Under the statute of Maryland of 1798, c. 101, subch. 12, § 10,
the Orphans' Court of the District of Columbia had authority to
order a sale by a guardian of real estate of his infant wards for
their maintenance and education, provided that before the sale its
order was approved by the circuit court of the United States
sitting in chancery.
The statute of Maryland of 1798, c. 101, sub-ch. 12, § 10, is
not repealed by the Act of Congress of March 3, 1843, c. 87.
The authority of the Orphans' Court of the District of Columbia
under the statute of Maryland of 1798, c. 101, sub-ch. 12, § 10, to
order a sale of an infant's real estate for his maintenance and
education is not restricted to legal estates or to estates in
possession.
A testator devised all his real and personal estate to his widow
for life, in trust for the equal benefit of herself and their two
children or the survivors of them, and devised all the property
remaining at the death of the widow to the children or the survivor
of them in fee, and if both children should die before the widow,
devised all the property to her in fee.
Held that the
widow took the legal estate in the real property for her life; that
she and the children took the equitable estate therein for her life
in equal shares, and that the children took vested remainders in
fee, subject to be divested by their dying before the widow.
The minute book of a court of chancery is competent and
conclusive evidence of its doings in the absence of an extended
record.
Real estate devised to the testator's widow for life for the
equal benefit of
Page 136 U. S. 520
herself and their two infant children, and devised over in fee
to the children after the death of the widow, and to her if she
survived them, was ordered by the Orphans' Court of the District of
Columbia, with the approval of the circuit court of the United
States sitting in chancery, to be sold, upon the petition of the
widow and guardian, alleging that the testator's property was
insufficient to support her and the children and praying for a sale
of the real estate for the purpose of relieving her immediate wants
and for the support and education of the children. Held, that the
order of sale, so far as it concerned the infants' interests in the
real estate, was valid under the statute of Maryland of 1738, c.
101, subch. 12, § 10.
An order of the Orphans' Court of the District of Columbia,
approved by the circuit court of the United States sitting in
chancery, under the statute of Maryland of 1738, c. 101, sub-ch.
12, § 10, for the sale by a guardian of real estate of his infant
wards for their maintenance and education, cannot be collaterally
impeached for want of notice to the infants or of a record of the
evidence on which either court proceeded, or of an accounting by
the guardian for the proceeds of the sale.
This was an action of ejectment, brought December 12, 1882, by
Columbus Thaw against Maria Ritchie to recover possession of an
undivided half of lots 1 and 4 in square 160 in the City of
Washington. At the trial on the general issue, before Chief Justice
Cartter, the plaintiff introduced evidence that his father, Joseph
Thaw, died in 1840, seised and possessed of these lots under a
title derived from the United States and leaving a will, dated
February 26, 1840, and duly admitted to probate in the same year,
which, omitting the formal commencement and conclusion, was as
follows:
"Imprimis. I hereby appoint and constitute my beloved wife,
Eliza Van Tyler Thaw, to be the guardian of my two youngest
children, to-wit my daughter Columbia Thaw, and my son Columbus
Thaw, and to act in trust for them in all things as fully as I
would do if living."
"Item. I give and bequeath to my said beloved wife, Eliza, all
my property of every description, real and personal, to hold and
enjoy during her natural life in trust for the equal benefit and
maintenance of herself and of my daughter Columbia and of my son
Columbus, the two children above named, and, if either of them
shall die before arriving at the age of majority, then she is to
hold the whole property as above for
Page 136 U. S. 521
the equal benefit of herself and the survivor of the two
above-named children, or if both of the said children shall die
before their mother, my said wife, then she, my said wife Eliza,
shall hold the said property during her natural life for her sole
own use and benefit, and in no case shall she, my beloved wife
Eliza, be deprived of the use of any part thereof during her
natural life for the maintenance of herself and of the two children
aforesaid while they or either of them shall live, or of herself
while she shall survive them both."
"Item. I give and bequeath to my two children above named,
Columbia and Columbus, in equal parts, to their heirs and assigns,
forever, all my estate, real and personal, that shall remain at and
after the death of their mother, my said wife, Eliza, or if either
of them shall not survive their mother, then I will that the
surviving one shall have the whole."
"Item. If both of my said children shall die before their
mother, then, on the demise of the last survivor of them, I give
and bequeath to my beloved wife, Eliza, to her heirs and assigns
forever, for her own proper benefit, all my estate of every
description. I do, moreover, hereby constitute and appoint my
beloved wife, Eliza Van Tyler Thaw, above named, the sole executrix
of this, my last will and testament, and authorize her to
administer and execute the same without giving security in any way
whatever."
The plaintiff also introduced evidence tending to show that his
mother, Eliza V. Thaw, died in February, 1866, and for the purpose
of showing a severance of the joint tenancy claimed to have existed
between himself and his sister Columbia Thaw in these lots, put in
evidence a deed dated May 16, 1848, from his sister and one Henry
Walker, of their interest in these lots to Agricol Favier; a deed,
dated October 22, 1874, from a trustee appointed in a suit in
equity for the partition of Favier's real estate after his death,
purporting to convey the whole of these lots to one Ingersoll; a
deed of the lots, dated May 24, 1878, from Ingersoll to Mary J.
