Moines, and from the point of intersection
be run eastwardly along the parallel to these rapids.
Iowa claimed that this Indian boundary line was protracted too
far to the north; that by the term "rapids of the River Des Moines"
were meant certain rapids in the Mississippi River, known by that
name, and that the parallel of latitude must pass through these
rapids; the effect of which would be to stop the Indian boundary
line in its progress north, before it arrived at the spot which had
been marked by the United States surveyor.
There being a bill and a cross-bill, each state is a defendant,
and this Court can pass such a decree as the case requires.
The southern boundary line of Iowa is coincident with, and
dependent upon, the northern boundary line of Missouri.
Iowa is bound by the acts of its predecessor, the government of
the United States, which had plenary jurisdiction over the subject
as long as Iowa remained a territory, and the United States
recognized the Indian boundary line, 1st, by treaties made with the
Indians; 2d, by the acts of the General Land Office; 3d, by
congressional legislation.
On the other hand, there are no rapids in the River Des Moines
so conspicuous as to justify the claim of Missouri.
This Court therefore adopts the old Indian boundary line as the
dividing line between the two states, and decrees that it shall be
run and marked by commissioners.
The State of Missouri filed a bill against the State of Iowa, in
the Supreme Court of the United States, with the consent of the
State of Iowa, in order to settle a controversy which had arisen
respecting the true location of the boundary line which divided the
two states.
The origin of the controversy is so fully stated by MR.
JUSTICE
Page 48 U. S. 661
CATRON, in delivering the opinion of the court, that it is only
necessary for the Reporter to explain the pretensions of the
respective parties according to the map, without which they cannot
be understood. This map or diagram is only intended to be
illustrative of these claims, without pretending to be
geographically accurate.
image:a
In July, 1820, the people living in the then Territory of
Missouri, in pursuance of an act of Congress, adopted a
constitution in which are described the following boundaries:
"Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, on the
parallel of thirty-six degrees of north latitude, thence west along
the said parallel of latitude to the St. Francois River;
Page 48 U. S. 662
thence up and following the course of that river, in the middle
of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of
thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes; thence west along the same
to a point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian
line passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River,
where the same empties into the Missouri River; thence, from the
point aforesaid, north along the said meridian line, to the
intersection of the parallel of latitude which passes through the
rapids of the River Des Moines, making said line correspond with
the Indian boundary line; thence east from the point of
intersection last aforesaid, along the said parallel of latitude,
to the middle of the channel of the main fork of the said River Des
Moines; thence down along the middle of the main channel of the
said River Des Moines to the mouth of the same, where it empties
into the Mississippi River; thence due east to the middle of the
main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down and following
the course of the Mississippi River, in the middle of the main
channel thereof, to the place of beginning."
In 1821, Missouri was admitted into the Union with these
boundaries.
By an Act of Congress approved August 4, 1820, the southern
boundary of Iowa was made identical with the northern boundary of
Missouri.
In 1816, prior to the passage of these laws, commissioners were
appointed on the part of the United States to settle with the Osage
chiefs the boundary of the cession which the Osage tribe had just
made to the United States, and John C. Sullivan was appointed
surveyor to run the line which should be thus agreed upon.
Beginning on the bank of the Missouri, opposite the mouth of the
Kansas, at
A in the diagram, he ran north just 100 miles
to the point
C, and thence pursued what he thought was a
due east course (but which was in fact to the north of east) until
he struck the River Des Moines at the point
F. This line
is marked No. 1, and runs from
C to
F; the true
parallel of latitude being afterwards ascertained to be from
C to
G.
The State of Missouri alleged, that, at the point
E in
the River Des Moines, there existed rapids which answered the call
in the constitution, and that the parallel of latitude spoken of in
that instrument must consequently be a line running from
E
to
D, and that the north line, which commenced at
A, must therefore be protracted to
D, where it
intersected the parallel of latitude called for; that the
phraseology used required the "rapids of the River Des Moines" to
be in that river, and not in the Mississippi.
Page 48 U. S. 663
On the other hand, it was alleged by the State of Iowa, that in
the Mississippi River, at the place marked
H, there were
rapids which were commonly called and known by the name of "the
rapids of the River Des Moines," long anterior to the formation of
the Constitution of Missouri; that the parallel of latitude must
run through the head or center of these rapids, and that the line
H B would therefore be the true boundary, the point
B being the spot where this parallel of latitude would
intersect the line running north from
A.
These were the claims of the respective parties. To sustain
them, a great mass of evidence was taken on both sides.
Page 48 U. S. 666
MR. JUSTICE CATRON delivered the opinion of the Court.
