Thompson et al v. United States Bakery Inc et al, No. 2:2020cv00102 - Document 19 (E.D. Wash. 2020)
Court Description: ORDER GRANTING IN PART 16 PLAINTIFF'S MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT. Signed by Chief Judge Stanley A Bastian. (AY, Case Administrator)
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Thompson et al v. United States Bakery Inc et al Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB Doc. 19 ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.255 Page 1 of 12 1 2 3 FI LED I N THE U.S. DI STRI CT COURT EASTERN DI STRI CT OF WASHI NGTON 4 Nov 30, 2020 5 SEAN F. MCAVOY, CLERK 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON 8 9 ROBERT THOMPSON and JANELLE 10 THOMPSON, a married couple, 11 Plaintiffs, 12 v. No. 2:20-CV-00102-SAB ORDER GRANTING IN PART 13 UNITED STATES BAKERY, INC., d/b/a PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR 14 FRANZ FAMILY BAKERIES, an PARTIAL SUMMARY 15 Oregon Corporation; and JUDGMENT 16 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 17 SOLUTIONS, INC., a Washington 18 Corporation, 19 20 Defendants. Before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, ECF 21 No. 16. The motion was considered without oral argument. Plaintiffs are 22 represented by Jacob Mark, Michael Merkelbach, and Ryan Best. Defendant 23 United States Bakery (“USB”) is represented by Richard Omata and Joshua 24 Howard. Defendant Occupational Health Solutions (“OHS”) is represented by 25 William Symmes and Sawyer Margett. Plaintiffs move for partial summary 26 judgment, seeking judgment in their favor on a number of Defendants’ affirmative 27 defenses because they are unsupported by admissible evidence. Neither Defendant 28 responded to the motion. Having reviewed the motion, accompanying affidavits, ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 1 Dockets.Justia.com Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.256 Page 2 of 12 1 and the relevant law, the Court grants in part and denies in part Plaintiffs’ 2 motion. Facts 3 The following facts are drawn from Plaintiffs’ Complaint and statement of 4 5 facts in support of their motion, and are construed in the light most favorable to 6 Defendants. Mr. Thompson started working for USB on March 8, 2013. He performed 7 8 his duties without any disciplinary reprimands or negative work evaluations, and 9 accrued enough seniority to qualify for a significant amount of over-time hours. On 10 September 21, 2018, Mr. Thompson suffered an injury while at work. Two weeks later, on October 2, 2018, Mr. Thompson’s doctor released him 11 12 to work with no restrictions. However, an MRI scan conducted on October 4 13 revealed that Mr. Thompson had a moderate disc protrusion mildly narrowing his 14 spinal canal at the C6-7 vertebrae. Based on these results, Mr. Thompson’s 15 physician, Dr. Miguel A. Schmitz, restricted Mr. Thompson to only work six hours 16 a day with physical limitations. Dr. Schmitz also recommended Mr. Thompson 17 receive an epidural steroid injection to alleviate pain. Mr. Thompson received his 18 first injection on November 16, 2018, which provided about two days of pain 19 relief. 20 On December 4, 2018, Dr. Schmitz recommended a cervical fusion to treat 21 Mr. Thompson’s injury. USB, through its agent OHS, denied the surgery 22 recommended by Dr. Schmitz. OHS’s physician, Dr. Peterson, diagnosed Mr. 23 Thompson’s injury as a C6-7 herniation and attributed the herniated disc to Mr. 24 Thompson’s September 2018 injury. However, Dr. Peterson recommended only 25 the use of inflammatory medication and physical therapy to treat the injury. Dr. 26 Schmitz reviewed Dr. Peterson’s findings on January 26, 2019 and again 27 recommended that, based on Dr. Peterson’s findings that Mr. Thompson suffered 28 from pain from his neck through his upper back and in despite of Dr. Peterson’s ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 2 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.257 Page 3 of 12 1 recommendation, Mr. Thompson have surgery. OHS again denied the request and 2 determined he only needed physical therapy to recover from his injury. However, 3 after four months of physical therapy, Mr. Thompson’s condition worsened, and 4 Dr. Schmitz again recommended a cervical fusion surgery on May 7, 2019. OHS 5 denied the recommendation on May 22, 2019. 6 OHS then hired Dr. Gregory Zoltani, a psychiatrist and neurologist, to 7 examine Mr. Thompson. Dr. Zoltani examined Mr. Thompson on May 26, 2019. 8 He did not agree with Dr. Schmitz’s recommendation for surgery despite Dr. 9 Schmitz’s experience as a certified orthopedic surgeon, citing the “lack of evidence 10 of radiculopathy.” On June 13, 2019, Mr. Thompson underwent electrodiagnostic 11 testing at the Spokane Spine Center. The tests showed that Mr. Thompson suffered 12 from left-side subacute C7 radiculopathy. Dr. Zotani amended his findings based 13 on these results, but still did not agree with the recommendation for surgery. 