Beach v. United States, 226 U.S. 243 (1912)
U.S. Supreme Court
Beach v. United States, 226 U.S. 243 (1912)Beach v. United States
No. 7
Argued October 30, 1912
Decided December 2, 1912
226 U.S. 243
Syllabus
Recitals by the Court of Claims of the documents upon which the claimant's case alone can rest with a history of the transaction and an express finding that the evidence does not establish the transfer to the government of that for which claimant demands compensation, with negative findings of claimant's title, are sufficient findings of the ultimate facts to conform to the rules.
Whether claimant's claim rests upon an express or an implied purchase by an officer of the government, a lack of power on the part of that officer is a fundamental objection.
The provision in the Post Office Appropriation Act of July 13, 1892, 27 Stat. 145, c. 165, authorizing the Postmaster General to examine into transportation of mail by pneumatic tubes did not authorize the purchase of any apparatus or patents, and all parties including claimant were notified of this by the Postmaster General.
Under no other statutes enacted prior to the inception of the claimant's demand was the Postmaster General authorized to purchase or contract for apparatus or patents for pneumatic tubes.
The retention without express rejection of a proposal in answer to an advertisement of the Postmaster General which expressly states that the proposals are for investigation and estimate and that the Postmaster General has no authority to contract for expenditure of money does not constitute a contract either express or implied.
A proposal to sell to an officer of the United States that purports to be an assignment in praesenti but which is not in form or substance an assignment and which expressly states that it shall not be binding on the proposer unless accepted by that officer before a specified date does not become a contract express or implied because of the nonaction by that officer on the proposal.
The retention by the officer of the United States without rejection of a proposal which contains four different propositions of sale of the same article, only one of which could be accepted, cannot be treated as an acceptance of any one of the propositions.
He who is without authority to bind his principal by express contract cannot be held to have done so by implication, and the want of authority
on the part of the officer of the United States to whom delivery is claimed is fatal to the establishment of an implied contract.
In this case, one claiming to have old patents for pneumatic mail tubes to the Postmaster General having failed to show any use of his devices or inventions by the government, or that any devices or inventions used were those covered by his patent, the Court of Claims rightly dismissed his petition.
41 Ct.Cl. 110 affirmed.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Court of Claims dismissing the petition of claimant (now appellant) whereby he sought to recover the sum of twenty millions of dollars for certain inventions and letters patent pertaining to pneumatic transportation, alleged to have been sold and transferred by him to the United States in the year 1893 by agreement, express or implied, made between the claimant and the Postmaster General. 41 Ct.Cl. 110.
The following is a sufficient outline of the findings of facts in that court:
Prior to July 26, 1892, the claimant, James W. Beach, had been granted certain letters patent for inventions or improvements relating to pneumatic transportation, to-wit, letters patent No. 267,318, dated November 14, 1882, and letters patent No. 444,038, dated January 6, 1891, the object being to provide a continuous current of air, moving at high velocity through a tube or other conduit, and thereby to transport the mails and all suitable commodities through such tube or conduit. Ten prior patents had been issued to other parties by the United States Patent Office for original and new and useful improvements in pneumatic conveyors or devices for the transmission of letters, messages, and small packages through small pipes, the first of which patents was issued as early as the year 1864. Pursuant to the authority of § 6 of the Post Office Appropriation Act of July 13, 1892 (27 Stat.
145, c. 165), Hon. John Wanamaker, then Postmaster General, caused the following advertisement to be published in several newspapers:
"Mail Service by Pneumatic Tubes or Other Systems"
"POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT"
"WASHINGTON, D.C. July 26, 1892"
"Authority is given the Postmaster General by the provisions of the act making appropriations for the service of the Post Office Department, approved July 13, 1892, 'to examine into the subject of a more rapid dispatch of mail matter between large cities and post office stations and transportation terminals located in large cities by means of pneumatic tubes or other systems,' with the view of ascertaining the cost and advantages of the same."
