McCluny v. Silliman, 19 U.S. 598 (1821)

Syllabus

U.S. Supreme Court

McCluny v. Silliman, 19 U.S. 6 Wheat. 598 598 (1821)

McCluny v. Silliman

19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 598

Syllabus

A state court cannot issue a mandamus to an officer of the United States.


Opinions

U.S. Supreme Court

McCluny v. Silliman, 19 U.S. 6 Wheat. 598 598 (1821) McCluny v. Silliman

19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 598

Syllabus

A state court cannot issue a mandamus to an officer of the United States.

MR. JUSTICE JOHNSON delivered the opinion of the Court.

This case presents no ordinary group of legal questions. They exhibit a striking specimen of the involutions which ingenuity may cast about legal rights, and an instance of the growing pretensions of some of the state courts over the exercise of the powers of the general government.

The plaintiff in error, who was also the plaintiff

Page 19 U. S. 599

below, supposes himself entitled to a preemptive interest in a tract of land in the State of Ohio, and claims of the register of the land office of the United States, the legal acts and documents upon which such rights are initiated. That officer refuses, under the idea that the right is already legally vested in another, and that he possesses, himself, no power over the subject in controversy. A mandamus is then moved for in the circuit court of the United States, and that court decides that Congress has vested it with no such controlling power over the acts of the ministerial officers in the given case. The same application is then preferred to the state court for the county in which the subject in controversy is situated. The state court sustains its own jurisdiction over the register of the land office, but on a view of the merits of the claim, dismisses the motion.

From both these decisions appeals are made to this Court in form of a writ of error.

In the case of McIntire v. Wood, 7 Cranch 504, decided in this Court in 1813, the mandamus contended for was intended to perfect the same claim, and in point of fact the suit was between the same parties. The influence of that decision on these cases, is resisted on the ground that it did not appear in that case that the controversy was between parties who, under the description of person, were entitled to maintain suits in the courts of the United States, whereas the averments in the present cases show that the parties litigant are citizens of different states, and

Page 19 U. S. 600

therefore competent parties in the circuit court. But we think it perfectly clear from an examination of the decision alluded to that it was wholly uninfluenced by any considerations drawn from the want of personal attributes of the parties. The case came up on a division of opinion, and the single question stated is

"whether that court had power to issue a writ of mandamus to the register of a land office in Ohio, commanding him to issue a final certificate of purchase to the plaintiff for certain lands in the state?"

Both the argument of counsel and the opinion of the court distinctly show that the power to issue the mandamus in that case was contended for as incident to the judicial powers of the United States. And the reply of the court is that though, argumenti gratia, it be admitted that this controlling power over its ministerial officers, would follow from vesting in its courts the whole judicial power of the United States, the argument fails here, since the legislature has only made a partial delegation of its judicial powers to the circuit courts; that if the inference be admitted as far as the judicial power of the court actually extends, still cases arising under the laws of the United States are not per se among the cases comprised within the jurisdiction of the circuit court under the provisions of the 11th section, jurisdiction being in such cases reserved to the Supreme Court, under the 25th section, by way of appeal from the decisions of the state courts.

There is then no just inference to be drawn from the decision in the case of McIntire v. Wood, in favor

Page 19 U. S. 601

of a case in which the circuit courts of the United States are vested with jurisdiction under the 11th section. The idea is in opposition to the express words of the court in response to the question stated, which are "that the circuit court did not possess the power to issue the mandamus moved for."

It is now contended that as the parties to this controversy are competent to sue under the 11th section, being citizens of different states, that this is a case within the provisions of the 14th section, and the circuit court was vested with power to issue this writ under the description of a "writ not specially provided for by statute," but "necessary for the exercise of its jurisdiction." The case certainly does present one of those instances of equivocal language, in which the proposition, though true in the abstract, is in its application to the subject glaringly incorrect. It cannot be denied that the exercise of this power is necessary to the exercise of jurisdiction in the court below; but why is it necessary? Not because that court possesses jurisdiction, but because it does not possess it. It must exercise this power, and compel the emanation of the legal document, or the execution of the legal act by the register of the land office, or the party cannot sue.

The 14th section of the act under consideration could only have been intended to vest the power now contended for in cases where the jurisdiction already exists, and not where it is to be courted or

Page 19 U. S. 602

acquired by means of the writ proposed to be sued out. Such was the case brought up from Louisiana, in which the judge refused to proceed to judgment, by which act the plaintiff must have lost his remedy below, and this Court have been deprived of its appellate control over the question of right.