On 10 December, A.D. 1847, the State of Missouri filed her
original bill in this Court, according to the third article and
second section of the Constitution, against the State of Iowa,
alleging that the northern part of said State of Missouri was
obtruded on and claimed by the defendant, for a space of more than
ten miles wide and about two hundred miles long; and that the State
of Missouri is wrongfully ousted of her jurisdiction over said
territory, and obstructed from governing therein; that the State of
Iowa has actual possession of the same, claims it to be within her
limits, and exercises jurisdiction over it, contrary to the rights
of the State of Missouri, and in defiance of her authority.
And the complainant prays that, on a final hearing, the northern
boundary line of said State of Missouri (being the common boundary
between the complainant and defendant) be by the order of this
Court ascertained and established, and that the rights of
possession, jurisdiction, and sovereignty to all the territory in
controversy be restored to the State of Missouri; that she be
quieted in her title thereto; and that the defendant, the State of
Iowa, be forever enjoined and restrained from disturbing the State
of Missouri, her officers and people,
Page 48 U. S. 667
in the full possession and enjoyment of said territory, thus
wrongfully held by the State of Iowa.
To this bill the State of Iowa answers. She denies the right
claimed by Missouri; alleges that Iowa has the sovereign authority
to govern and hold the territory in dispute as part of her
territory, the common line dividing the states being the southern
part thereof; and also prays, that the rights of the parties may be
speedily adjudicated by this Court, that the relief prayed by
complainant may be denied, and that her bill be dismissed.
To the bill of Missouri Iowa files her cross-bill, charging
Missouri with seeking to encroach on the territorial limits of Iowa
to the extent aforesaid, and more; prays that on a final hearing a
decree be made by this Court, settling forever the true and
rightful dividing line between the two states; that Iowa may be
quieted in her possession, jurisdiction, and sovereignty up to the
line she claims, and that the State of Missouri be perpetually
enjoined from exercising jurisdiction and authority, and from
disturbing the State of Iowa, her officers and people, in the
enjoyment of their rights on the north side of the true line.
To this bill the State of Missouri answers, and sets up in
defense the same matters set forth by her original bill.
Replications were filed to both answers. On these issues
depositions were taken on which, together with much of historical
and documentary evidence, the cause was brought on to a hearing,
and was heard with a most commendable spirit of liberality on both
sides. And we take occasion here to say, on a matter of practice,
that bill and cross-bill is deemed the most appropriate mode of
proceeding applicable to cases like the present, as it always
offers an opportunity to the Court of making an affirmative decree
for the one side or the other, and of establishing by its authority
the disputed line, and of having it permanently marked by
commissioners of its own appointment, if that be necessary, as in
this cause it is.
The present controversy originated in 1837 between the United
States and the State of Missouri, and was carried on for ten years
before Iowa was admitted as a state. Previous to the controversy,
and after Missouri came into the Union, in 1821, many acts had been
done by both parties most materially affecting the controversy, and
tending to compromit the claims now set up, on the one side as well
as the other. The new State of Iowa came into the Union December
27, 1847, and up to this date she was bound by the acts of her
predecessor, the United States, forasmuch as the latter might have
directly conceded to Missouri a new boundary on the north, as was
done on the west, and so, likewise, Iowa is bound by the
Page 48 U. S. 668
acts and admissions of the United States, tending indirectly to
confirm and establish a particular line as the northern boundary of
Missouri. And to ascertain how far the United States government was
committed by acts to a particular line, a brief historical notice
is necessary showing how jurisdiction has been exercised in the
country west of the Mississippi River. It was acquired in 1803, and
in 1804 the Territory of Orleans and the District of Louisiana were
divided, the latter then embracing what is now the State of
Missouri, and much more. In 1805, the District of Louisiana was
erected into a separate territorial government, the name of which
was changed to Missouri, on the State of Louisiana being created,
in 1812, that state having adopted the name of Louisiana. In 1819,
the Territory of Arkansas was formed from the southern part of the
Missouri Territory; the lines of division being the same that now
divide the States of Missouri and Arkansas.
In 1818, the inhabitants of Missouri Territory petitioned
Congress that it might be admitted into the Union as an independent
state. They set forth the boundaries which they desired that the
new state should have, with the reasons favorable to the boundaries
desired. They alleged that the petitioners resided in that part of
the territory which lies between thirty-six degrees and thirty
minutes and forty degrees north, and between the Mississippi River
east, and the Osage boundary line west, and they prayed to be
admitted into the Union of the states within these limits. The
petitioners further declared that
"the boundaries which they solicit for the future state they
believe to be the most reasonable and proper that can be devised.
