The improvement in grain car doors, as claimed by Chauncey R.
Watson and patented to him by letters patent No. 203,226, dated
April 30, 1818, may have been new and useful, but did not involve
the exercise of the inventive faculty, and embraced nothing that
was patentable.
In equity. The Court stated the case in its opinion as
follows:
This was a bill filed by appellant against the Cincinnati,
Indianapolis, St. Louis and Chicago Railway Company, in the Circuit
Court of the United States for the District of Indiana, alleging an
infringement of letters patent No. 203,226, granted to him for an
improvement in grain car doors, bearing date the 30th day of April,
1878.
The complainant averred, in his bill, that the patent was
intended to secure and did secure to him
"the sole and exclusive right to make, use, and sell a car for
the transportation of grain and other freight, constructed
substantially like an ordinary freight car, having an outside door
for closing the car, and provided with an inside flexible or
yielding sliding grain door, which is adapted to be carried up on
guide rods or their equivalent overhead and out of the way and
under the roof of the cars; that of such a car having an outside
enclosing car door proper, in combination with an inside sliding
flexible grain door, he was the first and original inventor,"
etc. These averments were denied in the answer, which also
alleged that the thing patented in said patent, and every material
or substantial part thereof, had been shown and described prior to
Watson's supposed invention in various letters patent, fifteen in
number, among them being a patent issued to Martin M. Crooker,
May
Page 132 U. S. 162
26, 1868, and a patent issued to Horace L. C1ark, August 29,
1871, and further averred that the grain car doors, referred to in
the bill as being on the cars of the Chicago, Rock Island and
Pacific Railway Company, were made under the Crooker patent, which
was afterwards assigned to Dennis F. Van Liew, and it was with his
license and consent that the cars were so equipped with said doors;
that
"the only differences between said Crooker's doors and the
complainant's are that Crooker's slide in grooves and have their
slats fastened together by a continuous wire running through them,
while complainant's slide on rods passing through staples, and are
fastened together by ordinary hinges, both being inside doors, and,
with the exception of the above differences, operating in
substantially the same way; that complainant's door, as described
in his patent, contains no patentable invention in view of the
Crooker patent, nor is it any improvement thereon, nor in view of
the state of the art was there any patentable novelty or invention
therein."
The answer also denied any infringement of Watson's patent.
Proofs having been taken, the bill was, upon hearing, dismissed,
from which decree appeal was prosecuted to this Court. The opinion
by Woods J., will be found reported in 23 F. 443.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE FULLER, after stating the facts as above,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
The proof of the use of grain car doors by the defendant was
contained in a stipulation whereby it was agreed
"that the defendant had hauled over its line of road, in the
State of Indiana, freight cars belonging to the Chicago, Rock
Island and Pacific Railway Company, having a solid outside door,
like an ordinary freight car, and an inner flexible sliding grain
door of less height than the opening in the side of the car, the
grain door sliding in grooves like the grooves shown in the patent
of Martin M. Crooker, of May 26, 1868, and the slats
Page 132 U. S. 163
composing the door being attached to each other by being strung
upon wires passing through the slats."
Watson's application was dated February 18, 1878, and contained
the following claims:
"1st. A grain door, constructed of longitudinal sectional
pieces, hinged or strapped together in such manner as that the
door, as a whole, may yield, to follow any desired line of
movement, when it is not in use as a grain door, and it is desired
to place it out of the way, substantially as herein described."
"2d. A grain door, D, constructed as above described, and hinged
or strapped so as to be flexible or yielding, for the purpose set
forth, in combination with the guiding rods, C, whereby, when not
in use, it may be carried up and placed in the horizontal portion
of said guiding rods, so as to be out of the way, substantially as
described."
"3d. A grain door, D, constructed as described, and provided
with staples,
c c, in combination with guiding rods, C,
and devices for affixing it to the top of the car, substantially as
described, and for the purposes set forth."
The application was rejected March 8, 1878, the examiners
stating:
"This 'grain door' differs from Crooker's (May 26, 1868, No.
78,188, carpentry doors) 'railroad car' only in the name and in
this: that the upper portion of Crooker's door is cut off to make
applicant's. The rods and staples are substitutes for Crooker's
channel irons, obvious to any skilled workman."
Watson then, on the 18th of March, 1878, amended his
specification by inserting:
"This invention relates to improvements in the class of grain
doors for cars, and the invention consists in the combination, with
a car, of an inside vertically sliding flexible or yielding door
and guiding rods, whereby the door, when not in use, may be carried
up and placed on the horizontal portion of said guiding rods, so as
to be out of the way."
"I am aware that a car door of similar construction, sliding in
grooved ways, is old, and such I do not desire to claim, broadly,
as my invention. Said door, however, constitutes an outside or
closing car door proper, and the car could not be
Page 132 U. S. 164
loaded or used for bulk grain unless the grain is put in from
the roof of the car, as the door completely closes the doorway or
opening. Furthermore, said door is obviously objectionable for
other reasons,
viz., the grain will lodge or get in the
grooved ways in which the door slides, binding or locking it so as
to prevent its being raised, and also, being an outside door, the
grain, pressing against it, would force or bulge the door outward,
producing a similar effect as the grain lodging in the grooved
ways; whereas my door, being an inside door, and not reaching the
top of the doorway or opening, admits an open space at the top for
loading in the grain, with an ordinary outside door, to be locked
or otherwise secured after the car is loaded. By also employing
guiding rods for the door to slide upon, and being an inside door,
the defects incident to the grooved ways and an outside door,
before referred to, are entirely obviated."
And at the same time, he substituted for his first and second
claims the following:
"1st. The combination, with a car, of an inside flexible or
yielding and vertically sliding grain door and guiding rods C,
whereby said door, when not in use, can be carried up and placed on
the horizontal portions of said guiding rods, out of the way,
substantially as and for the purpose herein shown and
described."