The remaining questions bear a striking analogy to that already disposed of.

The state court having decided in favor of its own jurisdiction over the register, the appellant, so far, had nothing to complain of. It is only where a state court decides against the claim set up under the laws of the United States, that appellate jurisdiction is given from the state decisions. But in the next step of his progress he was not equally fortunate. The state court rejected his application on the merits of his claim, and appears to have decided that an entire section might be divided into fractions by the River Muskingum in a legal sense. Of this he now complains, and contends that the decision is contrary to the laws of the United States.

From this state of facts the following embarrassment arises. The United States officer, the defendant, can have no inducement to contest a jurisdiction that has given judgment in his favor, and the plaintiff in error must sustain its jurisdiction or relinquish all claim to the relief sought for through its agency. And thus this Court, with its eyes open to the defect in the jurisdiction of the court below, is called upon to take cognizance of the merits of the question, both parties being thus equally interested in sustaining the jurisdiction asserted by that court.

Page 19 U. S. 603

Let the course which this Court ought to pursue, be tested by consequences. The alternative is to give judgment for or against the plaintiff. If it be given for him, this Court must invoke that court to issue the writ demanded, or pursuing the alternative given by the 25th section, it must itself proceed to execute the judgment which that court ought to have given. Or in other words to issue the writ of mandamus in a case to which it is obvious that neither the jurisdiction of that court nor this extends.

No argument can resist such an obvious deductio in absurdum.

It is not the first time that this Court has encountered similar difficulties in its advance to questions brought up from other tribunals. It has avoided them by deciding that it is not bound to encounter phantoms. The party who proposes to avail himself of a defective jurisdiction, has nothing to complain of, if he is left to take the consequences. His antagonist might have had cause to complain -- he can have none. And notwithstanding express evidence of the contrary, this Court feels itself sanctioned in referring the decision of the state court in this case to the ground on which it ought to have been made, instead of that on which it appears to have been made. The question before an appellate court is was the judgment correct not the ground on which the judgment professes to proceed.

Whether a state court generally possesses a power to issue writs of mandamus, or what modifications of its powers may be imposed on it, by the laws which constitute it, it is correctly argued that this Court

Page 19 U. S. 604

cannot be called upon to decide. But when the exercise of that power is extended to officers commissioned by the United States, it is immaterial under what law that authority be asserted, the controlling power of this Court may be asserted on the subject, under the description of an exemption claimed by the officer over whom it is exercised.

It is not easy to conceive on what legal ground a state tribunal can, in any instance, exercise the power of issuing a mandamus to the register of a land office. The United States have not thought proper to delegate that power to their own courts. But when in the cases of Marbury v. Madison, and that of McIntire v. Wood, this Court decided against the exercise of that power, the idea never presented itself to anyone that it was not within the scope of the judicial powers of the United States, although not vested by law, in the courts of the general government. And no one will seriously contend, it is presumed, that it is among the reserved powers of the states because not communicated by law to the courts of the United States?

There is but one shadow of a ground on which such a power can be contended for, which is the general rights of legislation which the states possess over the soil within their respective territories. It is not now necessary to consider that power as to the soil reserved to the United States in the states respectively. The question in this case is, as to the power of the state courts, over the officers of the general government employed in disposing of that land under the laws passed for that purpose. And here it is obvious that

Page 19 U. S. 605

he is to be regarded either as an officer of that government or as its private agent. In the one capacity or the other, his conduct can only be controlled by the power that created him, since whatever doubts have from time to time been suggested as to the supremacy of the United States, in its legislative, judicial, or executive powers, no one has ever contested its supreme right to dispose of its own property in its own way. And when we find it withholding from its own courts, the exercise of this controlling power over its ministerial officers, employed in the appropriation of its lands, the inference clearly is that all violations of private right, resulting from the acts of such officers, should be the subject of actions for damages, or to recover the specific property (according to circumstances) in courts of competent jurisdiction. That is that parties should be referred to the ordinary mode of obtaining justice, instead of resorting to the extraordinary and unprecedented mode of trying such questions on a motion for a mandamus.

JUDGMENT. This cause came on to be heard on the transcript of the record of the Supreme Court of the State of Ohio for Muskingum County, and was argued by counsel. On consideration whereof it is ADJUDGED and ORDERED that the judgment of the said Supreme Court of the State of Ohio be and the same is hereby affirmed with costs, it being the opinion of this Court that the said Supreme Court of the State of Ohio had no authority to issue a mandamus in this case.