Alabama v. Burr, 115 U.S. 413 (1885)
U.S. Supreme Court
Alabama v. Burr, 115 U.S. 413 (1885)Alabama v. Burr
Argued October 30, 1885
Decided November 16, 1885
115 U.S. 413
Syllabus
The State of Alabama loaned its credit to a railroad company by endorsing its bonds. The act authorizing this to be done provided that if fraudulent endorsements of bonds should be obtained, or if the bonds should be sold for less than ninety cents on the dollar, then the railroad should be sold and those stockholders who could not prove either ignorance of the fraud or opposition to it should be individually liable for the payment of the bonds fraudulently endorsed and for all other losses that might fall upon the state
by reason of any other frauds committed by the company. The state brought suit at law in this Court against certain persons alleged in the declaration to be "the majority and controlling incorporators, officers, directors, and stockholders as well as the actual managers and controllers" of the company. The declaration alleged that the defendants had (1) made fraudulent misrepresentations by reason of which the endorsement of an over-issue of bonds had been obtained; (2) made fraudulent misrepresentations by reason of which endorsements were obtained before the several sections of the road were fully finished, completed and equipped, and (3) that they had made unlawful and improper use of some of the bonds or their proceeds after they got into the hands of the company. On demurrer, held that the liability of the officers and stockholders to the state was statutory only, and that the facts stated in the declaration were not such as to bring the defendants within the liability clause in the statute (1) because the suit was not brought to recover the payment of bonds the endorsement of which had been fraudulently obtained, and (2) because the declaration did not show that the losses sued for were the immediate consequences of the frauds alleged.
The Legislature of Alabama, by a further act, authorized a further loan of its credit to the same company, with provisions that the bonds should not be sold under ninety cents on the dollar, and "that the directors or other officers and incorporators and stockholders" of the company who should violate the provisions of this act, or of the former act above referred to should "be held personally liable to the state for any loss incurred thereby." The declaration alleged that seven hundred and seventy-one of the bonds authorized by the later act were sold at less than ninety cents on the dollar, but it did not state in what respect the state was injured by such sales, nor did it state that the other injuries complained of in the bill and above referred to resulted from acts done after the passage of the last named act. On demurrer, held that the allegations were insufficient to charge the defendants under the last named act.
It is not decided whether the remedy of the state to enforce the liability of the defendants under these statutes was exclusively in equity.
This is a suit at law brought in this Court by the State of Alabama against Isaac T. Burr, Samuel A. Carlton, John De Merritt, citizens of Massachusetts, John C. Stanton, a citizen of New York, and Daniel N. Stanton, a citizen of New Jersey. The declaration states in substance that under the operation of certain statutes of Alabama, the governor was authorized and required to endorse on the part of the state the first mortgage bonds of the Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company, a corporation having power to construct a railroad from Meridian, in the State of Mississippi, through the States of Alabama and Georgia, to Chattanooga, in the State
of Tennessee, a distance of 295 miles, to the extent of $16,000 per mile on the whole length of its road, as fast as sections of twenty continuous miles each were "finished, completed, and equipped." The bonds, when issued and endorsed, were to have "priority in favor of the state over any and all other liens whatever." Sections 5 and 6 of an Act of February 19, 1867, on which the liability of the defendants of a large extent depends, are as follows:
"SEC. 5. Be it further enacted that the bonds before specified shall not be used by said company for any other purpose than the construction and equipment of said road, and the governor shall not endorse the same unless on the affidavit of the president of said company and a resolution of a majority of its directory for the time being that said bonds shall not be used for any other purpose than the construction and equipment of said road, or sold or disposed of for a less sum than ninety cents in the dollar; nor shall said bonds be endorsed until the president and chief engineer of said company shall upon oath show that the conditions of this act have been complied with in all respects."