France, and the will of Mrs. France, admitted to probate in
January, 1881, devising all her real estate to the defendant.
Page 136 U. S. 522
It was admitted that the real estate sought to be recovered was
worth more than $12,000, and that the defendant was in possession
thereof, claiming title adversely to the plaintiff. The defendant
claimed title under a deed of the two lots to Favier from Eliza V.
Thaw, dated March 17, 1848, purporting to be executed pursuant to
an order of sale made, upon her petition, by the Orphans' Court for
the County of Washington, in the District of Columbia, and approved
by the circuit court of the United States of the District of
Columbia, sitting as a court of chancery. In support of this
defense, the defendant offered in evidence, and the court admitted,
against the objection and exception of the plaintiff, the following
maters:
(1) From the office of the Supreme Court of the District of
Columbia, a book entitled "Chancery Rules No. 4," of its
predecessor, the Circuit Court of the United States of the District
of Columbia, containing this entry:
"No. 344. Eliza V. Thaw, guardian, to Columbus and Columbia
Thaw, infant children of Jos. Thaw, dec'd. Petition, exhibit,
decree of orphans' court. 1844, Oct. 12. Decree affirming decree of
orphans' court."
(2) From the same office, the only paper on file there in said
case No. 344, certified by E. N. Roach, Register of Wills, under
date of April 29, 1844, to be "a true copy from an original filed
and recorded in the office of the register of wills for Washington
County aforesaid," and consisting of a petition addressed to the
judge of the orphans' court for that county, dated March 29, 1844,
signed by Eliza V. Thaw, and having annexed to it a certificate of
a justice of the peace to her oath that "the facts contained in the
within petition are true, to the best of her knowledge and belief,"
together with the order of the orphans' court thereon, which
petition and order were as follows:
"To the Hon. N. P. Causin, Judge of the Orphans' Court of
Washington County:"
"The petition of the subscriber respectfully represents that she
has paid all the debts due by her deceased husband, Joseph Thaw,
and that the property left by the deceased is insufficient to
support her and the children provided for in the
Page 136 U. S. 523
will of the deceased, and a portion of the estate belonging to
the deceased consists of two vacant and unimproved lots of ground
situate, lying, and being in the City of Washington, in the
District of Columbia, to-wit, lots numbers one and four, in square
number one hundred and sixty. Your petitioner respectfully prays
that the court will deem it expedient and cause the said lots to be
sold for the purpose of relieving the immediate wants of the
petitioner, and for the support and education of the children named
in the will of the said Joseph Thaw, deceased, and that an order
may be granted for the sale thereof at as an early a day as
practicable, and, as in duty bound, will ever pray &c."
"29th March, 1844 ELIZA V. THAW"
"
Orphans' Court of Washington, D.C."
"In the case of the petition of Eliza V. Thaw, executrix and
guardian to Columbia and Columbus Thaw, minor children of Joseph
Thaw, deceased. This case coming on to be heard in the orphans'
court on the petition, exhibits, accompanying proofs, and
representation of said Eliza V. Thaw, in her capacity as guardian
and executrix aforesaid, the same were by the court read and duly
considered, and thereupon it is by the said court, this 29th day of
March, 1844, ordered, adjudged, and decreed, provided that the
Circuit Court of the District of Columbia for the County of
Washington, sitting as a court of chancery, shall, by its proper
order in the premises, approve thereof, that the said guardian, for
the petitioner's minor children of said Joseph Thaw and herself,
be, and she is hereby, authorized and empowered to sell the said
real estate mentioned in said petition at public or private sale,
after such notice by advertisement as she shall deem reasonable and
sufficient, on the following terms,
viz., either for cash
or on credit at the option of the said guardian, and on the full
payment of the purchase money and interest, and on the ratification
of the sale by this Court, to execute to the purchaser, his heirs
or assigns at his or their cost and request, a valid and sufficient
deed of conveyance in fee simple of the said premises, with all the
right and estate therein of the said
Page 136 U. S. 524
Columbia and Columbus Thaw, minor children aforesaid, provided
that the said guardian, before proceeding to act hereunder, shall
file with the register of wills her bond, with security, to be
approved by the judge of this court, in the penalty of seven
hundred and fifty dollars, with the usual condition for the due and
faithful performance of the trust reposed in her as guardian of
said children, and immediately after making said sale to report the
same under oath to this Court."
"NATH'L POPE CAUSIN"
(3) Certified copies of two bonds, each executed by Eliza V.
Thaw as principal, and Henry Walker and John Walker as sureties, to
the United States.