March 20th, the application was again rejected, the examiners
stating:
"It is not considered that Crooker, in removing the upper few
slats of his door, would be making a patentable improvement on his
own invention, albeit he might change its name, and allege the
result of loading in over the top of his door."
"The change is an obvious one to any user of freight cars;
further, the use of rods and eyes is old in this connection. See
patent of H.L. Clark, Aug. 29, 1871, No. 118,514 (carpentry doors),
which further confirms the former action in relation thereto."
"In regard to the clogging and binding referred to in argument,
no clear or considerable results are seen to be accomplished by
applicant's device over the reference, such as should argue any
invention thereon. "
Page 132 U. S. 165
Watson then, on the 21st of March, 1878, further amended by
substituting for the first and second claims the following:
"The combination with a car of an inside flexible or yielding
sliding grain door having staples
c, and the vertical and
horizontal bent guiding rods C, extending from the floor of the car
upwardly, and under the roof of the car, as herein shown and
described, whereby said door, when not in use, can be carried up on
the horizontal portions of said guiding rods, out of the way,
substantially as specified."
The examiners again responded, March 23, 1878:
"The application does not present patentable novelty over
Crooker, cited."
"In view of the state of the art as shown by the references
cited, the
use of eyes and rods for guiding the sliding
door are the simple mechanical equivalents of the channel irons of
Crooker. As claim does not differ in a matter of substance from the
preceding, it is a second time rejected."
An appeal was prosecuted to the examiners in chief, who reversed
the decision, saying:
"The invention in this case is small, and the claim is
correspondingly limited. It consists of a combination of various
instrumentalities not found in either of the references."
"Applicant's car, as a whole, is adapted by convertibility to
uses not compatible with the cases cited, without injury. In this
case, the flexible door is applied in addition to the usual slide
doors, and when coarse freight is to be carried, the flexible
shutters are secured in place at the top under the roof of the
car."
The door in use upon the freight cars which appellee hauled over
its road was a grain door sliding in grooves. The Watson door was
carried on rods with staples. Even if there was no material
difference between a door sliding in grooves and a door sliding on
rods and staples, there was no infringement, for Watson had in
effect disclaimed a door sliding in grooves by his amendments, and
the terms of his specification as they stood amended, and in the
narrow claim of his patent the staples
c and the guiding
rods C were part of his combination, which he could not, under the
circumstances, say were not essential
Page 132 U. S. 166
to it, nor that the grooves were an equivalent.
Gage v.
Herring, 107 U. S. 640;
Fay v. Cordesman, 109 U. S. 408. But
counsel for appellant insists that Watson's real invention "was not
a question of rods or grooves, but was the combination, in a
freight car having an outside rigid door, of an inner flexible
sliding grain door."
The Crooker door was patented May 26, 1868, and made of separate
strips attached to each other by long continuous metal straps, so
as to be flexible, and capable of being slid up out of the way,
under the roof of the car, in grooves of channel irons affixed to
the inside of the door posts, but was a full, and not a half, door.
One of the doors was an inside door, as appears from the drawings,
and was described in his specification as follows:
"B B and B' B' are metallic grooved ways applied at the margin
of the door spaces
d d and partially across the car,
immediately under the roof of the same; the vertical portions of
the ways B' B' being on the inside of the car, just at the edge of
the said spaces, and firmly bolted in place upon the car framing,
or, if preferred, these vertical portions may be in the door space
itself, as is the case with those of the ways, B B."
The Clark patent was issued August 29, 1871, for a rigid grain
door, filling only half the opening, and sliding on rods to the top
of the car, where it was then swung up into a horizontal position,
turning on eyes at the upper corners of the rods. The evidence
established that inside grain doors, filling only part of the
opening, had long been used on freight cars in connection with the
outside door. Watson's door was made of separate slats, united to
each other by hinges, and provided with staples at both ends, that
encircled the guiding rods, on which the door might be slid up
under the roof of the car so as to be out of the way. Making
Crooker's door smaller, so as to fill only half the opening, and
using it in connection with an ordinary outside door, in
combination with a car, is the invention claimed.
We agree with the learned judge holding the circuit court when
he says
"There is nothing in either specification or claim concerning
'ordinary freight cars' nor solid sliding outside doors, and in the
claim nothing about outside doors at all,
Page 132 U. S. 167
unless inferred from the description given of an inside door.
If, however, such an inference is permissible, and the patent must
or may be construed to consist in such a combination of inside and
outside doors as is asserted, it cannot be upheld, because it does
not involve invention, but consists in a mere aggregation of parts,
each to perform its separate and independent function,
substantially in the same manner as before combination with the
other, and without contributing to a new and combined result. The
outside door certainly remains unaffected in construction and in
use, and the inner door is the same as the Crooker door, with a few
slats left off or taken off by design or by accident; and whether
done in one way or the other, the change cannot reasonably be
called 'invention' unless the distinction between mere mechanical
skill and inventive genius is to be disregarded."
There was nothing new in flexible or rigid doors, outside and
inside. There was nothing new in the use of outside and inside
rigid doors in combination, the inside door filling only part of
the opening. The substitution of the old flexible sliding inside
door, reduced in size to correspond with the old inside rigid grain
door, may have required some mechanical skill, and may have been
new and useful, but it did not involve the exertion of the
inventive faculty, and embraced nothing that was patentable.
Thompson v. Boisselier, 114 U. S. 1,
114 U. S. 11-12,
and cases there cited;
Stephenson v. Brooklyn Crosstown
Railroad Company, 114 U. S. 149.
The decree was right, and it is
Affirmed.