"SEC. 6. Be it further enacted that it shall be the duty of the governor from time to time, when there shall be reliable information given to him that any railroad company shall have fraudulently obtained the endorsement of its bonds by the governor on the part of the state, or shall have obtained the endorsement contrary to the provisions of this act, or shall have sold or disposed of the bonds endorsed by the governor for a less sum than ninety cents in the dollar, he shall notify the attorney general of the state, whose duty it shall be forthwith to institute in the name of the state a suit in the circuit or chancery court of the county of the place of business of the company setting forth the facts, and when the fact shall satisfactorily appear to the court that the endorsement of any of said bonds shall have been fraudulently obtained or obtained contrary to the true intent, meaning, and provisions of this act, or that said bonds shall have been sold or disposed of for a less sum than ninety cents in the dollar, then and in such case the court shall order, adjudge, and decree that said road,
lying in the state, with all the property and assets of said company or a sufficiency thereof, shall be sold, and the proceeds thereof shall be paid into the treasury of the state, and it shall be the duty of the comptroller immediately to invest the same in state bonds, or the bonds endorsed by the governor under the provisions of this act, creating a sinking fund as provided for in the eleventh section of this act, and said company shall forfeit all rights and privileges under the provisions of this act. And the stockholders thereof shall be individually liable for the payment of the bonds the endorsement of which was so fraudulently obtained by such company or which were sold or disposed of for less than ninety cents in the dollar and for all other losses that may fall upon the state in consequence of the commission of any other fraud by such company excepting such stockholders as may show to the said court that they were ignorant of or opposed the perpetration of such fraud by the company."
By another statute passed February 11, 1870, the governor was authorized to issue state bonds to the amount of $2,000,000 and exchange them with the same company for an equal amount of its own bonds, secured by a first mortgage on lands granted to the company by the United States and certain other specified property, including, if the governor should deem it necessary, a second mortgage on the railroad. The bonds were only to be issued in such sums as it should be shown by sufficient evidence had been expended by the company in the construction and equipment of its road,
"in addition to and besides the proceeds of the bonds endorsed by the state which the said railroad company shall have received under the laws of the said state now in force."
The act also provided that these bonds should not be sold at less than ninety cents on the dollar, and
"that the directors or other officers and incorporators and stockholders of said railroad company who shall knowingly violate or permit the violation without objection any provision of this act or of the act under which said company is now receiving the endorsement of the state upon its bonds of $16,000 per mile shall be held personally liable to the state for any loss incurred thereby. "
The declaration, after setting forth the various statutes relied on, proceeds as follows:
"The defendants were at the time last mentioned, and from thence continuously until and at and after the time of the occurrence of the several and respective wrongs and injuries and losses to the plaintiff hereinafter stated, the majority and controlling incorporators, officers, directors, and stockholders, as well as the actual managers and controllers of the said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company,"
and, after stating that the company issued $1,250,000 of its first mortgage bonds in excess of that authorized by the statutes, avers that such overissue was made
"with the intent fraudulently to procure the endorsement of each of its said bonds by the governor of plaintiff as if the endorsement of each of them by said governor was authorized by said acts, and with intent to deceive the governor of the plaintiff, and to defraud the plaintiff to the extent of an amount equal to so many of said bonds and endorsements thereof as were not authorized by said acts to be endorsed by the governor of plaintiff, and said last-named company, with such fraudulent intent, did, by false and fraudulent representations and pretenses, some of which were to the effect that said company was presenting to the governor of plaintiff, for endorsement by him, only so many of its bonds as said acts authorized him to endorse, and was claiming of him endorsement of only so many of its bonds as said acts authorized him to endorse, fraudulently procure from said governor his endorsement of each and all of its bonds issued as aforesaid, and the redelivery to that company of all its said bonds endorsed as aforesaid. In procuring said endorsement by said governor of Alabama of each and of all the said bonds of said last-mentioned company, that company made to said governor the following, among other, false and fraudulent pretenses: that this last-mentioned company, at the time it applied for and procured said endorsements, had
twenty continuous miles of its railroad finished, equipped, and completed from Chattanooga, in the State of Tennessee, in a southwesterly direction towards Alabama, but outside of Alabama."
"The governor of plaintiff was induced to make said endorsements by believing and acting upon said several false and fraudulent representations and pretences, and otherwise should not have made any of said endorsements."
"The said representations and pretences were false in the following, among other, respects and particulars:"
"First. That said twenty miles of road situate in the State of Mississippi for which the first endorsement was procured had not been finished and completed by said company, but was an old road purchased by said company and which had been built several years prior to the passage of said acts by the said Northeast and Southwest Railroad Company."
"Second. That said road was not equipped."