The southern limit will be an extension of the line that divides
Virginia and North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky. The northern
will correspond nearly with the north limit of the Territory of
Illinois, and with the Indian boundary line, near the mouth of the
River Des Moines. A front of three and a half degrees upon the
Mississippi will be left to the South, to form the Territory of
Arkansas, with the River Arkansas traversing its center. A front of
three and a half degrees more, upon a medium depth of two hundred
miles, with the Missouri River in the center, will form the State
of Missouri. Another front of equal extent, embracing the great
River St. Pierre, will remain above, to form another state at some
future day. The boundaries, as solicited, will include all the
country to the north and west to which the Indian title has been
extinguished. They will include the body of the population."
The two Indian boundary lines referred to (as "the Osage or
Indian boundary") were run in pursuance of a treaty made
Page 48 U. S. 669
in 1808 between the United States and the Great and Little Osage
nations, by which it was stipulated that the Osage boundary should
begin at Fort Clark, standing on the south bank of Missouri River,
about twenty-three miles below the mouth of the Kansas, thence
running due south to the Arkansas River, and with it to its mouth,
thereby ceding to the United States all lands lying east of said
line and north of the southwardly bank of the Arkansas. The treaty
also ceded "all lands belonging to the Osages situated northwardly
of the River Missouri." The boundary lines were to be run and
marked as soon as the circumstances and convenience of the parties
would permit. And the Great and Little Osages promised to depute
two chiefs from their respective nations to accompany the
commissioner or commissioners who might be appointed by the United
States to settle and adjust the said boundary. The war of 1812
seems to have hindered a survey of the lines, as, in 1815, by
another treaty, peace was reestablished between the contracting
parties, and former treaties were renewed, and in 1816 John C.
Sullivan was sent by the United States to run the lines north of
the Missouri River. The Osages, by the treaty of 1808, having
surrendered all claim to territory north of the Missouri River, it
became necessary that they should show to the United States what
part of that country they owned, so that it might be separated, by
a defined boundary, from other Indian territories. Sullivan, the
surveyor, commenced his first line on the north bank of the
Missouri, opposite to the middle of the mouth of the Kansas, and
ran north one hundred miles, made a corner, and then ran east to
the River Des Moines, about one hundred and fifty miles more, west
of the first line, and north of the second. The entire country was
then claimed, and partly occupied, by different nations of Indians.
In 1816, also, Joseph C. Brown ran the line from Fort Clark south
to the Arkansas River, in execution of the treaty of 1808. And the
lines run by Brown and Sullivan are "the Indian boundary" referred
to in the foregoing petition of the inhabitants of Missouri
Territory.
In March, 1818, the petition was referred to a select committee,
and on March 6, 1820, an act of Congress was passed, pursuant to
the petition, authorizing the people of Missouri Territory to form
a Constitution and state government within the limits designated by
the act; that is to say
"Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, on the
parallel of thirty-six degrees of north latitude; thence west along
the said parallel of latitude to the St. Francois River; thence up
and following the course of that river, in the middle of the main
channel thereof, to the parallel of latitude of thirty-six degrees
and
Page 48 U. S. 670
thirty minutes; thence west along the same to a point where the
said parallel is intersected by a meridian line passing through the
middle of the mouth of the Kansas River, where the same empties
into the Missouri River; thence, from the point aforesaid, north
along the said meridian line, to the intersection of the parallel
of latitude which passes through the rapids of the River Des
Moines, making said line correspond with the Indian boundary line;
thence east from the point of intersection last aforesaid, along
the said parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the
main fork of the said River Des Moines; thence down along the
middle of the main channel of the said River Des Moines to the
mouth of the same, where it empties into the Mississippi River;
thence due east to the middle of the main channel of the
Mississippi River; thence down and following the course of the
Mississippi River, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to
the place of beginning."
According to this law, the people of the territory, in 1820,
proceeded to form a constitution by which the boundary prescribed
by the act of Congress was adopted, and by resolution of March 2,
1831, the state was admitted to enter the Union on certain
conditions, to which she assented in June, 1821. On the north and
west, as already stated, the new state bordered on Indian
territory, over which the general government exercised that
modified jurisdiction which existing Indian rights would allow, and
had the exclusive power to extinguish the Indian title. The
boundaries were therefore common to the two governments, and the
acts of either, when exercising jurisdiction with respect to the
common boundary, become proper subjects of consideration in the
present controversy, as either government might bind itself to a
practical line, although not a precisely true one, within the
foregoing description. And in pursuing this branch of the subject,
our first inquiry will be, how far the general government has
committed itself to the old Indian boundary. Its action has been,
first, through the Indian Department; secondly, through the
Surveyor's Department; and thirdly, by the exercise of civil
jurisdiction in the territorial form of government on the north of
Sullivan's line, embracing the territory now in controversy.
