IN RE BARNET, 1 U.S. 152 (1785)
U.S. Supreme Court
IN RE BARNET, 1 U.S. 152 (1785)1 U.S. 152 (Dall.)
Lazarus Barnet's Case.
v.
Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County.
December Term, 1785
Lazarus Barnet having absconded, several foreign attachments were issued against him; and, afterwards, motions were made to set them aside respectively, in favour of a domestic attachment, which had, likewise issued against him. These motions were all founded upon the following affidavit. 'Daniel Benezet maketh oath that on or about the 12th day of May 1783, the deponent let his house in Second Street Philadelphia to a certain Lazarus Barnet; that the said Lazarus Barnet has resided therein and followed the business of a Merchant or Store-keeper from that time' till about two weeks ago, when the said Lazarus absconded from the city, or secreted himself therein, as this deponent is informed. And this deponent further faith, that the said Lazarus Barnet appeared to him to be a married man, and having a family and servants in his house.' Sworn the 11th of December, 1784.
This case was argued on the 20th of January by Sergeant and Levy against the foreign attachments; and Wilson and Ingersol in support of them. On the 27th of the same month, The President delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court.
Shippen, President. [152-Continued.]
The question before us, is, whether the foreign attachments, or the domestic attachment, issued against Lazarus Barnet, shall be established? The arguments in support of the foreign attachments, are chiefly founded on the third clause in the first act of Assembly, which says that 'no writ of attachment shall be granted against any persons effects, but such only as, at the time of granting such writs, are not resident, or residing, within this province;' and on that of the second act, which leaves non residents to be proceeded against by foreign attachments, agreeably to the directions of the first act. And it is urged, that, in the present case, it does not appear, that Lazarus Barnet was resident or residing within the state at the time of granting the domestic attachment, and, if he was not so resident, he is the object of the foreign attachment law.
Our opinion on this case, must be founded upon a connected view of the several acts of Assembly relating to attachments; and these are the 4 Ann. c. 28. the 9 Geo. 1. c. 3. and the 14 Geo. 3. c. 5.
The object in passing the first act, was to subject the effects of absent debtors to the payment of their debts; as it appears by the preamble, that before that time, they were not equally liable with the effects of those persons who resided on the spot. Within the provisions of that act, three forts of debtors were included: 1st. Those who never resided here, or whose actual residence was abroad. 2nd. Those who had resided here, and had absconded, or otherwise removed; both of which are comprized in the general description of non residents in the third clause of the act; and 3rd. Those who
were still here, but were about to remove without giving
security to their creditors. In the second act it is stated, 'that
divers irregularities and fraudulent practices had happened, to the
injury of such creditors as were willing to accept an equal share
of the effects of their debtors;' and from these general
expressions we are left to consider, to which of the foregoing
descriptions of debtors the preamble refers. It could not be the
first; they residing abroad, and their effects coming here only
occasionally, there was no great danger of fraudulent practices;
and so it appears by the subsequent law still continuing the same
remedy against them. With respect, however, to the other two
classes, it was possible for a creditor to seduce his debtor to
leave the province, or to entrap him into the commission of some
other act, which brought him within the construction of the law,
and to seize upon all his effects. The act, therefore, makes an
entire new provision with respect to both the latter descriptions
of persons, and consolidates the two cases. It mentions nothing of
persons absenting themselves out of the province, nor of persons
refusing to give security; but enacts, generally, that all persons
who had absconded from their usual place of abode for six days,
with design to defraud their creditors, and not distinguishing
whether in the province or out of the province; is they absconded
with that design, they were persons whose effects the Legislature
intended should be divided among their creditors. To say that they
must be still remaining in the province, would be needlessly
restraining the generality of the words of the act, which suggests
that sometimes they may have left the province, by the words, 'and
had not left a clear estate in fee simple within the province,
sufficient to pay their debts.' The last clause of the second act
provides, that 'nothing in this act shall be construed to exempt
the goods or effects of any person or persons, not inhabitants of
this province, from being attached according to the directions of
the former act.' Here appears a designed variation from the
expression used in the first act: it does not say persons not
residing in the province at the time of issuing the attachment,
but, generally, persons not inhabitants of the province, and seems
expressly meant to take in only those persons first described in
the former act, persons who never resided here, or whose actual
residence was in another country. A contrary construction would
defeat the general intention of the Legislature, as in most cases
those debtors who escape from their creditors, go out of the state.
Nor is it material as to the policy of the act, whether he remains
in the state or goes out of it; he has committed an act similar to
an act of bankruptcy by absconding with a fraudulent design; and in
that case, and in that only, is he the object of the second act.
The word 'inhabitant' has a plain meaning. A person coming hither
occasionally, as a captain of a ship, in the course of trade,
cannot be called an inhabitant; nor does a person going from his
settled habitation here, on occasional business to Boston, or any
other place, cease to be an inhabitant. But a man who comes from
[1 U.S. 152,
154]
U.S. Supreme Court
IN RE BARNET, 1 U.S. 152 (1785) 1 U.S. 152 (Dall.) Lazarus Barnet's Case.v.
Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County. December Term, 1785 Lazarus Barnet having absconded, several foreign attachments were issued against him; and, afterwards, motions were made to set them aside respectively, in favour of a domestic attachment, which had, likewise issued against him. These motions were all founded upon the following affidavit. 'Daniel Benezet maketh oath that on or about the 12th day of May 1783, the deponent let his house in Second Street Philadelphia to a certain Lazarus Barnet; that the said Lazarus Barnet has resided therein and followed the business of a Merchant or Store-keeper from that time' till about two weeks ago, when the said Lazarus absconded from the city, or secreted himself therein, as this deponent is informed. And this deponent further faith, that the said Lazarus Barnet appeared to him to be a married man, and having a family and servants in his house.' Sworn the 11th of December, 1784. This case was argued on the 20th of January by Sergeant and Levy against the foreign attachments; and Wilson and Ingersol in support of them. On the 27th of the same month, The President delivered the unanimous opinion of the Court. Shippen, President. [152-Continued.] The question before us, is, whether the foreign attachments, or the domestic attachment, issued against Lazarus Barnet, shall be established? The arguments in support of the foreign attachments, are chiefly founded on the third clause in the first act of Assembly, which says that 'no writ of attachment shall be granted against any persons effects, but such only as, at the time of granting such writs, are not resident, or residing, within this province;' and on that of the second act, which leaves non residents to be proceeded against by foreign attachments, agreeably to the directions of the first act. And it is urged, that, in the present case, it does not appear, that Lazarus Barnet was resident or residing within the state at the time of granting the domestic attachment, and, if he was not so resident, he is the object of the foreign attachment law. Our opinion on this case, must be founded upon a connected view of the several acts of Assembly relating to attachments; and these are the 4 Ann. c. 28. the 9 Geo. 1. c. 3. and the 14 Geo. 3. c. 5. The object in passing the first act, was to subject the effects of absent debtors to the payment of their debts; as it appears by the preamble, that before that time, they were not equally liable with the effects of those persons who resided on the spot. Within the provisions of that act, three forts of debtors were included: 1st. Those who never resided here, or whose actual residence was abroad. 2nd. Those who had resided here, and had absconded, or otherwise removed; both of which are comprized in the general description of non residents in the third clause of the act; and 3rd. Those who Page 1 U.S. 152, 153 were still here, but were about to remove without giving security to their creditors. In the second act it is stated, 'that divers irregularities and fraudulent practices had happened, to the injury of such creditors as were willing to accept an equal share of the effects of their debtors;' and from these general expressions we are left to consider, to which of the foregoing descriptions of debtors the preamble refers. It could not be the first; they residing abroad, and their effects coming here only occasionally, there was no great danger of fraudulent practices; and so it appears by the subsequent law still continuing the same remedy against them. With respect, however, to the other two classes, it was possible for a creditor to seduce his debtor to leave the province, or to entrap him into the commission of some other act, which brought him within the construction of the law, and to seize upon all his effects. The act, therefore, makes an entire new provision with respect to both the latter descriptions of persons, and consolidates the two cases. It mentions nothing of persons absenting themselves out of the province, nor of persons refusing to give security; but enacts, generally, that all persons who had absconded from their usual place of abode for six days, with design to defraud their creditors, and not distinguishing whether in the province or out of the province; is they absconded with that design, they were persons whose effects the Legislature intended should be divided among their creditors. To say that they must be still remaining in the province, would be needlessly restraining the generality of the words of the act, which suggests that sometimes they may have left the province, by the words, 'and had not left a clear estate in fee simple within the province, sufficient to pay their debts.' The last clause of the second act provides, that 'nothing in this act shall be construed to exempt the goods or effects of any person or persons, not inhabitants of this province, from being attached according to the directions of the former act.' Here appears a designed variation from the expression used in the first act: it does not say persons not residing in the province at the time of issuing the attachment, but, generally, persons not inhabitants of the province, and seems expressly meant to take in only those persons first described in the former act, persons who never resided here, or whose actual residence was in another country. A contrary construction would defeat the general intention of the Legislature, as in most cases those debtors who escape from their creditors, go out of the state. Nor is it material as to the policy of the act, whether he remains in the state or goes out of it; he has committed an act similar to an act of bankruptcy by absconding with a fraudulent design; and in that case, and in that only, is he the object of the second act. The word 'inhabitant' has a plain meaning. A person coming hither occasionally, as a captain of a ship, in the course of trade, cannot be called an inhabitant; nor does a person going from his settled habitation here, on occasional business to Boston, or any other place, cease to be an inhabitant. But a man who comes from Page 1 U.S. 152, 154 another place to reside among us, introduces his family here, takes a house, engages in trade, contracts debts, and, after some time, runs away with design to defraud his creditors, he ought surely to be considered such an inhabitant as not to be an object of the foreign attachment, but of the domestic one, and as a person whose effects should be seized for the benefit of all his creditors, and not of the first creditor who shall take out a foreign attachment, otherwise there would be few objects for this equitable law to operate upon. Such has been the uniform construction of the law of attachments in Pennsylvania from the year 1724, to the passing of the act of the 24 Geo. 3. c. 5, which last act gives a legislative sanction to the preceeding practice. We have, therefore, no hesitation in declaring our unanimous opinion, that the foreign attachments against Lazarus Barnet be dissolved.