"Third. That said company had not finished, completed, and equipped twenty continuous miles of said road from said City of Chattanooga, extending toward the State of Alabama, for which it procured the endorsement by the said state of the second batch of three hundred and twenty of said bonds, but, on the contrary, said company estimated, as a part of said twenty miles, a part, to-wit, five miles, of the road of another corporation, situated in the State of Tennessee, which was used by it for the running of its train, under an agreement with said other corporation, and which said road has been continuously ever since, and is still, the property of said other corporation, and for the use of which the said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company was then paying, and continued to pay so long as it controlled and managed its own road, a large rental, amounting to many thousand dollars, which was paid out of the proceeds of the sale of said endorsed bonds."
"Fourth. That said twenty miles of road claimed to have been finished and completed by said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company from said City of Chattanooga as aforesaid at the time it procured said endorsements had not at that time been equipped. "
It was then averred that the two millions of dollars of state bonds were issued to the company under the act of 1870, and that after this was done, and on or about September 15, 1871, a petition in bankruptcy was filed, under which the company was declared a bankrupt November 6, 1871, and that on the 22d of April, 1872, its railroad and property were sold by its assignees to the state, subject to the mortgage given the state to secure the endorsed bonds. Afterwards the mortgage to the state was foreclosed, and the mortgaged property sold at public auction on the 22d of January, 1877, to a purchaser other than the state.
Then follows this allegation:
"The plaintiff says that in the endorsement and delivery to the said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company of the said bonds of that corporation, and the coupons thereunto attached as aforesaid, and in the issuance and delivery to that corporation of the said two thousand bonds of the plaintiff, and the coupons thereunto attached as aforesaid, the plaintiff relied on the truthfulness of the several aforesaid false pretenses and statements of said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company, as well as on all the provisions of all the said acts of her General Assembly, and especially on all the said provisions of said acts relating to the obligation and liability to the plaintiff of the directors, officers, incorporators, and stockholders of said corporation for any loss that should be incurred by the plaintiff by reason of the directors, officers, incorporators, and stockholders of said incorporation knowingly violating, or permitting the violation of, without objection, any provision of the said act approved February 11, 1870, under and by virtue of which the said two thousand bonds of the plaintiff, and the coupons thereunto attached, were issued and delivered to said corporation as aforesaid, or of the said acts under which the plaintiff endorsed and delivered to the said corporation the said bonds of the said corporation as aforesaid."
It is then averred that in May, 1869, the company "knowingly, wrongfully, illegally, and fraudulently appropriated to the defendants and their accomplices in the wrong and fraud," one hundred and sixty thousand dollars of the money accruing from the sale of
the endorsed bonds, and that this sum
"was not used or applied in any way for the benefit of said corporation, or of plaintiff, or for the purpose of constructing or equipping its said railroad, or for any honest or lawful purpose."
Also that the company, in or about the month of May, 1869,
"wrongfully, illegally, fraudulently, and without any valuable consideration, appropriated and issued to the defendants, and their accomplices in the fraud and wrong, shares of the capital stock of the said corporation of the aggregate par value of four hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which the defendants thereafter pretended to sell to said corporation, and in payment therefor the said corporation fraudulently and illegally paid to the defendants, and the defendants did wrongfully, fraudulently, and illegally receive from the said corporation, a large sum, to-wit, the sum of forty-five thousand dollars, which said sum had accrued to, and been received by, the said corporation from the sales of a portion of said bonds endorsed by the plaintiff and delivered to the said corporation as aforesaid, and which said sum, received by the defendants as aforesaid, they, the defendants, knowingly, wrongfully, illegally, and fraudulently appropriated to their own use and benefit, and which was not used or applied in any way for the benefit of said corporation, or for the purpose of constructing or equipping its said railroad."
Also that in the months of November and December, 1869, the company "wrongfully, illegally, fraudulently, and knowingly permitted the defendants to appropriate to their own use and to the use of their accomplices" certain sums amounting in the aggregate to one hundred and eighteen thousand dollars,
"which sums had accrued to, and been received by, the said corporation from sales of a portion of said bonds endorsed by the plaintiff and delivered to said corporation as aforesaid, and which were not used or applied in any way for the benefit of said corporation, or for the purpose of constructing or equipping its said road."
Also that in the months of January and February, 1870, the company
"knowingly, wrongfully, illegally, and fraudulently permitted the defendants to misapply, misappropriate, and convert to improper uses a further large sum, to-wit, four hundred thousand dollars, which had accrued to and
been received from the sales of a portion of said endorsed bonds, . . . and which was never used or applied in any way for the benefit of said . . . corporation, or for the purpose of constructing, equipping, or finishing its said railroad, or for any other purpose authorized by said acts of the legislature."