14 Instead, he modified his opinion to recommend another epidural injection. On July 15 16, 2019, Dr. Schmitz reviewed Dr. Zoltani’s findings, both pre- and post16 electrodiagnostic testing results. Based on his review, Dr. Schmitz again 17 recommended cervical fusion surgery. Instead, OHS approved another epidural 18 injection. The second injection did not improve Mr. Thompson’s condition. 19 In August 2019, an attorney for Defendants, Jon Floyd, proposed that Mr. 20 Thompson seek a second opinion. On August 25, 2019, Dr. Schmitz sent Dr. Kent, 21 a certified orthopedic surgeon, a request to evaluate Mr. Thompson’s injury. On 22 November 7, 2019, Dr. Kent evaluated Mr. Thompson and agreed with Dr. 23 Schmitz’s diagnosis and recommendation for cervical fusion surgery. After 24 receiving the second recommendation for surgery, OHS approved Mr. Thompson’s 25 surgery. Mr. Thompson had the surgery on December 4, 2019, and his physicians 26 estimated that recovery would take around twelve months. With diligent physical 27 therapy and adherence to his physicians’ instructions, Mr. Thompson was able to 28 return to work in August 2020. ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 3 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB 1 ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.258 Page 4 of 12 According to the contract between USB and Mr. Thompson’s union, if Mr. 2 Thompson did not return to work within eighteen months of being off work due to 3 a work-related injury, he would lose all seniority in his current position. Mr. 4 Thompson did not receive his surgery until exactly a year after it was initially 5 recommended and, with recovery time factored in, Mr. Thompson did not return to 6 work within that eighteen-month time frame. Accordingly, Mr. Thompson lost all 7 seniority he had built up over his seven years at USB. Procedural History 8 9 Plaintiffs filed their complaint on March 13, 2020. ECF No. 1. Plaintiffs 10 raised the following claims: (1) retaliation in violation of public policy, 11 wrongful/illegal retaliation, and claims suppression; (2) violation of the 12 Washington Law Against Discrimination, Wash. Rev. Code 49.60.101 et seq.; (3) 13 violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act and Americans with Disabilities 14 Act Amendments Act, 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq.; (4) negligence and negligent 15 supervision; (5) equitable estoppel; and (6) declaratory relief suspending USB’s 16 ability to self-insure for state Labor & Industries claims and barring termination of 17 Mr. Thompson under Wash. Rev. Code 51.28 and common law. Plaintiffs seek 18 damages in the form of compensation for injuries and damages including back pay, 19 front pay, lost benefits of employment, liquidated damages for willful violations, 20 wages and benefits, exemplary damages, punitive damages, compensatory 21 damages for discrimination, costs and fees, general damages including emotional 22 distress, and relief and damages as allowed under law. He also seeks injunctive 23 relief to restrict USB from engaging in claims suppression and retaliation and from 24 terminating Mr. Thompson. 25 Defendant USB filed an Answer on May 4, 2020, ECF No. 10, and 26 Defendant OHS filed an Answer on May 28, 2020, ECF No. 13. USB raised a 27 number of affirmative defenses, including (1) failure to mitigate; (2) preemption by 28 the Washington State Industrial Insurance Act (“IIA”); (3) immunity based on the ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 4 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.259 Page 5 of 12 1 IIA; (4) claims may be covered by the collective bargaining agreement and are 2 preempted by federal labor law; (5) failure to state a claim for which relief may be 3 granted; (6) lack of standing as to Ms. Thompson; (7) statute of limitations; (8) 4 lack of legally cognizable disability; (9) failure to engage in the interactive process 5 in good faith; (10) USB met its duty to provide a reasonable accommodation for 6 Mr. Thompson; (11) Mr. Thompson was not a qualified individual with a 7 disability; and (12) some claims might be frivolous. ECF No. 10 at 18. OHS also 8 raised a number of affirmative defenses, including: (1) failure to state a claim upon 9 which relief can be granted against OHS; (2) OHS’s actions were not motivated or 10 caused by discriminatory animus; (3) Plaintiffs’ failure to mitigate their damages; 11 (4) OHS’s decisions were made for legitimate and non-discriminatory reasons; (5) 12 the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Plaintiffs’ claims against OHS or, alternatively, 13 Plaintiffs failed to exhaust their administrative remedies; (6) statute of limitations; 14 (7) immunity under the IIA; (8) barred by workers’ compensation statutes that do 15 not create a private right of action; (9) Plaintiffs’ claims lack a factual and legal 16 basis and are not warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for extension 17 of existing law; and (10) Plaintiffs’ claims are frivolous, unreasonable, or without 18 foundation. 