And first, as to Indian treaties. The earliest one materially
bearing on the question was that of August 4, 1824, with the Sac
and Fox tribes. They ceded to the United States all the title and
claim that they had to any lands within the limits of the State of
Missouri,
"which are situated, lying, and being between the Mississippi
and Missouri Rivers, and a line
Page 48 U. S. 671
running from the Missouri, at the entrance of the Kansas River,
north one hundred miles to the northwest corner of the State of
Missouri, and from thence east to the Mississippi; reserving to the
half-breeds of said tribes the small tract in the fork between the
Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers, and south of the said line."
The Indian tribes admitted that the land east and south of the
given lines belonged to the United States, and that none of their
people should be permitted to settle or hunt on it. Although the
Osages had, in part, ceded the same country in 1808, still the Sacs
and Foxes set up a claim to part of it, and the treaty of 1824 was
made to quiet their claim.
June 3, 1825, the Kansas tribe also ceded to the United States
all claim they had to any lands in the State of Missouri, and
further ceded and relinquished all other lands which they then
occupied, or to which they had title or claim,
"lying west of the said State of Missouri, and within the
following boundaries: beginning at the entrance of the Kansas into
the Missouri River; from thence north to the northwest corner of
the State of Missouri,"
thence north and west. Of course, the northwest corner here
referred to was the one made by Sullivan in 1816, as none other was
then claimed by Missouri herself, nor known to the United States or
the Indians.
In February, 1831, the State of Missouri, by a memorial from the
legislature to Congress, petitioned the United States for an
addition of the country west of the line running from the mouth of
the Kansas north, and between said line and the Missouri River,
alleging that it was a small slip of land that had been acquired by
the Treaty of June 3, 1825, from the Kansas Indians. The petition
declared that the line from the mouth of the Kansas north was about
one hundred miles long; that the country was settled, and rapidly
settling, to its utmost verge; and that, as the Missouri River was
the only great highway of this region, and could not be reached
through a country inhabited by Indians, and being without roads, a
cession of it to that state was necessary and proper.
June 7, 1836, Congress acceded to the request of Missouri, and
granted to that state all jurisdiction over the lands lying between
its then western line and the Missouri River, making the river the
western boundary. But the accession was not to take effect until
the Indian title to the country was extinguished.
By the Treaty of July 15, 1830, ten confederated tribes
conjointly ceded a large tract of country to the United States, the
boundary of which began near the head of the Des Moines River and
passed westwardly to the north of the principal rivers falling into
the Missouri, and down Calumet River to the Missouri, and down the
same to the Missouri state line at the
Page 48 U. S. 672
mouth of the Kansas; thence along said state line to the
northwest corner of the state and then northwardly and eastwardly
various courses to the place of beginning. And within this boundary
the tribes were to be located and superintended by the United
States, pursuant to a policy now generally prevailing, and by which
the Indians east of the Mississippi River have been removed west of
it. By this treaty, the neck of land between the Missouri River and
the then western line of Missouri was appropriated for the benefit
of these tribes. To remove this impediment and gratify the request
of the state to have her limits enlarged, a treaty was made on 17
September, 1836, with the Iowas, Sacs, and Foxes, reciting the
facts, so far as the Indians were interested, and also that it was
desirable and necessary that the country should be attached to the
State of Missouri, and thereupon these Indian tribes (being part of
the ten) did cede and relinquish to the United States all their
right and interest to the lands lying between the State of Missouri
and the Missouri River, and the United States were exonerated from
the guarantee imposed on them by the treaty of 1830, known as the
Treaty of Prairie du Chien. And on 27 September, 1836, another band
of the Sac and Fox tribes made a similar cession. And on 15
October, 1836, various bands of the Sioux, by another treaty, also
assented to the cession, but in more definite terms: they gave a
quitclaim to the United States of their interest in the lands
"lying between the State of Missouri and the Missouri River, and
south of a line running due west from the northwest corner of the
state to the Missouri River."
The country having been disencumbered of the Indian title, the
President, by proclamation of March 28, 1837, declared that the Act
of Congress of June 7, 1836, should take effect; and thereby the
ceded territory became a part of the State of Missouri.
There are, in all, fifteen Indian treaties referring to the
Osage boundary of 1816, as run by Sullivan, each of which
recognizes that boundary as the Missouri state line, and all of
which treaties were made after Missouri was admitted into the
Union, and before Iowa became a state. And as the treaties were
drawn by authority of the United States, they must be taken as
recognitions, on the part of the general government, that the
Missouri boundary and the old Indian boundary are identical.
