Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes v. Commissioner, 295 U.S. 418 (1935)

U.S. Supreme Court

Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes v. Commissioner, 295 U.S. 418 (1935) Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes v. Commissioner

No. 817

Argued May 6, 7, 1935

Decided May 20, 1935

295 U.S. 418

CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

Syllabus

1. Income on funds derived from the restricted allotment a full-blood Creek Indian which are in excess of his needs and are held by the United States in trust for him under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior is subject to the federal income tax. Revenue Act, 1928, §§ 11 and 12. Pp. 295 U. S. 419-420.

2. In this regard, the sweeping general terms of the taxing Act must prevail, as there is nothing in the Creek Agreement of 1901, the supplemental agreement of 1902, the Act of April 2, 1906, or the Act of May 27, 1908, which definitely expresses an intent to exempt such income from taxation. Pp. 295 U. S. 420-421.

3. Taxation by the United States of income received from trust funds held for its Indian ward, who is a citizen of the United States, is not inconsistent with the relation of guardianship. P. 295 U. S. 421.

75 F.2d 183 affirmed.

Certiorari to review the affirmance of a decision of the Board of Tax Appeals sustaining an income tax assessment. 29 B.T.A. 635.

MR. JUSTICE McREYNOLDS delivered the opinion of the Court.

Sandy Fox, for whom this suit was instituted, is a full-blood Creek Indian. Certain funds, said to have been

Page 295 U. S. 419

derived from his restricted allotment, in excess of his needs were invested. The proceeds therefrom were collected and held in trust under direction of the Secretary of Interior. The question now presented is whether this income was subject to the federal tax laid by the 1928 Revenue Act (c. 852, §§ 11, 12, 45 Stat. 791). The Commissioner, the Board of Tax Appeals, and the court below answered in the affirmative.

Petitioner maintains that the court should have followed the rule which it applied in Blackbird v. Commissioner, 38 F.2d 976, 977; also that it erroneously held Congress intended to tax income derived from investment of funds arising from restricted lands belonging to a full-blood Creek Indian.

Blackbird, restricted full-blood Osage, maintained that she was not subject to the federal income tax statute. The court sustained that view and declared:

"Her property is under the supervising control of the United States. She is its ward, and we cannot agree that, because the income statute, Act of 1918 (40 Stat. 1057), and Act of 1921 (42 Stat. 227), subjects 'the net income of every individual' to the tax, this is alone sufficient to make the Acts applicable to her. Such holding would be contrary to the almost unbroken policy of Congress in dealing with its Indian wards and their affairs. Whenever they and their interests have been the subject affected by legislation they have been named and their interests specifically dealt with."

This does not harmonize with what we said in Choteau v. Burnet, 283 U. S. 691, 283 U. S. 693, 283 U. S. 696:

"The language of §§ 201 and 211(a) (Revenue Act 1918) subjects the income of 'every individual' to tax. Section 213(a) includes income 'from any source whatever.' *

Page 295 U. S. 420

The intent of Congress was to levy the tax with respect to all residents of the United States and upon all sorts of income. The Act does not expressly exempt the sort of income here involved, nor a person having petitioner's status respecting such income, and we are not referred to any other statute which does. . . . The intent to exclude must be definitely expressed where, as here, the general language of the act laying the tax is broad enough to include the subject matter."

The court below properly declined to follow its quoted pronouncement in Blackbird's case. The terms of the 1928 Revenue Act are very broad, and nothing there indicates that Indians are to be excepted. See Irwin v. Gavit, 268 U. S. 161; Heiner v. Colonial Trust Co., 275 U. S. 232; Helvering v. Stockholms Enskilda, Bank, 293 U. S. 84; Pitman v. Commissioner, 64 F.2d 740. The purpose is sufficiently clear.

It is affirmed that

"inalienability and nontaxability go hand in hand, and that it is not lightly to be assumed that Congress intended to tax the ward for the benefit of the guardian."

The general terms of the taxing act include the income under consideration, and if exemption exists, it must derive plainly from agreements with the Creeks or some Act of Congress dealing with their affairs.

Neither the Creek agreement of 1901 nor the Supplemental Agreement of 1902 conferred general exemption from taxation upon Indians; homesteads only were definitely excluded, although alienation of allotted lands was restricted.

The suggestion that exemption must be inferred from the Act of April 26, 1906, or Act of May 27, 1908,

Page 295 U. S. 421

is not well founded. The first of these extended restrictions upon the alienation of allotments for twenty-five years unless sooner removed by Congress, and provided:

"Sec.19. . . . That all lands upon which restrictions are removed shall be subject to taxation, and the other lands shall be exempt from taxation as long as the title remains in the original allottee."

This exemption related to land, and not to income derived from investment of surplus income from land. Moreover, the Act itself was superseded by the second one which did not contain the quoted provision, but declared:

"Sec. 4. That all land from which restrictions have been or shall be removed shall be subject to taxation and all other civil burdens as though it were the property of other persons than allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes. . . ."

We find nothing in either act which expresses definite intent to exclude from taxation such income as that here involved. See Shaw v. Gibson-Zahniser Oil Corp., 276 U. S. 575, 276 U. S. 581.

Nor can we conclude that taxation of income from trust funds of an Indian ward is so inconsistent with that relationship that exemption is a necessary implication. Nontaxability and restriction upon alienation are distinct things. Choate v. Trapp, 224 U. S. 665, 224 U. S. 673. The taxpayer here is a citizen of the United States, and wardship with limited power over his property does not, without more, render him immune from the common burden.

Shaw v. Gibson-Zahniser Oil Corp., supra, held that restricted land purchased for a full-blood Creek -- ward of the United States -- with trust funds was not free from state taxation, and declared that such exemption could not be implied merely because of the restrictions upon the Indian's power to alienate.

Affirmed.

* Like provisions are in §§ 210 and 211(a), Rev.Acts 1921, 1924, 1926, and §§ 11 and 12(a), Act 1928; § 213(a), Revenue Acts 1921, 1924, 1926, and § 22, Act 1928.