One of these bonds, dated March 22, 1844, was in the penal sum
of $725, and upon the condition that if
"the above-bounden Eliza Van Tyler Thaw, as guardian to Columbia
and Columbus Thaw, orphans of Joseph Thaw, of Washington County,
deceased, shall faithfully account with the Orphans' Court of
Washington County, as directed by law, for the management of the
property and estate of the orphans under her care, and shall also
deliver up the said property agreeably to the order of the said
court or the directions of law, an shall in all respects perform
the duty of guardian to the said Columbia and Columbus Thaw,
according to law, then the above obligation will cease. It shall
otherwise remain in full force and virtue in law."
The other bond, dated May 17, 1845, was in the penal sum of
$750, and upon this condition:
"Whereas Eliza V. Thaw, by a decree of the Orphans' Court of
Washington County aforesaid, and confirmed by an order of the
Circuit Court of the District of Columbia for the County of
Washington aforesaid, has been appointed trustee to sell the real
estate of the late Joseph Thaw, mentioned in said order, for the
support and maintenance of Columbia and Columbus Thaw, minors, as
will more fully appear by the said decree, reference being thereto
had, now the condition of the above obligation is such that if the
above-bounden Eliza V. Thaw do and shall
Page 136 U. S. 525
well and faithfully perform the trust reposed in her as trustee
aforesaid by the said decree, or that may be reposed in her by any
further decree or order in the premises, then the above obligation
to be void; otherwise in full force and virtue in law."
(4) A book of records from the office of the Register of Wills
for the District of Columbia, entitled "Guardians' Docket No. 2,"
containing numerous entries relating to proceedings of guardians in
the orphans' court from 1818 to 1860, but no proceedings of the
court relating to the sale of real estate, and the only entry in
which relating to Eliza V. Thaw's guardianship was as follows:
"Eliza V. Thaw, guardian to Columbia and Columbus Thaw, orphans
of Jos. Thaw. Bond, March 22, 1844, $725; H'y Walker, Jno. Walker,
sureties. Trustee bond, 17 May, 1845, $750; H'y Walker, E. Walker,
sureties."
(5) Another book of records from that office entitled "Liber
E.N.R. No. 2, Proceedings 1846 to 1861," the entries in which
appeared to be consecutive, and which was the only record in that
office of proceedings between those dates relating to sales of real
estate, and was made by binding up loose scraps of paper in the
handwriting of E. N. Roach, register of wills during those years,
previously kept in portfolios, and contained the only record to be
found in the office relating to the real estate of Joseph Thaw,
namely, among the proceedings of the orphans' court on Friday,
January 21, 1848, the following: "Sale of real estate of Jos. Thaw,
dec'd, filed. Order of approval filed" (or "for," the last word
being indistinct and uncertain).
(6) Testimony of the Assistant Clerk of the Supreme Court of the
District of Columbia and of persons who had served or had made
searches in the registry of wills that there was great confusion in
the records, both of the Circuit Court of the United States of the
District of Columbia and of the orphans' court, before the
organization of the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia in
1863, under Act of March 3, 1863, c. 91, 12 Stat. 762.
(7) Docket entries in a great number of other cases on the
Page 136 U. S. 526
chancery side of the Circuit Court of the United States of the
District of Columbia before and after October 12, 1844, and between
1823 and 1863, and on the equity side of the Supreme Court of the
District of Columbia between 1863 and July 8, 1865, showing that
the practice and forms of proceeding in such cases during those
periods were similar to the practice in said case No. 344, and also
many later cases in the orphans' court before 1881, in which the
practice and forms of proceeding were similar.
(8) The deed executed by Eliza V. Thaw to Agricol Favier, dated
and acknowledged March 17, 1848, and recorded March 7, 1867,
containing this recital:
"Whereas, a decree was passed on the twenty ninth day of March,
in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, by the
Orphans' Court for the County of Washington, in the District of
Columbia, upon the petition of Eliza V. Thaw, guardian of her
infant children Columbus and Columbia Thaw, and whereas the said
Eliza V. Thaw was thereby appointed a trustee to sell lots numbered
one and four, in square one hundred and sixty, in he City of
Washington, which decree was on the twelfth day of October, in the
year one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, confirmed by the
Circuit Court for the County of Washington, sitting as a court of
chancery, and the said Eliza V. Thaw having, in conformity with
said decree, filed a bond with sureties, which was approved by the
said orphans' court, and having, in like conformity with said
decree, sold said lots above mentioned, and reported the same to
said court, which report was by said court, on the twenty-first day
of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-eight,
duly approved, ratified, and confirmed, and whereas, the said
Agricol Favier was the purchaser of said lots from her, the said
Eliza V. Thaw, the trustee as aforesaid, under the power vested in
her by the said decree."
By the terms of this deed,
"The said Eilza v. Thaw, for and in consideration of the sum of
_____, lawful money of the United States, to her in hand paid by
the said Agricol Favier at or before the sealing and delivery of
these presents, the receipt
Page 136 U. S. 527
whereof is hereby acknowledged,"
conveyed to Agricol Favier, in fee, these two lots,
"and all the estate, right, title, interest, claim, and demand
whatsoever, legal and equitable, of her, the said Eliza V. Thaw, as
guardian and trustee as aforesaid, and as well as in her own right
as of the said infant children, Columbus and Columbia Thaw, to the
same."