In the second place, it is proper to inquire how far the general
government has recognized the Indian boundary line of 1816 in its
land department. By the Act of February 17, 1818, the Howard
District was established. This extended west to the old Indian
boundary, and ran with it from the
Page 48 U. S. 673
mouth of the Kansas north, through its whole length, and thence
east with Sullivan's line to where it intersected the range line
ten west from the principal meridian; extending on the east line
about four fifths of its length.
In 1823 this district was divided, and a western one established
fronting on the two lines.
To the eastern part of Sullivan's line, next to the Des Moines
River, the St. Louis district extended until 1824, when the Salt
River district was established, running west to the range line
between ranges 13 and 14; thence north to the northern boundary
line of the State of Missouri; thence east with the state line to
the River Des Moines, and down the same with the state line.
By the Act of August 29, 1842, the western land district was
divided, and that part of it lying north of the Missouri River had
attached to it the Platte country -- that is to say, the country
annexed to Missouri by the act of Congress of 1836, lying west of
the old Indian boundary, and next to the Missouri River.
When acting through the Surveyor's Department of Public Lands,
on the Missouri side, the general government has never recognized
on the north, nor, until the Platte country was attached, on the
west, any boundary as belonging to that state other than the two
Indian lines run by Sullivan in 1816, so far as they extended.
The country north of the State of Missouri was for a time
attached to the Territory of Michigan, and then to the Territory of
Wisconsin. By the act of June 12, 1838, ch. 96, it was formed into
a separate territorial government by the name of Iowa. And by
another act of the same date, ch. 100, the territory was formed
into two land districts, the southern one embracing the country in
dispute.
And on the Iowa side, the public surveys were executed, and
lands were sold, up to Sullivan's northern line. Nor had the
Surveyor General of Illinois and Missouri any jurisdiction to go
beyond it north; nor the Surveyor's Department of Iowa, to cross it
by surveys to the south. From the time that Missouri became a state
to this day, Sullivan's line has been recognized by the United
States as the true northern boundary of Missouri, so far as it
could be done through the Department of Public Lands.
And thirdly, Congress, as early as 1834, organized a territorial
government bounded by said line; laid off counties bounded by it on
the south, as early as 1836; and governed the territory for ten
years up to that line -- all the time recognizing it as the proper
northern boundary of Missouri.
Page 48 U. S. 674
From these facts it is too manifest for argument to make it more
so, that the United States was committed to this line when Iowa
came into the Union. And as already stated, Iowa must abide by the
condition of her predecessor, and cannot now be heard to disavow
the old Indian line as her true southern boundary.
The State of Iowa, by her cross-bill, alleges that Missouri also
treated the old Indian boundary as her true northern line, until
about the year 1836; and that said line, at its western extremity,
is about six miles north of the parallel of latitude which is the
proper dividing line between the two states, and that, at its
eastern extremity, it is about ten miles north of the same; that
the parallel of latitude on which the line should run is found at a
point opposite the middle of the rapids in the Mississippi River
known as "the Des Moines Rapids." This rapid begins about three
miles above the mouth of the Des Moines River, and extends up the
Mississippi about fourteen miles. It is a highly notorious
geographical object, and a very proper one to govern a national
boundary; but the name called for in the Act of Congress of 1820,
and in the Constitution of Missouri, is "the rapids of the River
Des Moines." Then, and ever since, the great rapid in the
Mississippi River has been known by a different name. It is
therefore left uncertain whether the rapid in the Mississippi was
the one referred to, and the obscurity is greatly increased by a
most embarrassing disagreement among the witnesses testifying on
this head.
The name given in the act of Congress, taken in connection with
its context, would assuredly apply to a rapid in the Des Moines
River, if a notorious one existed, as the Mississippi River is not
mentioned in the call, and the Des Moines is; nor was the
Mississippi River to be reached by that line. Then, again, the
rapid is fourteen miles long, and no part of it is called for as an
opposite point to found the line upon.
It therefore follows that the claim of Iowa to come south to the
middle of the rapid throws us on a doubtful and forced construction
of the instrument under consideration; and such a construction we
are not willing to adopt, even if Iowa could at this day set up a
claim to its adoption, which, for the reasons above stated, we
think she cannot be allowed to do.
The State of Missouri, by her bill, disavows the old Indian
boundary and utterly denies that the great Des Moines rapid in the
River Mississippi is the object called for in her Constitution. She
insists that the true rapids are found in the Des Moines, and that
her northern line has been run and marked
Page 48 U. S. 675
from the true rapids, west to the Missouri River. The history of
this line is as follows:
In December, 1836, the Legislature of Missouri passed an act
requiring the northern boundary of that state to be surveyed and
marked under the direction of the executive; and in June, 1837, the
governor appointed three commissioners to execute the law, who
acted under special instructions from the executive. The
commissioners appointed Joseph C. Brown their engineer and
surveyor, and commenced the work in July following; and after
having examined the Des Moines, from a point nearly one hundred
miles up the river, downwards to its mouth, to ascertain the true
rapids called for in the state constitution, determined on the
proper place where, in their judgment, the line should begin; and
from that place the line was run and marked due west to the
Missouri River; and this is known as Brown's line. It lies about
ten miles north of the old Indian boundary. And, by an Act of the
Legislature of Missouri, passed 11 February, 1839, the line so run
and marked by Brown was declared to be the northern boundary line
of said state, and has been claimed by her as such since that
time.