"Acting upon this authority, I hereby give notice to all persons who are the inventors, assignees, or otherwise owners of any pneumatic tube or other device for and adapted to said service to present in writing, under seal, on or before Thursday, the 8th day of September, 1892, addressed to the 'Postmaster General, Washington, D.C.' and marked 'Rapid Despatch of Mails,' a full description of such tube or device, together with a statement of the evidence of title to or ownership of the same, which evidence may subsequently at any time be required by the Postmaster General. Said description must state the kind and quality of motive power used in operating the same; the method of its application; the capacity of the tube or device, and offer to submit a test; the precise place and terminals where it is proposed to conduct the test; the date at which the tube or device will be in condition to be tested, and the time that will necessarily be occupied in making the test; and, generally, anything else whereby the Postmaster General can judge of the relative value
of the several tubes or devices that may be submitted, and the adaptability of each to said service."
"It is preferred that the tests aforesaid be conducted in the City of New York, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, Chicago, or Washington, District of Columbia, and between adjacent cities, or between a post office and substation or transportation terminal."
"It is also requested that each of said descriptions be accompanied by a proposal offering to license to, or otherwise invest in, the United States, the right to use the tube or device, to lease by the year, or to sell, assign, and transfer it to the United States as a purchaser."
"The tests aforesaid must be made without cost to the United States, and upon the express condition that the person offering said tube or device waives all claim against the United States for any expense attending the construction, tests, or preparation for said tests, or any other expense attending the same. The Postmaster General has no authority in law to contract for the expenditure of money for the use of or purchase of any such invention, nor is there any existing appropriation out of which the cost of the same could be paid."
"The right is reserved to decline any test of any tube or device submitted in response to this advertisement, and to reject any proposal that may be made."
"The propositions and result of all experiments will be the subject of a report to Congress."
"JOHN WANAMAKER"
"Postmaster General"
Under date August 20, 1892, the claimant wrote to the Postmaster General, stating that pursuant to the advertisement dated July 26, 1892, he desired to submit a description of a pneumatic tube or device invented and owned by him, suitable for and adapted to the rapid dispatch of mail matter between large cities and post office
stations, and also desired to accompany said description with a
"proposal offering to license to or otherwise invest in the United States the right to use the tube or device, to lease by the year, or to sell, assign, and transfer it to the United States"
as a purchaser, and inquired whether his proposal should or should not name a price at which he (Beach), as the owner aforesaid, would so license, lease, or sell, assign, and transfer to the United States the right to use said tube or device. To this the Postmaster General replied by letter stating:
"The advertisement for pneumatic tubes states each offer shall be accompanied by proposals to license to, or otherwise invest in, the United States the right to use the tube or device, to lease by the year, or to sell, assign, or transfer to the United States. Such proposals must, of course, fix some price, to be of any value."
Thereupon the claimant, under date August 30, 1892, submitted to the Postmaster General the following:
"Proposal of Beach"
"[Law Office of James W. Beach, 94 Washington Street, Chicago, Illinois.]"
"Rapid Despatch of Mails"
"Hon. John Wanamaker, Postmaster General, Washington, D.C."
"SIR:"
"In accordance with the advertisement of the Postmaster General, which said advertisement is dated July 26th, 1892, and is entitled 'Mail service by pneumatic tubes or other systems,' I, the undersigned, James W. Beach, of Chicago, Illinois, hereby propose and offer to license to or otherwise invest in the United States the right to use the said two pneumatic devices or either of them -- that is to say, the devices mentioned and described in letters patent No. 267,318 and in letters patent No. 444,038, granted by the United States to the undersigned, James W. Beach, mentioned and described in the description
of said devices accompanying this proposal, and signed by said James W. Beach (said two devices being also described in Exhibits 'C' and 'D' annexed to the description of said devices filed herewith in the office of the Postmaster General by the Beach Pneumatic Conveyor Company), or to lease by the year, or to sell, assign, and transfer it to the United States as a purchaser, said right being the exclusive right in and under said letters patent, and each of them, in and to all the states and territories of the United States, save and excepting therefrom the States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Michigan, and the District of Columbia, heretofore sold and assigned to said Beach Pneumatic Conveyor Company by the undersigned."
"And I, the undersigned, James W. Beach, hereby propose and offer as aforesaid to license to or otherwise invest in the United States all of my said right in, to, under, and by virtue of said letters patent, and each of them, in and to all the states and territories of the United States, save and excepting said States of Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Michigan, and the District of Columbia, for and in consideration of the payment to me, the said James W. Beach, my heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, by the United States, of the sum of eight hundred thousand dollars ($800,000) on the first day of September in each year during the term of said license or leasing or investment in the United States, as aforesaid."
