Obataiye-Allah v. Clark et al, No. 7:2014cv00159 - Document 81 (W.D. Va. 2014)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by District Judge Glen E. Conrad on 12/16/2014. (kab)

Download PDF

R O e8 OFFI U. Dl C I W S. sm A K ATROANN E, VA FI LGD I TH E UNI N TED STATES DI STRI COURT CT FOR THE W ESTERN DI STRI O F VI CT RGI A NI R O AN O K E DI I O N V SI UH URU'SEK OU OBATAI ALLAH , YE- DEC 1 2 1 2 JULA I u BY; DE ', ERK GL L ERK CASE NO .7: 4CV00159 1 Pl i if a ntf , V. M EM O R AND U M O PI O N NI HAROLD CLARK, AL , ZI By:Gln E. n a e Co r d ChifUnied St e Dit i Judge e t at s s rct Dee nts. fnda l) Uht' Se Oba a y Ala aVigi a i ae pr ee ng pr K ,fl d t scvi rg s uu' kou t i e- lh, r ni nm t oc di o ie hi i l i ht a ton purua t 42 U. C.j 1 algi t tofiil a Re Onin Stt Prs de i ci s nt o S. 983, le ng ha fcas t d o ae ion prved hi ofpr t t d lbe t a pr pe t i e e t i c m o ece i ry nd o ry nt r s s n onne on wih a c l s m'h a s eque di t e l e c nd ubs nt dicplna y c r f pos e so ofa we po Thede e nt havefl motonsf sl a y s i i r ha ge or s s i n a n. f nda s ied i or lmm r j d me t a srigta p an ifscamsa eb re et e b c us hef i dt e h u t valbe u g n , se t h t litf' li r ar d ih r e a e al o x a s a ia l n e a i sr tve r m e es or be us hi a lga i sae no vi bl c tt i dm nita i e di ca e s le tons t t a e onsiutonalc am . Afer li t r viw of t r co d,t c tc ude t twhie m a e i diput s r m an a t whehe e e he e r he our oncl s ha l t ral s e e i s o t r pl n if was pr ve e fom pr pe l e usi a i sr tve r m e es de e nt a' aitf e nt d r o ry xha tng dm nita i e di , f nda s l e e tte t j g n a amatro lw b c u ep an ifsalg to ,e e a c pe a t z,fi n i d o ud me t s te f a e a s litf' le ains v n c e td s n e al l t sa ea co tt tona cl m on whih pl i ifc d be e il t r le under1 1 o t t ny nsiu i l ai c antf oul ntted o e if 983. 1 BA C K G R O U ND . Pl i if s c pl i aleg g o of cons iutonala sat l w cl i s r l t d t t a ntf om a nt l es r ups tt i nd t e a a m e a e o he Obataiye-Allah v. Clark et al a lgedf lowi i i nt : le o l ng ncde s Doc. 81 A. Durng a 5r drl on De e be 6,201 pli tf wasf r d t go outi i t fee ng i e il cm r 3, a n if o ce o sde n he r zi r i f 20- m i es kne f ove a houron a ha d foor a srp i fonto ot r a n or 25 nut , el or r n r l , nd ti n r f he o fn e s a wa s be tdt s x a a dr ca c mme t; fe d r , nd s u jce o e u l n a il o n s 1 Def endant ha ofer a fdavisand docum e aton i s s ve f ed f i t nt i n uppor oft rm otonsf s t hei i or umm ar y j me to t eme iso pli ifscams Thec ur ha c nsde e ony t algainsi pan ifs udg n n h rt f antf' li . o t s o i r d l he le to n litf pla i s h v ri ra hngt c ncuso t td fndat aee tte t ud n a amatroflw. e dng, owe e,n e c i he o l in ha ee ns r nild oj gme t s te a Dockets.Justia.com B. On Dec mbe 6,201 pli ifwa plce i a srp c l wihouta ma tes orcot ng e r 3, a