On appeal by the United States from a judgment of the Court of
Claims against them for less than three thousand dollars, rendered
pro forma, against the opinion of that court, and for the
purpose of an appeal, this Court, upon objection taken in behalf of
the United States to the irregularity of the actions of the court
below, reverses the judgment and remands the case for further
proceedings according to law.
This was an appeal by the United States from a judgment of the
Court of Claims upon the petition of James M. T. Gleeson, a clerk
of the Post Office Department, claiming arrears of salary. Upon the
proofs in the cause, the Court of Claims made a finding of facts,
in substance as follows:
On November 15, 1871, the claimant, by an order of the Post
Office Department addressed to him, was "designated a railway post
office head clerk on cars between Washington, D.C., and Lynchburg,
Va. Pay $1,400 per annum." He entered upon his duties under that
order and continued to serve until May 23, 1883.
On August 14, 1876, one of the blank printed forms used by the
department to notify railway post office head clerks of
Page 124 U. S. 256
a reduction of their pay, and copied below, was filled up by
inserting the words and figures in brackets.
"Post Office Department, Washington, D.C. August [24], 1876. [J.
M. T. Gleeson, R.P.O. Head Clerk, Washington, D.C.]"
"Sir: The Postmaster General has changed your pay as R.P.O. Head
Clerk between [Washington, D.C. to Lynchburg, Va.] from $[1,400] to
$[1,300] per annum, to take effect on and after August 1,
1876."
"Very respectfully &c."
"[James H. Marr, Acting] First Assistant Postmaster General"
On June 12, 1879, the First Assistant Postmaster General made an
order to "reduce the pay of" the claimant and three others, "head
clerks on the cars between Washington, D.C. and Lynchburg, Va.,
from $1,300 to $1,240 per annum, from the 1st to the 30th day of
June, 1879, inclusive."
The claimant received these notices and orders and received full
pay in accordance therewith. From August 1, 1876, to July 31, 1882,
his salary was reduced from $1,00 to $1,300 per annum, and for the
month of June, 1879, a further reduction was made from $1,300 to
$1,240 per annum, the whole amount of the deductions being
$597.84.
The further proceedings of the Court of Claims appeared by the
transcript certified by its clerk to this Court to have been as
follows:
Its conclusion of law was in these words:
"And upon the foregoing findings of fact, it appearing that the
decision in this case will affect a class of cases and that the
statutory question involved is novel, the court decides, for the
purpose of an appeal to the Supreme Court, that the claimant should
recover the sum of $597.84."
One of the judges, in behalf of the court, delivered the
following opinion:
"It has been the rule and usage of this Court, when the
determination of a new question will affect a class of cases, in
none of which a claimant, by reason of the smallness of his demand,
will have a right of appeal, to render a judgment
pro
forma against the government in one case to the end that the
question may be examined and the rights of all parties determined
by the Supreme Court. "
Page 124 U. S. 257
"In the present instance, the question is novel, and the
claimants are a deserving class of officials whose skill, diligence
and honesty affect the entire community probably more than the
personal services of any other officers. If this case were to
receive a final decision in this court, my own conclusion would
probably be adverse to the claimant. To me it seems clear that the
Postmaster General had authority to reduce the claimant's
compensation prospectively, whose continuation in the railway mail
service must have been upon the terms prescribed; but it does not
seem more clear than other class cases which have been sent to the
Supreme Court in the same way, and in some of which the Supreme
Court has thought otherwise.
Twenty Percent Cases, 4
Ct.Cl. 227; 9 Ct.Cl. 103."
"The other members of the court desire to have it understood
that their opinion is adverse to the claimant upon the merits, and
that if any other case of this class shall be brought to a hearing
before the question involved be determined by the Supreme Court,
the decision
pro forma now rendered will not furnish a
precedent for a recovery."
"The judgment of the court is that the claimant recover of the
defendants the sum of $597.84."
Final judgment was entered in this form:
"At a Court of Claims held in the City of Washington on the 24th
day of January, A.D. 1887, it was ordered that judgment
pro
forma for the purpose of an appeal to the Supreme Court be
entered as follows: "
"The Court, on due consideration of the premises, find for the
claimant and do order, adjudge, and decree that the said James M.
T. Gleeson do have and recover of and from the United States the
sum of five hundred and ninety-seven and 84/100 dollars
($597.84)."
MR. JUSTICE GRAY, after stating the facts as above, delivered
the opinion of the Court.
Page 124 U. S. 258
The United States can be sued for such causes and in such courts
only as they have by act of Congress permitted. Neither the Court
of Claims nor this Court can hear and determine any claim against
the United States except in the cases, and under the conditions,
defined by Congress.
By § 1059 of the Revised Statutes, the Court of Claims had
jurisdiction to hear and determine the claim of Gleeson. The
jurisdiction of this Court over it depends upon the provision of §
707, by which
"An appeal to the supreme court shall be allowed on behalf of
the United States from all judgments of the Court of Claims adverse
to the United States, and on behalf of the plaintiff in any case
where the amount in controversy exceeds three thousand
dollars."