On the rapids selected by the commissioners, and on Brown's
line, the bill of complaint of the State of Missouri is altogether
founded, and if she fails in establishing the proper place of
beginning, she has no case, and must go out of court as a
complainant, and can have no relief further than an injunction to
restrain Iowa from obtruding on her jurisdiction south of the true
line, wherever it may be found, should Iowa attempt to go south of
such line.
The main question arising on the original bill of the State of
Missouri therefore is whether any rapid exists in the Des Moines
River of such a prominent character as to correspond to the call in
her Constitution of "THE RAPIDS OF THE RIVER DES MOINES." On this
branch of our inquiries we are furnished with highly satisfactory
evidence. By the Act of August 8, 1846, the Iowa Territory had
granted to it by Congress every alternate section of land not then
disposed of lying in a strip of five miles wide on each side of the
Des Moines River for the improvement of the same from its mouth to
a long distance up, and which grant was to accrue to the benefit of
the state when she should come into the Union. To carry into effect
the act of Congress, a board of public works was organized for the
improvement of the river. They employed an engineer to survey and
level it with a view to slackwater improvements, and it was
surveyed from its mouth for ninety-three miles upwards. The
engineer had every advantage of suitable instruments, low water,
and ice in the winter, and no doubt exists of
Page 48 U. S. 676
his accuracy when performing the field operations and in making
the levels.
The first ripple he came to, worthy of notice here, was
twenty-four miles from the mouth of the river, and, on eighty rods
of its greatest descent, he found .73-foot fall.
On the 26th mile is "Sweet-home Ripple." There was found a fall
of .85 feet in eighty rods.
On the 34th mile, at Farmington, he found a fall of 2.27 feet in
ninety-six rods, and in eighty rods 1.89 feet.
On the 42 mile, he found a ripple (near Benton's Port) of 1.26
feet fall in sixty rods, and 1.68 in eighty rods.
On the 51st mile, being at the great bend, where Brown's line
commences, the engineer found a fall of 1.75 feet in eighty rods --
that is to say twenty-one inches. Brown had also taken a level
there of a space of some sixty rods, in August, 1837, and found a
fall in that distance of 1 foot 9 3/8 inches; but his instruments
were not so reliable. The bottom of the river is rock at that
place, and there is a thin stratum at one point, over which the
water breaks when the river is low.
On the 53d mile, a fall was found in eighty rods of 1.75 feet by
the engineer of Iowa.
On the 55th mile, a fall of 1.81 feet was found in eighty
rods.
On the 93d mile, a fall was found in eighty rods of 2.10
feet.
A line extended due west from this greatest fall would lie about
twenty miles north of Brown's line, the river being very crooked.
From this point downwards it was examined by the commissioners of
Missouri in 1837.
The shoals on the 34th mile, at Farmington, on the 42d, at
Benton's Port, and at the great bend at Van Buren, on the 51st
mile, where Brown's line begins, and the descents on the 53d and
55th miles, are of about equal magnitude; neither reach to so much
as two feet ascent in eighty rods, and are not perceptible at all
when the water is three feet higher than when at its lowest stage
in dry weather. In 1820, these shoals were nameless, and are so
slight that some of them are now nearly obliterated by the
accidents of dams thrown across the river for milling purposes.
Either one of the five might have been selected by the
commissioners of Missouri for the proper place of beginning with
almost equal propriety. They searched the river from the Appannoose
Fall, at the 93d mile, to its mouth, in a pirogue, before they
selected their starting point, obviously depending on such
examination for a selection of the particular place of beginning,
and not on any notorious rapid pointed out by public reputation.
There is none such in the Des Moines River, and therefore Brown's
line cannot be upheld nor the claim of Missouri be supported.
Page 48 U. S. 677
This Court is, then, driven to that call in the Constitution of
Missouri which declares that her western boundary shall correspond
with the Indian boundary line, and treating the western line of a
hundred miles long as a unit and then running east from its
northern terminus, it will supply the deficiency of a call for an
object that never existed. Nor has Missouri any right to complain.
