Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Cahill, 253 U.S. 71 (1920)

U.S. Supreme Court

Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Cahill, 253 U.S. 71 (1920) Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Cahill

No. 124

Argued January 13, 1920

Decided May 17, 1920

253 U.S. 71

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT

OF THE STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA

Syllabus

An order of a state railroad commission requiring a railroad to install and maintain cattle scales, passed to facilitate trading in cattle and not for any reason having substantial relation to their transportation, violates due process of law. P. 253 U. S. 75. Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Minnesota, 238 U. S. 340.

40 S.D. 55 reversed.

The case is stated in the opinion.

MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE delivered the opinion of the Court.

In Great Northern Ry. Co. v. Minnesota, 238 U. S. 340, the question was whether an order of the Railroad and Warehouse Commission of Minnesota directing the railway to install at a named station a cattle-weighing scale was rightly sustained by the supreme court of the state. It

Page 253 U. S. 72

was found by that court (a) that, out of 259 stations on the railway line in Minnesota where stockyards for handing cattle existed, there were but 54 supplied with cattle-weighing scales, all of which the railway had voluntarily installed; (b) that, although such scales had no direct part in transportation, they were convenient in stock dealings, and a station possessing one had an advantage over a place where none existed; in fact that at the 54 stations where they had been voluntarily installed, it had come to pass that they were used not by shippers for the purposes of their transportation business, but by those who bought and sold cattle.

Coming to consider the contention of the railway that the order to put in the scales was repugnant to the Fourteenth Amendment as a taking of its property without due process, since, as a carrier, no obligation rested upon it to put in the scales, it was pointed out that the test was whether the order was so arbitrary and unreasonable as to exceed the power of government, or was justified by the public necessities which the carrier could lawfully be compelled to meet. Holding that, as the duty of the railway was confined to furnishing appliances for its business of transportation, and that cattle scales were not of such a character, it followed that the railway could not be compelled to supply them as a means for building up the business of trading in cattle, however much the public might be benefited thereby, the defense of the railway was maintained, and the order of the Commission was held to be wanting in due process, and void. The result, it was pointed out, could not be avoided by the suggestion that the order was intended to correct a discrimination which existed in favor of certain stations which had scales, since, in substance, to say that would be to correct one discrimination by creating another.

Shortly before the argument in this Court of the Minnesota case just referred to, the firm of Cahill & Redman

Page 253 U. S. 73

petitioned the Board of Railroad Commissioners of South Dakota for an order requiring the Great Northern Railway Company to install and maintain a cattle scale adjacent to its cattle yards at Albee station. It was alleged in the petition that no means otherwise of weighing cattle existed at Albee, that the public necessities of the cattle trade required the scale, and that the number of cattle shipped from the place justified the outlay by the railway.

The railway answered, denying any duty on its part to install the scale, and asserted that to compel it to put the scale in would deprive it of its property without due process, and would besides deny it the equal protection of the laws, both in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

At the hearing which followed, there was no showing that any cattle had been shipped over the railway into Albee. It was indisputably established, however (a) that not only the defendant railway but the other roads operating in the state of South Dakota had at some of their stations installed stockyard scales which presumably, in the absence of all proof to the contrary, had been voluntarily installed; (b) that all shipments of cattle from Albee during the preceding three years amounted only to 56 carloads, all of which were moved in interstate commerce -- that is, to St. Paul, Minnesota, and that, with regard to less than carload lots, two cattle shipped in intrastate commerce constituted the sole movement; (c) that the universal rule on all railroads throughout the United States is to determine the weight of cattle shipped in carload lots, for the purposes of ascertaining the freight charges, not by weight taken on scales at the point of shipment, but by a track scales at or adjacent to the point of delivery; (d) that the business of dealing in cattle at Albee would be facilitated and probably increased by the existence there of a cattle scale where cattle dealt in could be weighed, and that the public want in this respect had come to be increasingly felt since the removal by its owner of a

Page 253 U. S. 74

private scale which the public had used at a time previous to the demand made upon the railway to install the cattle scale here in question.

The Commission, in its findings, while pointing out that the complainants had testified that, besides the benefit to the public, there would be an advantage to shippers by the establishment of the scale, as it would enable the shippers to load their cattle, so as to avoid any loss resulting from a failure to bring the loaded car up to the minimum weight required for carload shipments, added the following:

"The testimony of the other witnesses, including those appearing for the railway company, is to the effect that the only use to which a stock scale is put is for the accommodation and convenience of stock buyers and persons making sales of livestock to the buyers at stockyards in arriving at the weights as to the basis for the purchase and sale."