ntf s a d n ti e l t tr s l hi f t nt f ho s a he wa de e a c or we y-our ur , nd s nid ompl i f ant onn; C. OnDe mbe 7,201 pli ifspr ry( e toni ,a e sphonebooks 1w books ce r 3, antf' ope t elcr cs ddrs/ ,a , pes la l almal s esofpa ,pe ,a e opes wasconfsae a not rona nd eg i, he t per ns nd nvel ) ic td nd r t ne a he wasde e a c e ur d, nd nid ompl ntf m ; ai or D. On De mbe 7,201 pl i ifwa f ley c r d wih pos e so of c r ba f r ce r 3, antf s as l ha ge t s sin onta nd o ha ng a we vi apon i hi c l,r cas ii d a s curt Le l S,a moved t l tr n s el e l sfe s e iy ve nd o ong-e m s gr ga i e e ton; E. On Dec m be 9, 201 pl i if wa move t s gr ga i a de e hi pr ry e r 3, antf s d o e e ton nd ni d s ope t (lt s pil s ks boxe s s es andblnkes; cohe , low, oc , r , he t, a tl On Dec mbe 1 a 1 201 pli ifwast eaene a r t lae a i tf r flng e r 3 nd 4, 3, antf hr t d nd e ait d gans o ii gre nc by beng deni outi r c e ton, ng gi n f t tt t d c n naed, iva es i ed sde e r a i bei ve ood ha ase ont mi t a bei de e c e n l t y f amont nd ng ni d l a amdr or h; G. Th g iv n ec od n tr( fnd n J M e sr o tn r f s dt p o e sg iv n e o e re a c o r i ao Dee a t . se ) fe e u e o r c s re a c s r madet m dia he s ppea t pr e tgu dsa hi rpl i ifslws t r o ot c ar nd nde antf a uis; H. On Dec mber1 201 dtrng adicplna y he i pl ntf wasde e pho oc e of e 6, 3, li s i i r arng, ai if nid t opi s a w e pon f a ound i hi c l a w asde ed a f i a i pa ta hea i n s e l nd ni a r nd m ri l rng; 1 . Pli ifnotGed I e na Af ar t the wa i f a ofhi s e y a lf a Re Oni antf i nt r l f is ha s n er s aft nd ie t d on a trhewasa c e oftyi t ha t Red Oni wa de kil d;ne rhees ,he wa fe c us d r ng o ve he on r n le ve t l s s m oved ba k t Red Oni on M ar h 1 , 2014; c o on c 9 2 I .DI I SCU SSI N O A . Exhaus i ofA dm i s r i R e e es ton ni t atve m di Unde 42 U. C.j 1 () a prs ne ca tbrng a cvi a ton co eni prs r S. 997ea, io r nno i i l ci nc r ng ion co ii ns t i he ha fr te use a ia e a nita i r m e es J nd to mtl s is xha t d va lbl dmi sr tve e di . ones v.Boc 549 k, U. 1 211( )(t xha tdcamsc nnotbebr S. 99, 2007 ç une use li n oughti co f' (ii Pore v.Nusl n ul ) ctng tr se, 2 Thedefnda sgr e nt ouped pli ifsalgai asCl msA t ough 1 desgna i whih t c thas antf le tons ai hr i tons c he our , as a o td. Th c u t oe ta tec mpan j n mut ecamsa i tmulpl d fnd nswi n rg r lo d pe e o r n ts h t h o lit ois li li gans t e ee a t t o e ad pl i h frter srcin o Rue 1 a d2 o t Fe ea Rue o Ci lPr cd r. Un e Rue1 () whc g v r s o h etito s f ls 8 n 0 f he d rl ls f vi o e u e d r l 8a, ih o en j id ro cams a pan ifma b ig mulpl cams rltd o n t i a lws i a ans a sn l d fn a t on e f li , litf y rn t e li , eae r o, n a ut g i t ige ee d n. i Ho v r i od rt na oh rdee a t i tes me lws i,tepanifmu tstsyRue2 ()2 , ih we e, n re o me te fnd ns n h a a ut h litf s aif l 0 a() whc g v rsj id ro pat s Rue2 ()2 pemisj n e o mutpe d fn a t o l wh r terg tt rl f o en on e f ri . l 0 a() r t oid r f l l ee d ns ny ee h ih o ei e i e as e td a ns t s re gai t hem a iesoutoft s m e tans ci orocc r e a c r a c mon quesi of1w o rs he a r a ton urenc nd oncens om ton a r f t On isf ce pli ifsomni c ac. t a , antf bus ompli doesnotcompl wih et roft s r es ant y t ihe he e ul . 