She herself, for ten years and more after coming into the Union,
recognized the Indian lines west and north as her proper boundary;
her counties were extended up to these lines before the present
controversy arose, and so counties in the territory north were
established up to this recognized line without objection on the
part of Missouri. And when Congress ceded to Missouri the country
west of Sullivan's line, both parties to that cession acted on the
assumption, that the ceded territory next the Missouri River was
bounded on the north by a line that should be run due west from the
northwest corner of the old Osage boundary. To this extent the
Indian title was extinguished, and to no other extent did the
United States cede that country. Nor could this Court act otherwise
than to reject the claim of Missouri without doing palpable
injustice to the United States on the western part of the line.
We are therefore of opinion that the northern boundary of
Missouri is the Osage line, as run by Sullivan in 1816, from the
northwest corner made by him to the Des Moines River; and that a
line extended due west from said northwest corner to the Missouri
River is the proper northern boundary on that end of the line. And
this is the unanimous opinion of all the judges of this
Court.
Decree
On this 13th day of February, A.D. 1849, the cause of the State
of Missouri against the State of Iowa, on an original bill, and
also on a cross-bill of the State of Iowa against the State of
Missouri, constituting part of said cause, came on to be heard
before the honorable the judges of the Supreme Court of the United
States in open court, all of the judges of said court being
present. And said cause was heard on the original bill and the
answer thereto and the replication to said answer, and also on said
cross-bill and the answer thereto and the replication to said
answer and on the proofs in said cause, consisting of depositions,
documents, and historical evidences, when it appeared to the Court
that in the year 1816 the United States caused to be run and marked
two lines, as part of a boundary between the United States and the
Great and Little Osage nations of Indians in execution of a treaty
made
Page 48 U. S. 678
with said Osages in 1808, the first line of the two beginning on
the eastern bank of the Missouri River opposite the middle of the
mouth of the Kansas River and extending north one hundred miles,
where a corner was made by John C. Sullivan, the surveyor and
commissioner, acting on behalf of the United States and the Osage
nations, and that from said corner a second line was then run and
marked by said surveyor under said authority which was intended to
be run due east, on a parallel of latitude, but which line, by
mistake, varied about two and one-half degrees towards the north of
a due east and west line.
And it further appeared that the first-named line is the one to
which the descriptive call in the Constitution of the State of
Missouri refers as the Indian boundary line, and to which the
western boundary of said state was to correspond. And it also
appeared, that said two lines had at all times since Missouri came
into the Union as a state been recognized by the United States as
the true western and northern boundaries of the State of Missouri
as called for in her Constitution, and that the State of Missouri
had also recognized these lines as a part of her boundary for the
first ten years of her existence, if not more, but that in the year
1837 she caused another line to be run and marked as her northern
boundary from the River Des Moines due west to the Missouri River,
lying about ten miles north of said line run by Sullivan in 1816,
which line of 1837 embraced part of a territory then governed by
the United States and which was inhabited by citizens of the United
States, and which territory continued to be so governed by the
United States until 29 December, 1846, when the jurisdiction over
the same was conferred upon the State of Iowa. It further appeared
that the State of Missouri claims to exercise jurisdiction up to
said line, as run and marked in the year 1837, on an assumption
that the descriptive call in her Constitution for a parallel of
latitude "passing through the rapids of the River Des Moines" was
gratified by a rapid found in said river, at a place known as the
Great Bend, and from which said line was begun and extended west.
And this Court finds that there is no such rapid in the River Des
Moines as that called for in the Constitution of the State of
Missouri, and that she was not justified in causing the line run
and marked in 1837 to be extended as her northern boundary.
And the Court further finds that the State of Iowa is estopped
from setting up claim to a line south of the old Indian boundary
known as Sullivan's line as said state, by her cross-bill, assumes
to do, because her predecessor, the United States, by many acts and
by uniform assumptions up to the time when
Page 48 U. S. 679
Iowa was created in December, 1846, recognized and adopted
Sullivan's line as the proper northern boundary of the State of
Missouri, and that the State of Iowa is bound by such recognition
and adoption.
And it further appeared that that portion of territory lying
west of Sullivan's first line and between the same and the Missouri
River, was added to the State of Missouri by force of an Act of
Congress of June 7, 1836, which took effect by the President's
proclamation of March 28, 1837, and that a line prolonged due west
from Sullivan's northwest corner, on a parallel of latitude, to the
middle of the Missouri River, is the true northern boundary of the
State of Missouri on this part of the controverted boundary.
And this Court doth therefore see proper to decree, and doth
accordingly order, adjudge, and decree that the true and proper
northern boundary line of the State of Missouri, and the true
southern boundary of the State of Iowa, is the line run and marked
in 1816 by John C. Sullivan as the Indian boundary from the
northwest corner made by said Sullivan, extending eastwardly as he
ran and marked the said line to the middle of the Des Moines River,
and that a line due west from said northwest corner to the middle
of the Missouri River is the proper dividing line between said
states west of the aforesaid corner, and that the States of
Missouri and Iowa are bound to conform their jurisdictions up to
said line on their respective sides thereof from the River Des
Moines to the River Missouri.