(9) A deed of partition of other lands between the plaintiff and
his sister Columbia, dated March 1, 1871, which recited that "their
said mother, after disposing of the real estate acquired by said
will, and investing the proceeds thereof in other real estate,"
died intestate.
The plaintiff requested the court to instruct the jury as
follows:
"1st. Under Joseph Thaw's will, during the life of Mrs. Thaw,
his widow, she held the legal title to the real estate devised
thereby for her life, in trust for herself and the two children,
Columbia and Columbus, according to the terms prescribed in the
will. The interest which Columbus Thaw took in the real estate
under his father's will during the life of his mother was a
remainder in fee after the termination of her life, and was not an
estate in possession until after the death of his mother. The
orphans' court had no power during Mrs. Thaw's life to decree the
sale of the estate in remainder of Columbus Thaw. Her deed
therefore purporting to convey said estate is void."
"2d. The Maryland act of 1798, chapter 101, subchapter 12, § 10,
did not apply to remainders, and such estates of infant's were not
subject to sale on petition of the guardian to the orphans' court,
with the approval of the court of chancery, as provided in said
act."
"3d. The alleged entry in the records of the orphans' court,
purporting to be of the date of January 21, 1848, in these words:
'Sale of real estate of Jos. Thaw, dec'd, filed. Order of approval
for' is indefinite, uncertain, and insufficient to authorize Mrs.
Thaw's deed, inasmuch as it does not state what sale, or what real
estate was sold, nor by whom, to whom, or for what consideration
the sale was made, and inasmuch as no report of sale is shown, and
no guardian's account, and no
Page 136 U. S. 528
record evidence of any payment whatever, and the deed itself
does not recite any consideration."
"4th. The act of Congress of March 3, 1843, entitled 'An act to
provide in certain cases for the sale of the real estate of infants
within the District of Columbia,' repealed the Maryland act of 1798
so far as concerned the sale of the real estate of infants, and
since that act of Congress was passed, the real estate of infants
could only be sold upon a bill filed therefor as prescribed by said
act of Congress, and, as no such bill was filed in reference to the
real estate in question, the deed of Eliza V. Thaw to Agricol
Favier did not convey the interest of Columbus Thaw therein."
"5th. The Orphans' Court of the District of Columbia at the date
of the proceedings therein relating to the sale of the real estate
by Eliza V. Thaw, guardian, was one of limited jurisdiction, and a
party claiming title to real estate under its proceedings must show
affirmatively that it had jurisdiction, and, that not having been
shown in this case, the deed from Mrs. Thaw to Agricol Favier did
not convey the interest of the plaintiff in the real estate in
question."
But the court refused so to instruct the jury, and directed a
verdict for the defendant. A verdict and judgment were rendered
accordingly, and the plaintiff excepted to the refusal and
direction.
The court in general term, Justices Hagner and James sitting,
reversed the judgment for the reasons stated in an opinion
delivered by Mr. Justice Hagner and reported in 4 Mackey 347,
358-390. Upon the defendant's petition, a reargument was ordered
before the whole court, and the original judgment was affirmed for
the reasons stated in the opinion delivered by Mr. Justice Cox and
reported in 5 Mackey 200-228, Mr. Justice Hagner dissenting. The
plaintiff sued out this writ of error.
Page 136 U. S. 537
MR. JUSTICE GRAY, after stating the facts as above, delivered
the opinion of the Court.
In the consideration and decision of this case, we have been
greatly aided by the able and exhaustive opinions delivered in the
court below. The principal question is whether the orphans' court,
with the approval of the Circuit Court of the United States of the
District of Columbia sitting in chancery, had jurisdiction to order
the sale of real estate of infants for their maintenance and
education. It may be assumed that in Maryland before 1798, the
orphans' court had no authority to order a sale of a ward's real
estate for any purpose, although the court of chancery was
empowered by statute to direct a sale of an infant's land for the
purpose of making partition, and perhaps had inherent authority to
order a sale of an infant's real estate for his support and
education. Maryland Stats. 1715, c. 39, §§ 9, 33, and 1758, c. 4;
Bacon's Laws of Maryland, February 1777, c.
Page 136 U. S. 538
8, 1 Kilty's Laws; 1785, c. 72, § 12, and c. 80, § 9, and 1798,
c. 101, 2 Kilty's Laws; 4 Mackey 361, 368; 5 Mackey 202-206.