19 Summary Judgment Standard 20 Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no 21 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 22 matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). There is no genuine issue for trial unless 23 there is sufficient evidence favoring the non-moving party for a jury to return a 24 verdict in that party’s favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 25 (1986). The moving party has the initial burden of showing the absence of a 26 genuine issue of fact for trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 325 (1986). 27 If the moving party meets its initial burden, the non-moving party must go beyond 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 5 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.260 Page 6 of 12 1 the pleadings and “set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for 2 trial.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. 3 In addition to showing there are no questions of material fact, the moving 4 party must also show it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Smith v. Univ. of 5 Wash. Law Sch., 233 F.3d 1188, 1193 (9th Cir. 2000). The moving party is entitled 6 to judgment as a matter of law when the non-moving party fails to make a 7 sufficient showing on an essential element of a claim on which the non-moving 8 party has the burden of proof. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. The non-moving party 9 cannot rely on conclusory allegations alone to create an issue of material fact. 10 Hansen v. United States, 7 F.3d 137, 138 (9th Cir. 1993). 11 When considering a motion for summary judgment, a court may neither 12 weigh the evidence nor assess credibility; instead, “the evidence of the non-movant 13 is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” 14 Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255. 15 16 Discussion Plaintiffs argue that both USB and OHS have asserted several affirmative 17 defenses in their Answers without providing any facts or admissible evidence 18 substantiating the viability of the defenses. They argue that the defenses run afoul 19 of Rule 11(b) because they needlessly increase the costs of litigation and would 20 require Plaintiffs to spend their limited discovery resources on defending against 21 the potential defenses. Plaintiffs also assert that some of USB’s affirmative 22 defenses run afoul or Rule 8(c)’s fair notice standard for affirmative defenses. 23 Accordingly, Plaintiffs request the defenses be dismissed. 24 First, there are no genuine disputes of material fact. Defendants did not 25 respond to the motion or introduce any evidence to contradict Plaintiff’s version of 26 events. Based on the facts presented, there is sufficient evidence that a jury could 27 return a verdict in Plaintiffs’ favor as to the challenged affirmative defenses. 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 6 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB 1 ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.261 Page 7 of 12 The Court now considers Plaintiffs’ arguments against each Defendant’s 2 affirmative answers in turn. Although Defendants’ failure to respond may be 3 construed as consent to the motion, see LCivR 7(e), Defendants’ affirmative 4 defenses fail as a matter of law, as discussed below. 5 6 7 1. United States Bakery’s Affirmative Defenses a. Affirmative Defense #1: Failure to Mitigate USB asserted the defense of failure to mitigate. The doctrine of mitigation of 8 damages prevents an injured party from recovering damages that she could have 9 avoided if she took reasonable efforts after the wrong was committed. Bernsen v. 10 Big Bend Elec. Coop., 68 Wash. App. 427, 433 (1993). The party asserting the 11 defense of failure to mitigate bears the burden of proof. Essig v. Lai, 9 Wash. App. 12 2d 587, 596 (2019). In injuries cases, the defendant must show that there were 13 alternative treatment options available to the plaintiff, that the alternative treatment 14 options likely would have improved or cured plaintiff’s condition, and that the 15 plaintiff acted unreasonably in choosing a treatment. Fox v. Evans, 127 Wash. 16 App. 300, 305 (2005). 17 USB fails to meet their burden of proof as to its failure to mitigate defense. 18 The undisputed facts show that Mr. Thompson followed all directions from his 19 doctors or that any alternative courses of treatment short of cervical surgery— 20 including physical therapy and epidural injections—would not have improved his 21 condition. USB also fails to show that Mr. Thompson acted unreasonably. 