5 4U. 51 , 2 ( 0 2 ) Ex a sinû a u igal tp ta tegrs n' p o e u e h l s 3 S. 6 5 4 2 0 ). h u to i ns sn 1 se s h t h p io s r c d r) o d me o ta d d igs prpel (ota te(rs n)a d e s st is e o t emeis. W o d o dv. u , n on o o ry s h t h p io d rse he su s n h rtl' o f r ' Nc 5 U. 8 , 0 ( 0 6 . An Emtmey o oh r s p o e u al d fci a miitaie o, 48 S. 1 9 2 0 ) t i l r tewie r c d rly ee tve d nsrtv t gre nc 'doe notc y wih j1997 a. I a 83- W hie none usi unde t iva e' s ompl t e() d. t 84. l xha ton r he PLI A i a afi m a i def ns , J ; s n fr tve e e ones 549 U . a 21 a pr s r m a s vi s m ar , S. t 2, i one y ur ve um y j d me to ti go n b d mo taig t a te giv nc s se wa n tç v ia l' t u g n n h s r u d y e nsr t h t h re a e y tm s o û albe' o n a hi by sai û a t s mt tng t c s howi t hewaspr vent tlo h no f ul ofhi own,fom a lng f ng hat e ed,lr ug a t s r vaii hi el of t t pr e e' Grhnm v. Ge r 41 F.App' 660, 663 ( h Ci. 2011 ms f ha oc dur .' a nty, 3 x 4t r ) (mp bih d)(iigM o r v Be n t, 7F.d71 ,7 (t Ci. 0 ); a d s i Clr e t u ls e ctn o e . n e t51 3 7 25 4h r 2 08) M k e s v. ak , No 7: 1 v 6 ,2 2 W L 2 31 5 a * ( . Va Jn. , 01 )(o ig c u t o iain Go . 1 c 2 2 01 9 5 , t 2 W D. . a 31 2 2 n tn o r' blg to t s t e ur t t a def c s i e usi we e notpr tr d fom t a ton or i c i ofprs ns e ha ny e t n xha ton r ocle r he c i na ton ion o fcas'a d a to iig sz r j d me tf rno e h u to o y i d fn a t lho t a fiil' n uh rzn l mmay u g n o n x a sin nl f e e d n s û w h t s te e ie e i s o -i e t tno r a o a l fcfn e c ud fn t tEh p io e lwa h vd nc s o nesd d ha e s n b e a ti d r o l i d ha t e rs n r s p e e tdfo e h u t hi a miitai erme is' (i to o te l. rv n e r m x a si s d n srtv e de ' ct ins mitd ) ng ) a An i t i t Vigi a De rme ofCore tons(i nmae n he r ni pa t nt rci 1 VDOC' meest j1 ' t he 997e( ) a) r quie nt by ptrui hi c am tlough e h lve of t VDOC' r ul r greva e r me ls ng s l i lr ac e l he S eg a i nce pr ed le i l ng a ia e a a s Fis ,t i at m us a t m pt t r ol hi c pl i oc tr , nc udi va l bl ppe l . r t he nm e t te o es ve s om a nt i o mal wih saf,t pialy by flng a i or a c nf r ly t t f y c l ii n nf m l ompli f m,whi h prs sa fm us ant or c ion t f t a we i wrtng wihi ffe n da fom r c i . The t i t iltaesa r gul rgreva ns r n ii t n i te ys r e ept n, he nma e rii t e a i nce by s ubmit t gre ti he ivanc f nn,wih hi i or a c ng e o t s nf m l ompl i a tc ant ta hed,wihi t ry da oft t n hit ys he e nta is I t r pondi ofi