The earliest statute of Maryland which authorized a sale by a
guardian of the principal of the personal property of his ward was
the statute of 1785, c. 80, § 9, by which, after providing that a
guardian should not profit by any increase or lose by any decrease
"of the estate of the minor under the care of such guardian," and
should annually settle an account "of such estate" with the
orphans' court, in which "the increase and profits of the estate"
should be accounted for, or the loss or decrease thereof allowed,
and he should be allowed by the court a commission "upon the whole
annual produce of such estate" for managing "such estate," it was
further enacted as follows:
"And in case the produce of the estate is not sufficient to
maintain and educate the minor in a proper manner, and it shall
appear to the orphans' court aforesaid that it will be for the
benefit and advantage of the orphan to apply some part of the
principal of the personal estate to which he shall be entitled
toward his education, it shall and may be lawful for the said court
to allow the guardian to apply a part of the principal of such
personal estate, not exceeding one-tenth part thereof annually, to
the purpose aforesaid."
The Maryland statute of 1798, c. 101, which is understood to
have been drawn up by Chancellor Hanson at the request of the
Legislature of Maryland, is entitled
"An act for amending, and reducing into system, the laws and
regulations concerning last wills and testaments, the duties of
executors, administrators, and guardians, and the rights of orphans
and other representatives of deceased persons,"
and is divided into several subchapters, the twelfth of which
relates to guardians and wards, and contains the following
provisions:
By § 1, whenever a male under the age of twenty-one years, or a
female under the age of sixteen, entitled to land by descent or
devise, or to personal property of a deceased person by way of
distributive share or of legacy or bequest, shall not have a
natural guardian or a guardian appointed by last
Page 136 U. S. 539
will,
"the orphans' court of the county where the land lies or in
which administration of the personal estate is granted shall have
power to appoint a guardian to such infant."
By § 5, on the guardian's executing his bond, the orphans' court
shall have power to order "the land, distributive share, or other
property" of the ward to be delivered to the guardian.
By § 6, "every guardian appointed by the court having the care
of a real estate" shall within three months procure an appointment
by the orphans' court of appraisers "to examine the estate, and
estimate the annual value thereof."
By § 7,
"No guardian shall commit waste on the land, but the court may
on his application allow him to cut down and sell wood, and account
for the same, in case it shall deem the same advantageous or
necessary for the ward's education and maintenance."
By § 8,
"Each guardian having real estate under his care, shall either
cultivate the same . . . or he shall lease the same from year to
year, or for any term not exceeding three years, and within the
nonage of the ward, or he may, with the court's approbation,
undertake the estate on his own account, and be answerable for the
annual value."
By § 9,
"Every guardian shall account for all profit and increase of the
estate, or annual value as aforesaid, and shall not be answerable
for any loss or decreases sustained without his fault, to be
allowed by the orphans' court."
Section 10, upon the construction and effect of which this case
turns, is as follows:
"And once in each year, or oftener if required, a guardian shall
settle an account of his trust with the orphans' court, and the
said court shall ascertain at discretion the amount of the sum to
be annually expended in the maintenance and education of the
orphan, regard being had to the future situation, prospects, and
destination of the ward, and the said court, if it shall deem it
advantageous to the ward, may allow the guardian to exceed the
income of the estate, and to make use of his principal, and sell
part of the same, under its order, provided nevertheless that no
part of the real estate shall, on account of such maintenance or
education,
Page 136 U. S. 540
be diminished without the approbation of the court of chancery
or general court, as well as of the orphans' court."
By § 11,
"On the first account to be rendered by a guardian, he shall
state the property by him received from an executor or
administrator, or otherwise belonging to his ward, and every
increase, and the profits thence arising, if any."
By § 12,
"In case the personal property of a ward shall consist of
specific articles, . . . the court, if it shall deem it
advantageous for the ward, may at any time pass an order for the
sale thereof for ready money or on credit, the purchaser, with
security, giving bond to the said ward, bearing interest."
By § 13,
"Every account of a guardian shall state his expenditures in
maintaining and educating the ward, not exceeding the income of the
estate, unless allowed by the court."
By § 15, on the ward's arrival at age, the guardian shall
exhibit a final account to the orphans' court, and shall deliver
up, agreeably to the court's order, to the ward, "all the property
of such ward in his hands."
By § 16, "Nothing in this act contained shall be construed to
affect the general superintending power exercised by the court of
chancery with respect to trust."
By § 20 of subchapter 15, it is declared that
"The said orphans' court shall not, under pretext of incidental
power or constructive authority, exercise any jurisdiction whatever
not expressly given by this act, or some other law."
The statute of Maryland of 1798, by the terms of its final
section, took effect on June 1, 1799, and was to continue in force
until he end of the year 1801, and it was continued in force in the
District of Columbia, and equity jurisdiction was vested in the
Circuit Court of the United States of the district, by the Act of
Congress of Feb. 27, 1801, c. 15, §§ 1, 5, 2 Stat. 104, 106.
On consideration of § 10 of subchapter 12 of the statute of 1798
in connection with the other sections of that subchapter, and in
the light of the previous law of Maryland upon the subject, we
concur in the final conclusion of the court below that the orphans'
court, with the approval of the Circuit Court of the United States
of the District of Columbia, sitting
Page 136 U. S. 541
in chancery, had power to order a sale of the real estate of
infant wards for their maintenance and education.