22 Accordingly, USB’s affirmative defense #1 is dismissed. 23 24 b. Affirmative Defense #5: Failure to State a Claim USB asserts an affirmative defense of failure to state a claim. However, 25 courts in the Ninth Circuit routinely hold that “failure to state a claim” is not a 26 proper affirmative defense because it asserts a defect in the plaintiff’s prima facie 27 case and is therefore more properly brought as a motion. Kaiser v. CSL Plasma 28 Inc., 240 F. Supp. 3d 1129, 1134 (W.D. Wash. 2017). In order to survive a proper ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 7 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.262 Page 8 of 12 1 Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the plaintiff would need to point to factual 2 allegations that state a plausible claim to relief. Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 3 U.S. 544, 568 (2007). 4 USB’s failure to state a claim defense is not a proper affirmative defense and 5 is dismissed. Furthermore, even if it was a proper defense and taking the 6 allegations in the Complaint as true, Plaintiffs have stated specific claims against 7 Defendants and have presented facts to support those claims. Therefore, USB’s 8 affirmative defense #5 is dismissed. 9 10 c. Affirmative Defense #6: Lack of Standing USB also asserts lack of standing as an affirmative defense. Standing is an 11 element of a plaintiff’s prima facie case, so it is not a proper affirmative defense 12 and is instead properly addressed through denial in an answer or a motion to 13 dismiss. See Dodson v. Strategic Restaurants Acquisition Co. II, LLC, 289 F.R.D. 14 595, 604 (E.D. Cal. 2013), abrogated on other grounds by Kohler v. Flava Enters., 15 Inc., 779 F.3d 1016, 1019 (9th Cir. 2015). Therefore, USB’s affirmative defense #6 16 is dismissed. 17 18 d. Affirmative Defense #7: Statute of Limitations USB asserts that Plaintiffs’ claims are barred by the statute of limitations. A 19 properly pled statute of limitations defense should provide a theory or facts 20 demonstrating how the claims are untimely in light of the allegations of the 21 complaint and the date the complaint was filed. See Jin Zhu v. N. Cent. Educ. Serv. 22 Dist.-ESD 171, No. 2:15-CV-00183-JLQ, 2015 WL 13357609, at *3-4 (E.D. 23 Wash. Oct. 15, 2015). 24 USB’s Answer provides only that “some” of Plaintiffs’ claims “might” be 25 barred by applicable statutes of limitations. ECF No. 10 at 18. No further details 26 are provided to support which claims might be time barred. Viewing the facts in 27 the light most favorable to USB, Plaintiff was injured on September 21, 2018, 28 received surgery on December 4, 2019, and returned to work in August 2020. ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 8 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.263 Page 9 of 12 1 Under Washington law, Plaintiffs’ negligence and personal injury claims must be 2 brought within three years of the date of the injury. Wash. Rev. Code 4.16.080(2). 3 Claims under the WLAD and ADA must also be brought within three years. Alder 4 v. Fred Lind Manor, 153 Wash.2d 331, 356 (2004) (WLAD); Pickern v. Holiday 5 Quality Foods, Inc., 293 F.3d 1133, 1137 n.2 (9th Cir. 2002) (ADA). Construing 6 the facts in the light most favorable to USB, Plaintiffs’ complaint had to be filed no 7 later than September 21, 2021. Plaintiffs’ Complaint here was filed on March 13, 8 2020. Plaintiffs’ claims appear timely, and USB introduces no facts that would 9 indicate some or all of the claims are untimely. Accordingly, USB’s affirmative 10 defense #7 is dismissed. 11 12 13 e. Failure to Provide Fair Notice of the Defenses in Affirmative Defenses 1-8 and 12 Plaintiffs argue that a litany of USB’s affirmative defenses fail under Rule 8 14 and fail to provide them with sufficient notice of the defenses asserted against 15 them. In particular, Plaintiffs point to USB’s use of the word “might” in the 16 challenged affirmative defenses and lack of factual explanation. 17 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8 requires that a party “state in short and 18 plain terms” its defenses when responding to a pleading. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(b). An 19 affirmative defense is insufficient as a matter of pleading when it fails to provide 20 the plaintiff with “fair notice” of the defense asserted against it. Wyshak v. City 21 Nat’l Bank, 607 F.2d 824, 827 (9th Cir. 1979), abrogated in part on other grounds 22 by Castro v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 883 F.3d 1060 (9th Cir. 2016). The fair notice 23 requirement only requires a defendant describe the defense in “general” terms and 24 include some factual basis for its defenses. Kohler, 779 F.3d at 1019. Simply 25 identifying an affirmative defense by name does not provide fair notice of the 26 defense or how it applies in the action. See Bd. of Trs. of IBEW Local Union No. 27 100 Pension Tr. Fund v. Fresno’s Best Indus. Elec., Inc., No. 13-01545, 2014 WL 28 1245800, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2014). ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 9 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB 1 ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.264 Page 10 of 12 Although the use of the word “might” in USB’s answer is admittedly odd, 2 the Answer sufficiently identifies the legal theories upon which USB’s affirmative 3 defenses are based. See Tri-City R.R. Co., LLC v. Preferred Freezer Servs. of 4 Richland, LLC, No. 2:19-CV-00045-SAB, 2019 WL 9240151, at *3 (E.D. Wash. 5 Apr. 11, 2019). Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this ground is 6 therefore denied. 7 8 9 2. Occupational Health Services’ Affirmative Defenses a. Affirmative Defense #1: Failure to State a Claim As discussed above in regard to USB’s assertion of failure to state a claim as 10 an affirmative defense, OHS’s defense is also dismissed. This argument should be 11 raised in a motion, not as an affirmative defense. OHS’s affirmative defense #1 is 12 therefore dismissed. 13 14 b. Affirmative Defense #3: Failure to Mitigate As discussed above as to USB’s failure to mitigate defense, OHS’s failure to 15 mitigate defense is also dismissed. OHS did not respond to the motion or otherwise 16 show any evidence that would support its claim that Plaintiffs failed to reasonably 17 mitigate their damages. OHS’s affirmative defense #3 is therefore dismissed. 18 19 c. Affirmative Defense #5: Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies OHS asserts the affirmative defense of failure to exhaust administrative 20 remedies and therefore this Court lacks jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims. Failure 21 to exhaust administrative remedies is an affirmative defense that must be pled and 22 proved by the defendant. Albino v. Bacai, 747 F.3d 1162, 1168 (9th Cir. 2014). A 23 defendant has the initial burden to prove that there is an available administrative 24 remedy and that the plaintiff did not exhaust that available remedy. Id. at 1172. 25 After the defendant has met this burden, the plaintiff must produce evidence 26 showing there is something in his particular case that made the generally available 27 administrative remedy unavailable to him. Id. If the court determines the plaintiff 28 failed to exhaust, it may excuse the failure or, in the exercise of its discretion, ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 10 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.265 Page 11 of 12 1 invoke primary jurisdiction and direct the parties to proceed before the relevant 2 agency. See Marshall v. Gordon Trucking, Inc., 215 F. Supp. 3d 1036, 1040 (D. 3 Or. 2016). OHS has not provided any evidence regarding the existence of an 4 5 administrative remedy that Plaintiff failed to exhaust. Indeed, the undisputed facts 6 indicate that Plaintiff did go through L&I procedures and was declared disabled by 7 the State of Washington for the relevant period here. See, e.g., ECF No. 1 at ¶¶ 8 2.62, 2.65, 3.6, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.24, 3.25, 3.27. OHS’s affirmative defense #5 is 9 therefore dismissed. d. Affirmative Defense #6: Statutes of Limitations 10 Finally, as discussed above, OHS has failed to introduce facts sufficient to 11 12 support a statute of limitations defense. OHS’s affirmative defense #6 is therefore 13 dismissed. 14 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED: 15 1. Plaintiffs’ Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, ECF No. 16, is 16 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. 2. The following affirmative defenses in Defendant USB’s Answer are 17 18 dismissed with prejudice: Affirmative Defense #1; Affirmative Defense #5; 19 Affirmative Defense #6; and Affirmative Defense #7. 20 // 21 // 22 // 23 // 24 // 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 // ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 11 Case 2:20-cv-00102-SAB 1 ECF No. 19 filed 11/30/20 PageID.266 Page 12 of 12 3. The following affirmative defenses in Defendant OHS’s Answer are 2 dismissed with prejudice: Affirmative Defense #1; Affirmative Defense #3; 3 Affirmative Defense #5; and Affirmative Defense #6. 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. The District Court Clerk is hereby directed to enter 5 this Order and to provide copies to counsel. 6 DATED this 30th day of November 2020. 7 8 9 10 11 12 Stanley A. Bastian Chief United States District Judge 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR PARTIAL SUMMARY JUDGMENT * 12
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