"And I, the undersigned, James W. Beach, hereby further propose and offer to sell, assign, and transfer to the United States all of my said right derived and possessed by me under and by virtue of said two letters patent, in and to all the states and territories of the United States, save and excepting therefrom the said States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, Michigan, and the District of Columbia, for the sum of twenty millions of dollars ($20,000,000), to be paid by the United States to me, the undersigned, James W. Beach, my heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, on or before the first day of September, A.D. 1893, and upon payment of said sum of money last mentioned to me at the time and as aforesaid by the United States, I will sell to and make and execute to the United States a good and sufficient assignment and transfer of all of my rights granted and by me possessed as aforesaid under and by virtue of said two letters patent in and to all the states and territories, save and excepting therefrom the said States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Michigan, and the District of Columbia."
And I, the undersigned, hereby further propose and offer to so license, to lease to, or otherwise invest in the United States, all of my said right under and by virtue of said two letters patent (for and the said pneumatic devices or conveyors to be used solely and only for the purpose of collecting and transmitting the United States mails, and for no other purpose or purposes) in said entire United States, save and excepting therefrom the said States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Michigan, and the District of Columbia, upon the express condition that the United States shall pay therefor and in consideration thereof to me, the undersigned, James W. Beach, my heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, on the first day of September in each year during the term of said license, or leasing, or investment in the United States, the sum of three hundred and fifty-four thousand, five hundred and eighty dollars and twenty cents ($354,580.20), being the amount of money expended annually by the United States for that branch of the postal service known as the "Regulation wagon, mail messenger, mail station, and transfer service"
in twenty-six cities only, not including the Cities of Washington, District of Columbia, Providence, Rhode Island, Boston, Massachusetts, and Detroit, Michigan, as shown on page 112 of the report of the Postmaster General, 1888.
"And I, the undersigned, hereby further propose and offer as aforesaid to license or lease to the United States for mail purposes only, as aforesaid, a right or rights, and upon reasonable and equitable terms, and for a reasonable consideration to be paid to me, the undersigned, my heirs, executors, administrators, or assigns therefor, by the United States, the amount thereof to be agreed upon by the United States and the undersigned James W. Beach (either by mutual agreement or by arbitration), a right or rights as aforesaid to construct and operate within said entire United States, or either of them (save and excepting therefrom said States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Michigan, and the District of Columbia), one or more of said pneumatic conveyors or devices, said consideration to be based upon the mileage of the pneumatic tubes to be used, or upon a small percentage of the total (present) annual cost of the transportation of the United States mails within said United States."
"This proposal is made upon condition and the same shall not be binding upon the undersigned unless the United States shall by the Postmaster General accept said propositions, or one of said propositions, and shall notify me, the undersigned, of said acceptance on or before the first day of August, A.D. 1893"
"In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal at Chicago, Illinois, this thirtieth day of August, A.D. 1892."
"JAMES W. BEACH [Seal]"
"In presence of--"
"EDWARD J. QUENNY (?)"
"JACOB H. HOPKINS "
This proposal was accompanied with a description of the several devices described in letters patent No. 267,318 and No. 444,038, and with a written offer:
"At our own expense to demonstrate in a positive and convincing manner that the said pneumatic devices will, when in operation, do and perform all that is claimed in the accompanying companying 'Description' of said devices. . . . The undersigned is prepared to enter into a contract with the United States to construct or cause to be constructed (and operated, if so desired) one or more lines of said pneumatic devices in any city of the United States, or between any cities or towns in the United States (whether near or far apart), upon terms and for a consideration to be mutually agreed upon, and upon executing the said contract, the undersigned will secure the performance of any undertaking which he may so enter into by a good and sufficient bond."
Seven other persons or companies answered the advertisement of the Postmaster General for bids, and on September 15, 1892, he appointed a commission of three expert postal officials to examine into the merits of the pneumatic tubes and other systems so advertised for, and that commission reported to the Postmaster General in writing on September 29, 1892, embodying in its report a brief schedule of the several propositions, and stating the general conditions or terms upon which the owners would place their respective devices at the disposal of the government, or submit the same to its experimental test. Among these were:
"No. 3. Pneumatic Transit Company of New Jersey. Pneumatic. Will put down line between main post office in Philadelphia and substation at Third and Chestnut Streets, without cost to government and without obligation to purchase or lease. After one year's trial, will lease or will sell at cost if desired by government."