By the terms of that section, the orphans' court, upon settling
the guardian's account annually or oftener,
"shall ascertain at discretion the amount of the sum to be
annually expended in the maintenance and education of the orphan,
regard being had to the future situation, prospects, and
destination of the ward, and the said court, if it shall deem it
advantageous to the ward, may allow the guardian to exceed the
income of the estate, and to make use of his principal, and to sell
part of the same, under its order, provided nevertheless that no
part of the real estate shall, on account of such maintenance or
education, be diminished without the approbation of the court of
chancery or general court, as well as of the orphans' court."
The orphans' court is thus empowered to allow the guardian, for
the suitable maintenance and education of the ward, to exceed "the
income of the estate," and to use and sell part of the principal
thereof. The words "the estate," in their natural and legal
meaning, include the whole property of the ward in the guardian's
lands, and the words "the property," "the estate," and "the income
of the estate" are habitually and repeatedly used in that sense,
both in other sections (§§ 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15) of the same
subchapter and in the earlier statute of 1785, c. 80, � 9, as
appears in the passages already quoted from each of those statutes.
Wherever an authority to sell is intended to be limited to personal
property, it is so expressed, as in section 9 of the statute of
1785 and in section 12, subchapter 12, of the statute of 1798.
Compared with the express restriction of the authority to sell any
part of the principal to "personal estate" in the act of 1785, the
omission of any such restriction in the act of 1798 strongly tends
to show that it was purposely omitted in the latter act.
This conclusion is confirmed by the proviso
"that no part of the real estate shall, on account of such
maintenance or education, be diminished without the approbation of
the court of chancery or general court, as well as of the orphans'
court."
As observed by Mr. Justice Story, speaking for this
Page 136 U. S. 542
Court,
"The office of a proviso generally is either to except something
from the enacting clause, or to qualify or restrain its generality,
or to exclude some possible ground of misinterpretation of it, as
extending to cases not intended by the legislature to be brought
within its purview."
Minis v. United
States, 15 Pet. 423,
40 U. S. 445.
The insertion of this proviso therefore manifests the understanding
and intention of the legislature that real estate was and should be
included in the preceding general authority to order a sale of part
"of the estate," except so far as qualified by the proviso. Indeed,
if that authority did not include real estate, the proviso would be
superfluous.
The necessary construction of the whole section, including the
proviso, appears to us to be that express authority is thereby
granted to the orphans' court to order a sale of any part of the
ward's estate, real or personal, for his maintenance and education,
but that before any sale of real estate can be made for this
purpose the order of the orphans' court shall be approved by the
court of chancery or the general court. Whether the property to be
sold or this purpose is personal or real, the application is to be
made to the orphans' court, and the order granted by that court, in
the first instance. In the case of personal property, no action of
any other court is required. In the case of real estate, the order
of sale, after being passed by the orphans' court, must be
presented to and approved by the court of chancery or the general
court; but no separate suit need be instituted in either of those
courts.
This construction has prevailed in the courts of the State of
Maryland as well as in those of the District of Columbia.
In
Goltier's Case, which is reported in 3 Bland, 200,
note, and an authenticated copy of the proceedings in which has
been filed in this case, and sent up with the record, a petition
presented in December, 1810, to the orphans' court of Cecil County,
in the State of Maryland, by a father and guardian, alleged that
his infant children and wards had become entitled, in right of
their mother, to one-ninth part of a gristmill, and about 140 acres
of land in that county, the
Page 136 U. S. 543
other owners of which, after consulting with the petitioner, had
"concluded that a sale of the said mill and lands would be highly
advantageous to all the persons interested," and had contracted to
sell them to one Alexander Scott for the sum of $6,425.25, provided
the petitioner should be able to convey his children's part, and
that the petitioner believed that such a sale would
"much promote the interest and welfare of his said children, and
enable him to educate and support them more to their advantage than
if no such sale were to be made,"
and therefore prayed the orphans' court to "order that he may be
able to make the necessary conveyance." On December 12, 1810, the
orphans' court, "on due consideration of the allegations contained
in the within petition," was "of opinion that the sale prayed for
was to the advantage of" the wards, "and should be confirmed, and
that the petitioner be authorized to make conveyance of that part
of his wards' real estate." In the court of chancery, six days
afterwards, Chancellor Kilty signed a decree which, in the
authenticated copy, quoted in 4 Mackey 370, is stated as follows:
"Under power vested in this Court by the Act of 1798, c. 101,
subch. 12, § 7, the above order of the orphans' court is approved."
This decree, as printed in 3 Bland 200, note, differs only in
substituting § 10 for § 7. That it was not made under Act of 1785,
c. 72, § 12, is quite clear, because no partition was sought, as
well as because the petition was addressed to the orphans' court,
and not to the court of chancery, in the first instance.