Congress has thus clearly manifested its will that in any cause
where the amount in controversy does not exceed $3,000, the United
States alone shall have a right of appeal, and that if the opinion
of the Court of Claims in such a cause is adverse to the claimant,
a final and conclusive judgment shall be rendered against him in
that court.
By the existing statutes, Congress has neither made nor
authorized an executive department or the Court of Claims to make
the appellate jurisdiction of this Court over claims against the
United States for $3,000 or less to depend upon the question
whether the decision will affect a class of cases, and the omission
is the more significant because former statutes gave this Court, on
the certificate of the presiding justice of the Court of Claims,
appellate jurisdiction, and the Court of Claims, on a submission by
an executive department, original jurisdiction, of claims of such
an amount where the decision would effect a class of cases or
furnish a precedent for the future action of any executive
department in the adjustment of a class of cases. Acts of March 3,
1863, c. 92, § 5, 12 Stat. 766; June 25, 1868, c. 71, §§ 1, 7, 15
Stat. 75, 76; Rev.Stat. § 1063; Act of March 3, 1887, c. 359, §§ 9,
12, 24 Stat. 507.
In the transcript certified to this Court, the judgment of the
Court of Claims that the claimant recover of the United States the
sum of $597.84 appears upon its face to have been
Page 124 U. S. 259
rendered "
pro forma for the purpose of an appeal to the
Supreme Court." The court's conclusion of law, which is a necessary
part of the record, shows that the decision was made for that
purpose, and because it would affect a class of cases, and the
question involved was novel. And the opinion, which, though perhaps
not strictly a part of the record, has been sent up with the
record, as required by Rule 8 of this Court, shows that the
judgment was against the unanimous opinion of the judges, and that
they will not consider it a precedent for a like decision in any
other case. The effect of this way of disposing of the case, if
sanctioned by this Court, would be to nullify the restriction put
by Congress upon appeals from the Court of Claims, to subject the
United States to be impleaded in this Court without their consent,
to make this Court a court of original instead of appellate,
jurisdiction, and to compel it to hear and determine a claim which,
if the court below had performed the duty imposed upon it by law of
applying its own judgment to the merits of the case, could not have
been brought here at all.
In support of such a course of proceeding in a court of first
instance, the appellee relies on a passage in an opinion delivered
by Chief Justice Taney in a case which came before this Court upon
a certificate of division of opinion between two judges in the
circuit court, made, as the report states, "
pro forma and
for the purpose of obtaining the opinion of the Supreme Court on
the points certified." The passage quoted is as follows:
"We are aware that in some cases, where the point arising is one
of importance and difficulty, and it is desirable for the purposes
of justice to obtain the opinion of this Court, the judges of the
circuit court have sometimes, by consent, certified the point to
this Court as upon a division of opinion when, in truth, they both
rather seriously doubted than differed about it. We do not object
to a practice of this description, when applied to proper cases,
and on proper occasions."
United States v.
Stone, 14 Pet. 524,
39 U. S. 525.
But that opinion contains nothing to countenance the theory that
the judges of a subordinate tribunal can be permitted, without
considering a case themselves, to transmit it to this Court for
determination, and
Page 124 U. S. 260
thus to shift a burden upon this Court which none of the judges
below will have any share in discharging. On the contrary, the
Chief Justice went on to say:
"But they must be cases sanctioned by the judgment of one of the
judges of this Court, in his circuit. A loose practice in this
respect might render this Court substantially a court for the
original decision of all causes of importance; when the
Constitution and the laws intended to make it altogether appellate
in its character, except in the few cases of original jurisdiction
enumerated in the Constitution."
In that case, this Court held that it had no jurisdiction, by
reason of the irregularity in the proceedings of the circuit court,
and remanded the case to that court for further proceedings
according to law. And in later cases brought up by certificate of
division of opinion, this Court has steadfastly declined to answer
questions not certified in accordance with the spirit, as well as
the letter, of the statutes upon that subject.
Webster v.
Cooper, 10 How. 54;
Railroad Co. v. White,
101 U. S. 98;
Jewell v. Knight, 123 U. S. 426.
It is true that there are cases in the books in which appeals
from judgments of the Court of Claims, appearing to have been
rendered
pro forma but no objection being taken on that
ground, have been considered and decided upon the merits.
Twenty Percent
Cases, 20 Wall. 179,
87 U. S. 181;
United States v. Martin, 94 U. S. 400;
United States v. Driscoll, 96 U. S.
421;
United States v. Fisher, 109 U.
S. 143.
But in the case at bar, the irregularity of the action of the
Court of Claims has been objected to by the Attorney General in
behalf of the United States, and cannot be passed over.
Judgment reversed, and case remanded to the Court of Claims
for further proceedings according to law.