"No. 8. James W. Beach and the Beach Pneumatic Conveyor Company, Chicago. Will make contract to
construct experimental line for a consideration to be mutually agreed upon. Will sell or lease. Experimental line to be in readiness in from four to twelve months from October 1, 1892"
The report contained the following specific recommendation:
"The offer known as 'No. 3,' submitted by the Pneumatic Transit Company of New Jersey, is to put down in the streets of Philadelphia, between the post office and the East Chestnut Street branch post office, pneumatic tubes to connect these two offices, without expense to the Department, and without charge for one year's use of the same, and without liability thereafter. This offer is the best that has been received, and it is believed to be highly advantageous to the Department, because it will enable it to make an immediate and practical test of the pneumatic system. Your committee therefore desire to make the copy of the proposition No. 3, hereto attached, a part of this report, and they recommend prompt acceptance of the offer, that the test may be made without delay."
"It is worthwhile to add that, in our judgment, the placing of a line unconditionally at the disposal of the Department for practical, everyday use will go far towards demonstrating in a general way the extent to which it may be made possible to substitute a tube system for the existing manner of performing transfer service within large cities, where time enters so largely into the necessities of the people."
"The committee desire as well to emphasize that, in making recommendation that an arrangement be made with the Pneumatic Transit Company of New Jersey for the construction of an experimental line in Philadelphia, it does not wish to be understood as passing upon the merits of the system itself, that being a matter for consideration hereafter; in like manner, it will be our purpose to give consideration to each one of the systems that have been submitted. "
Pursuant to this report, the Postmaster General, on October 20, 1892, entered into a contract with the Pneumatic Transit Company of New Jersey, providing for the installation by that company at its own expense of a line of pneumatic tubes in the city of Philadelphia, connecting the main post office with the sub-post office, and its operation for a period of one year after completion in such practical tests as the postmaster of Philadelphia and the Postmaster General might see fit to conduct, the tests to be made without cost to the United States beyond the use of surplus steam from the boilers in the post office building. The agreement provided that, at the expiration of the year, the Transit Company would lease said pneumatic tubes to the United States year by year, or would sell the same to the United States at cost, and would authorize the use by the United States of all the patented inventions in the said pneumatic tubes and devices connected therewith, by license, sale, or assignment, as might then be agreed upon.
Similar contracts were entered into by the Post Office Department for like transportation of United States mail at Philadelphia, New York, Brooklyn, and Boston.
The Pneumatic Transit Company, which was incorporated under the laws of the State of New Jersey in 1892, had in its employ as an engineer one Birney C. Batcheller. He designed some of the terminal apparatus that was first used in Philadelphia, and a system of tubes and devices which carried mails pneumatically was constructed under his direction and supervision. While in the employ of said Company, said Batcheller extensively investigated the subject of pneumatics, and subsequently applied for and was granted letters patent for various improvements in pneumatic tube delivery devices. Ten of such patents were granted before the filing of Beach's petition in the Court of Claims, and they were used, applied, and operated by the Pneumatic Transit Company. Twenty of such
patents were granted to Batcheller subsequent to the filing of Beach's petition, and these likewise were used, applied, and operated by the Pneumatic Transit Company.
Among the specific findings of the Court of Claims are the following:
6. The evidence does not establish to the satisfaction of the court that plaintiff's letters patent were conveyed or delivered to the Postmaster General.
9. The evidence does not establish to the satisfaction of the court that James W. Beach, the claimant herein, was the first inventor of the devices for pneumatic transportation used, operated, and conducted for the transportation of mail matter by persons contracting with the United States or by the agents of the United States.
10. The evidence does not establish to the satisfaction of the court that the letters patent issued to the claimant, James W. Beach, covered the same devices actually put into practical operation and used by the corporation which, under an act of Congress, contracted with the Postmaster General for transmitting mail matter through pneumatic conveyors.
Upon the foregoing findings of fact, the Court of Claims decided as a conclusion of law that the claimant was not entitled to recover, and that his petition should therefore be dismissed.