Tilly
v. Tilly, 2 Bland, 436, 438, and note. Both versions of the
decree agree in stating that it was made under the power vested in
the court of chancery by act 1798, c. 101, subch. 12, and § 7 of
that subchapter concerns only the cutting and sale of standing wood
by authority of the orphans' court, without requiring the approval
of any other court. The inference is irresistible that the
insertion of § 7 in the record of the decree was a clerical error,
and that the decree was really made, as Chancellor Bland understood
it to have been, under § 10, for the better support and education
of the wards.
The Court of Appeals of Maryland, in 1828, decided that
Page 136 U. S. 544
the value of buildings constructed on the land of a ward by
direction of his guardian, and under order of the orphans' court at
an expense exceeding the income of his estate, real and personal,
could not be recovered from the ward, because section 10 of the act
of 1798 did not empower the orphans' court to order any part of the
principal of the ward's estate to be applied to any other purpose
than his support and maintenance. But the court added:
"Should an application of the personal estate not suffice to
maintain and educate suitably to the future destination of the
ward, then such maintenance and education may also induce an
application of a part of the real estate, with the approbation of
the court of chancery or general court, as well as the orphans'
court."
Brodess v. Thompson, 2 Harris & Gill 120, 126-127.
Chancellor Bland, in a case decided in the same year, cited those
two cases and expressed a similar opinion.
Williams' Case,
3 Bland 186, 199-200, 207. In 1841, the Court of Appeals said:
"According to our laws, a guardian cannot encroach on the
capital of his ward's estate without the order of the orphans'
court, nor can the real estate be diminished but by the approbation
of the court of chancery."
Hatton v. Weems, 12 Gill & Johns. 83, 108. And it
is admitted on all hands that the Circuit Court of the United
States of the District of Columbia, and its successor, the Supreme
Court of the District of Columbia, have always interpreted the
section in question according to what we now hold to be its true
construction and effect. 5 Mackey 213; 4 Mackey 383, 386.
It is argued for the plaintiff that so much of the Maryland act
of 1798 as concerned the sale of the real estate of infants has
been repealed by the Act of Congress of March 3, 1843, c. 87,
entitled "An act to provide in certain cases for the sale of the
real estate of infants within the District of Columbia," by which
it is enacted that when
"the guardian of any infant shall think that the interest of his
or her ward will be promoted by the sale of his or her real estate,
or any part thereof, it shall be lawful for such guardian"
to bring a suit in equity in the Circuit Court of the District
of Columbia, in which the infant shall be made a party and shall be
represented by a
Page 136 U. S. 545
guardian
ad litem, and the facts alleged in the bill,
whether admitted or not, shall be proved by disinterested
witnesses, and the court, upon being satisfied that "the interest
of the infant manifestly requires the sale of his real estate, or
any part thereof," and that "by such sale the rights of others will
not be violated," may decree a sale, in which case the proceeds of
the sale shall be invested and applied for the benefit of the
infant, "either in the purchase of real estate or in such manner as
the court shall think best," and upon his death shall descend as
real estate. 5 Stat. 621, 622; Rev.Stat.D.C. §§ 957-968.
But this act contains no express repeal of the Maryland act of
1798. It does not mention the maintenance or education of infants,
but authorizes the sale of their real estate whenever their
interest manifestly requires it. Its chief purpose evidently is to
authorize a change of investment, and it cannot be presumed to have
been intended to take away the authority on the orphans' court,
when discharging its appropriate duty of ascertaining the amount
proper to be expended for an infant's maintenance and education, to
order a sale of his real estate for this single object with the
approval of the court of chancery.
There is nothing in the nature of the interest that these
children took under the will of their father which should prevent a
sale of it under the statute of 1798 when necessary for their
maintenance and education. That statute is not restricted to legal
estates or to estates in possession. The effect of the testator's
dispositions, though obscured by some confusion and superfluity of
language, was to give the legal estate in all his land to his widow
for life, the equitable and beneficial estate for her life to her
and the two children, or the survivors of them, in equal shares,
and the legal estate in remainder, after the death of the widow, to
the two children, in fee, with two limitations over in fee, by way
of executory devise -- neither of which impaired the precedent
estates, or ever took effect -- the one of the share of a child
dying before the mother to the surviving child, and the other of
the whole estate to the mother in case she should survive both
Page 136 U. S. 546
children. The legal estate in remainder in the children, which
nothing but their own death before the determination of the widow's
life estate could prevent from vesting in possession, vested in
them from the death of the testator, subject to be divested by
their dying before the widow.
Doe v.
Considine, 6 Wall. 458,
73 U. S. 476;
McArthur v. Scott, 113 U. S. 340,
113 U. S. 379.
Their legal estates in remainder, as well as their equitable
estates for life, were present interests, which might be sold for
their maintenance and education.