Also that the company, "with the knowledge and participation of the defendants, during the years 1869 and 1870 wrongfully and illegally sold and disposed of" eight hundred and twelve thousand dollars of the endorsed bonds, and seven hundred and seventy-one thousand dollars of the state bonds at less than ninety cents on the dollar, and that five hundred and eighty thousand dollars of the endorsed bonds were disposed of by the company, with the knowledge and permission of the defendants, by placing them as collateral security for the debts of the company, which debts were much less than ninety percent of the amount of the bonds.
It was then alleged that the company, with the permission of the defendants, during the years 1869 and 1870,
"allowed large amounts of said endorsed bonds, to-wit, two hundred thousand dollars, as well as large sums of the proceeds of said endorsed bonds, to-wit, one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, to be unlawfully paid or given to various persons who were not entitled to any part of said bonds, or the proceeds thereof, and were at the time of such payments or gifts known by said last-named corporation, as well as by said defendants, not to be entitled to any part of said bonds or the proceeds thereof, . . . and the endorsed bonds, and proceeds of said endorsed bonds, which were so unlawfully paid or given by said . . . corporation were never used or applied in any way for the benefit of that corporation, or for the construction or equipment of its said railroad, or for any honest and lawful purpose, but were lost to that corporation."
It was then alleged that the company, during the years 1869 and 1870, permitted the defendants to use two hundred thousand of the endorsed bonds in purchasing for themselves stock in the Roane Iron Company, and in the Vicksburg and Meridian Railroad Company, and in opening and working a coal
mine, and that these bonds were wholly lost to the company and to the plaintiff, and were never applied in any way to its benefit, or to the construction or equipment of its road.
As an excuse for not making the "allegations as to said wrongful, illegal, and fraudulent acts of said company more full, certain, or definite," it was stated that the company, with the participation and concurrence of the defendants,
"fraudulently concealed from plaintiff all knowledge or information touching each of the aforesaid wrongful or fraudulent acts of said company and of said defendants, and willfully kept the plaintiff ignorant of each of said wrongful and illegal acts."
The declaration concludes as follows:
"And the plaintiff says that by reason of the aforesaid wrongful, illegal, and fraudulent acts of the said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company, permitted and participated in by the defendants, who were the actual managers and controllers of said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company as aforesaid, the said corporation last named became a bankrupt in the year 1871, and was rendered wholly unable to pay its indebtedness existing on and prior to the first day of September, 1871, and especially the interest on said endorsed bonds,"
which became due on the first days of January and July, A.D. 1871, and that on the state bonds, which became due on the first days of March and September in the same year, amounting in the aggregate to five hundred and thirty-seven thousand six hundred dollars, all of which
"the plaintiff was compelled to pay and did pay to the holders of said bonds, which she would not have been compelled to pay but for the wrongful, illegal, and fraudulent acts of the said defendants and said corporation as aforesaid, no part of which sum of five hundred and thirty-seven thousand and six hundred dollars has ever been repaid to the plaintiff, and by reason of the aforesaid wrongful, illegal, and fraudulent acts of the said Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad Company, and of the said defendants as aforesaid, the said plaintiff has been further damnified and injured to the additional extent of one million of dollars in settling her liability created and evidenced by her aforesaid endorsement of said endorsed bonds, no part of any of which loss or damage has ever been paid to the plaintiff.
And the plaintiff says that she had no notice, information, or knowledge of the wrongful, illegal, and fraudulent acts of the said defendants and said corporation as aforesaid until within the twelve months now last past. Whereby, and by force of the said acts of the general assembly of the plaintiff approved February 19, 1867, September 22, 1868, November 17, 1868, February 11, 1870, respectively, an action hath accrued to the plaintiff to recover against the said defendants full compensation for the aforesaid respective losses and damages to plaintiff sustained as aforesaid; yet the said defendants, although requested so to do, have not, nor hath either or any of them at any time hitherto, yielded any compensation, or made any satisfaction or amends to the plaintiff for the said loss so by the plaintiff sustained as aforesaid; but to do this the said defendants have hitherto altogether neglected and refused, and still do refuse, to the damage of the plaintiff, the sum of three million dollars. "
To this declaration the defendants demurred generally.