And it is further adjudged and decreed that the State of
Missouri be and she is hereby perpetually enjoined and restrained
from exercising jurisdiction north of the boundary aforesaid
dividing the states, and that the State of Iowa be and she hereby
is also perpetually enjoined and restrained from exercising
jurisdiction south of the dividing boundary established by this
decree.
And it is further ordered that Joseph C. Brown, of the State of
Missouri, and Henry B. Hendershot, of the State of Iowa, be and
they are hereby appointed commissioners to find and remark the line
run by said Sullivan in 1816, extending eastwardly from said
northwest corner to the Des Moines River, and especially to find
and establish said northwest corner and to mark the same as
hereinafter directed, and also to run a line due west, on a
parallel of latitude, from said corner, when found, to the Missouri
River, and to mark the same as hereinafter directed.
And said commissioners are hereby commanded to plant at said
northwest corner a cast-iron pillar four feet six inches
Page 48 U. S. 680
long and squaring twelve inches at its base and eight inches at
its top, such pillar to be marked with the word "Missouri" on its
south side, and "Iowa" on the north, and "State Line" on the east
side, which marks shall be strongly cast into the iron. And a
similar pillar shall be by them planted in the line near the bank
of the Des Moines River, with the mark of "State Line" facing the
west. And also a similar one near the east bank of the Missouri
River shall be planted by the said commissioners in the said line,
the mark of "State Line" facing the east.
And it is further ordered that pillars or posts, of stone or of
cast-iron, shall be planted at every ten miles in the line
extending east, from the northwest corner aforesaid to the Des
Moines River, and also at the end of every ten miles on the due
west line, extending to the Missouri River from said corner. These
latter line posts to be of such description as the commissioners
may adopt, or as the parties to this suit, acting jointly, may
direct the commissioners to use, except that said line-posts shall
be of stone or iron.
And it is further ordered that a duly certified copy of this
decree shall be forwarded to the chief magistrate of the State of
Missouri, forthwith, by the clerk of this Court, and that a similar
copy shall in like manner be forwarded to the chief magistrate of
the State of Iowa. And the commissioners of this Court hereby
appointed are directed to correspond with said chief magistrates
respectively, through their secretaries of state, requesting the
cooperation and assistance of the state authorities in the
performance of the duties imposed on said commissioners by this
decree.
And it is further ordered that the Clerk of this Court forward
to each of the said commissioners a copy hereof, duly
authenticated, without delay.
And it is further ordered that said commissioners make report to
this Court on or before the first day of January next, of their
proceedings in the premises, with a bill of costs and charges
annexed.
And it is further ordered that should either of said
commissioners die or refuse to act or be unable to perform the
duties required by this decree, the Chief Justice of this Court is
hereby authorized and empowered to appoint other commissioners to
supply vacancies, and if it be deemed advisable by the Chief
Justice, he may increase the commissioners by appointment to more
than two, and he is authorized to act on such information in the
premises as may be satisfactory to himself.
And should any other contingencies arise in executing this
Page 48 U. S. 681
decree, THE CHIEF JUSTICE, in vacation, is further and generally
authorized to make such orders and give such instructions as this
Court could do when in session. Copies of all orders and
instructions and acts done in the premises by THE CHIEF JUSTICE
shall be filed by the Clerk of this Court, together with the
petitions, papers, and documents on which they are founded. And
reports of the commissioners, if made in vacation, shall be filed
with the Clerk also for safekeeping thereof until presented in open
Court for its action thereon.
And it is further ordered and adjudged that the costs of this
suit, including the original bill, cross-bill, and the proceedings
thereon, and all costs incident to establishing and marking the
dividing line, and all other costs and charges of every
description, shall be paid by the States of Iowa and Missouri
equally.
"In the case of
Missouri v. Iowa and of
Iowa v.
Missouri, in the Supreme Court of the United States: "
"Having received information of the death of Joseph C. Brown,
one of the commissioners appointed by the decree of the Supreme
Court in the above-mentioned cases to run and mark the boundary
line between the States of Missouri and Iowa, I hereby, pursuant to
the duty enjoined upon me by the said decree, appoint Robert W.
Wells, of the State of Missouri, a commissioner for the purposes
aforesaid, in the place of the said Joseph C. Brown, deceased."
"R. B. TANEY"
"
Chief Justice of Supreme Court of U.S."
"
Baltimore, April 6, 1849"