The records of the orphans' court, and of the Circuit Court of
the United States of the District of Columbia sitting in chancery,
produced from the proper custody, clearly prove the following
facts: Mrs. Thaw, who by the will of her husband was appointed
executrix thereof and guardian of their two children and exempted
from giving bond as executrix, gave bond a guardian on March 24,
1844. On March 29, 1844 she presented to the orphans' court a
petition on oath, representing that she had paid all her husband's
debts, and that the property left by him was insufficient to
support her and the children, and praying for an order of sale of
the real estate for the relief of her immediate wants, and for the
support and education of the children. On that petition, the
orphans' court, on the same day, by an order reciting that it had
heard and considered the case "on the petition, exhibits,
accompanying proofs, and representation of Eliza V. Thaw in her
capacity of guardian and executrix," decreed that, provided the
Circuit Court of the United States of the District of Columbia,
sitting as a court of chancery, should by proper order approve
thereof, she should be authorized, as guardian of the children and
for herself, to make sale and conveyance of the said real estate,
first giving bond for the performance of the trust thereby imposed
upon her, and immediately after the sale making report thereof to
the court. On or about April 29, 1844, a copy of that petition and
order, duly certified by the register of wills, was filed on the
chancery side of the Circuit Court of the United States of the
District of Columbia. On October 12, 1844, the order of the
orphans' court was approved by the circuit court sitting in
chancery, as is
Page 136 U. S. 547
shown by the entry on its docket or minute book, which, in the
absence of any extended record, is competent and conclusive proof
of its doings.
Philadelphia, Wilmington &
Baltimore Railroad v. Howard, 13 How. 307,
54 U. S. 331.
On May 17, 1845, the petitioner gave bond with sureties for the
performance of the trust imposed upon her by the order so approved.
The dates of the sale and of the report thereof to the orphans'
court do not appear. But it does appear by the minutes of its
proceedings that on January 21, 1848, there was filed in and
approved by that court a "sale of real estate of Joseph Thaw,
deceased," which, in the absence of evidence of any other sale of
his real estate having been ordered or made, must be inferred to
have been a report of this sale. All the facts recited in the deed
executed by Mrs. Thaw to Agricol Favier on March 17, 1848, are thus
proved by independent evidence the competency of which is beyond
doubt.
The objection that the petition presented by Mrs. Thaw to the
orphans' court was irregular and insufficient to support the
jurisdiction of that court because it asked for a sale of the land
for the benefit of the petitioner, as well as of her wards, is
sufficiently answered by Mr. Justice Cox, delivering the judgment
below, as follows:
"It is true that the guardian, in her application, confused
somewhat her own interests with those of the wards, and alleged the
insufficiency of the property to support port herself and the
children as a ground for selling, and asked the sale as well to
relieve
her own immediate wants as for the support of the
children. But it is fair to read this part of the application as
referring to her own undivided interest for life in the property.
It is not to be read as an application to sell the estate of the
children for her support. It is also true that the court had no
jurisdiction over the wife's interest in the property, and could
not pass title to it by its decree. But if the wife chose to unite
in the sale, and convey her interest, which she must be held to
have done, we see no reason why the court could not decree a sale
of the share of the infants. . . . And if there was error in the
form of the decree because it embraced the widow's interest also,
it did not affect its efficacy as to the interest of the infants,
but was a
Page 136 U. S. 548
harmless and inoperative error not to be noticed collaterally.
The only question that could arise would be as to the proper
apportionment of the proceeds between the mother and the wards. But
this question could only arise after the sale, and would not affect
the transfer of title."
5 Mackey 227.
The petition and the order of the orphans' court thereon, fairly
and reasonably construed, show that a sale of the infants' interest
in the real estate under the will of their father was prayed for
and ordered as necessary for their maintenance and education. So
far as concerned the interest of the infants, therefore, the court
had before it everything that was necessary to support its
jurisdiction. In this form of proceeding the guardian sufficiently
and fully represented the infants, and no notice to them was
required by the statute of Maryland or by any general rule of law.
The want of proof of such notice, or of any record of the evidence
on which the orphans' court proceeded in making the order or the
Chancery Court in approving it, or of any subsequent accounting by
the guardian for the proceeds of the sale, is immaterial. The
orders of those courts, within their jurisdiction, were conclusive
proof in favor of the purchaser and grantee at the sale, and cannot
be collaterally impeached on any such ground.
Thompson
v. Tolmie, 2 Pet. 157;
Grignon v.
Astor, 2 How. 319;
Comstock
v. Crawford, 3 Wall. 396;
McNitt v.
Turner, 16 Wall. 352;
Mohr v. Manierre,
101 U. S. 417.
The cases on which the plaintiff relies of
Bank of
United States v. Ritchie, 8 Pet. 128, and
Hunter v. Hatton, 4 Gill, 115, 124, were wholly different.
Both were cases of decrees in equity upon suits
inter
partes in the ordinary form. In the one case, the decree was
directly attacked by bill of review in the nature of a writ of
error, and in the other case a notice required by express statute
had not been given.
Judgment affirmed.