In the meanwhile, the Minnesota case had been decided, and therefore, when the Commission came to apply the law to the facts by it found in this case, it was called upon to determine how far the ruling in that case deprived it of power to grant the relief prayed in this. Discharging that duty, it held that the Minnesota case was inapplicable because, in South Dakota, there was a common knowledge that railroad cattle scales when established were for the benefit of both the public and shippers, enabling all who took cattle into the railroad yards, whether for shipment or otherwise, to ascertain their weight. After referring to the relation in certain aspects which cattle scales, when installed, bore to carload and less than carload shipments, and that a law of the state provided for the inspection of cattle scales when installed by railways at their cattle yards, it was pointed out that, in accordance with many adjudged cases establishing that it was a part of the duty of a carrier to install stockyards in which to hold cattle intended for shipment and to receive inbound cattle when unloaded, it had by further legislation been made the duty of carriers

Page 253 U. S. 75

to establish stockyards at their stations. Declaring that no difference in principle existed between the duty to furnish stockyards and the duty to install stock scales, the conclusion of the Commission was thus summed up:

"After a very careful examination of the evidence in this record, this commission is of the opinion, and finds, that livestock scales are a necessary facility at stockyards for the weighing of livestock received for the purposes of shipment not only for the convenience of the public at large, livestock buyers, and individual shippers but in the necessary weighing preliminary to properly loading and subsequent to the unloading of livestock at such stockyards, and that there is an actual public necessity for the installation of a stockyards scale at the stockyards of the defendant at its station at Albee, in Grant county, in this state."

Conforming to these conclusions, the order awarded directed the installation of a stock scale of a certain capacity

"in such a manner as to permit of the weighing of livestock loaded into and unloaded from cars at that station, as well as the weighing of stock received into the stockyards at Albee."

An intermediary court to which the case was removed held that, as the furnishing of a stock scale was no part of the duty of a common carrier, the railway could not be compelled to furnish it without taking its property without due process of law, and that this result would be all the more flagrantly brought about by compelling the railway to furnish the scale upon the theory that, if furnished, it would afford a facility for the trading in cattle at the place where it was installed.

The complainant and the Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners, as appellants, in invoking the reversal of the judgment of the intermediary court and the affirmance of the order of the Board, as stated by the supreme court of the state, in that court relied solely upon

Page 253 U. S. 76

two grounds:

"First, that local buyers and sellers of livestock have the right to demand the installation of stockyard scales for their own convenience in buying livestock, and second, that it is the duty of the carrier to furnish the shipper such facilities as will enable him to avoid underloading cars where the rate is fixed upon minimum loads, and to ascertain the cost of shipping stock in the car in excess of the minimum carload weight."

Disposing of the first of these contentions, the court said:

"The fallacy of the first proposition is so clear that discussion would be idle. The carrier owes no duty to the local buyer or seller of livestock until the stock is tendered at the stockyards for shipment."

In passing upon the second proposition, the court quoted a passage from a textbook (10 Corpus Juris 59, 79) in which, after stating the general duty of a common carrier to furnish appliances necessary or appropriate for discharging its duties as a common carrier, it was declared:

"The duty of a carrier of livestock, it is said, cannot be efficiently discharged without the aid of pens or yards in which the livestock offered for shipment can be received and handled with safety and without inconvenience to the public before being loaded in the cars in which they are to be transported, and such duty is strictly analogous to the duty of the carrier to construct and maintain a secure depot for inanimate freight."

Applying such doctrine, the court, without citation of authority or reference to any legislative enactment or administrative practice supporting the view and without referring to the South Dakota statutes relied upon by the Board, making it obligatory upon the carrier to put in cattle pens at all stations, without imposing any such duty to put in cattle scales, but, on the contrary, giving power only to inspect such scales when put in, held, wholly as a matter of first impression, that the identity between the two (cattle yards and cattle scales) was so complete that

Page 253 U. S. 77

the obligation which existed to erect cattle yards at every station also established the duty to install cattle scales at every station. The judgment of the intermediary court was therefore reversed, and the order of the Board affirmed.

Eliminating, as this conclusion did, all the questions pressed before the Board obviously with the purpose of taking the case out of the reach of the Minnesota decision, based upon a supposed duty to put in scales because of the advantage which would result to dealers in cattle, it clearly follows that this case is decisively controlled by the ruling in the Minnesota case, and therefore leaves us only the duty to apply that ruling. Coming to do so, the judgment below is therefore reversed, and the cause remanded with directions for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

It is so ordered.