alde e mi st gre ncet be t ounde 'a Le l1 ve t s ue. f he es ng fci t r ne he i va o t unf d' t ve , f f l e usi t i t m us a alt thol ng t Leve I ,t r gi la i sr t , or u l xha ton, he nma e t ppe ha di o l l he e ona dm nita or a d i s mec s s t Le e 11 r g lrg iv n erj ce a itk (st i l fld o f r n n o a e , o v l 1.A e ua re a c ee td t na e a mt y ie r o me ohe r as )i pr mptyr t ne t t i t wiht dekinc noed.Toc eepr r t r e ons s o l eur d o he nmae t he t e y t omplt ope e usi t i a e m us c r c t dek inc a r s i t gre xha ton, he nm t t ore t he t e y nd e ubm t he ivanc He ma alo e. y s a alt i akede son,butt spr e edoesnott ket pl c offlng apr rg i va . ppe he nt cii hi oc dur a he a e ii ope re nce De e nt a eet tpli tf e used a i sr tve r m e esa t Cl i sC,D,and f nda s gr ha a n if xha t dm nita i e di s o am H. Th y a s r t tte ae e tte t s mma yj d me tu d r j1 97 ()a t pan ifs e se t ha h y r n ild o u r u g n n e 9 ea s o litf Cl m sA, E,F,G, 1 ba e on e de et thef l t pr ry e us t i s r ied ai B, and , s d vi nc ha aied o ope l xha t he s ues a s i t s c am s n he e l i . De e nt s i a afi vi fom t gre f nda s ubm t n fda t r he ivanc c di t ,who sa e t tpl i if e oor na or t t s ha antf ne rfl a r gulrgre ve ied ny e a ivanc c e i t a lga i i Cli sA,E,a G. De e nt ' e onc m ng he le tons n am nd f nda s e de ealo s vi nc s howst tbe we n De e be 201 and J 201 pl ntf fl t re n i or ha t e cm r 3 une 4, ai if ied hite nf mal c pli s a t t r ulr g i va e . The s om ant nd wen y eg a re nc s y ubmi t t t e flngs bei pli ifs t ha hes ii le antf a s ri n t tofi i sde ed hi ac es t t f msus t ptrues h r m e es s e to ha fcal ni m c s o he or ed o ls uc e di . Pli ifofe sevi nce t ti t pe i a trea h oft e i i nt,he tl d i ae antf f r de ha n he rod fe c hes nc de s i e nm t r ques f ms e r nc gre e t or , me ge y ivanc , a lte s a es nd e tr bout hi o ng difc te i o ani s ngoi fiuli s n bt i ng i or a co pl nt f r s3 H e alege t t he ofe r ored t o ani f m s fom ot r nf m l m ai o m . l s ha tn es t o bt i ng or r he i a es w he s r s y ofk e sr f ed hi r nm t , n upe vior t r e us s eque tf f m s Pl i if a s poi st t Red s or or . a ntf l o nt o he Oni polc t ofk e ss d a tmptve ba r ol i ofan i ae' c on i y hat t r houl te r l es uton nm t s ompli a pr de ant nd ovi hi wih f m sonl a a ls r s t l a to pli ifs ise de e t twhe he c d m t or y s a t e or. n ddii n, antf ubm t vi nc ha n oul notobt i i or lc an nf ma ompli f m s he s ant or , ubmit ha ted ndwrte not abou hi compl i si le itn es t s ant n i u off ms ( e e. , s No.7:1 or . Se , M.Ca e 4CV00016, No.2- , 4,7- ) ECF 1 pp. 8. 3 P1itf ha mov d ( No. )t ic r oaebyrfrnc t piv n ed c me t h fld i No. anif s e ECF 7 o n op rt eee e he e a c o u ns e ie n 7: 4CV0001 M os oft ercor i veeve sfom 201 a ea le perodsi 201 M o eov , ai ifhas 1 6. t hes e ds nvol nt r 2 nd rir i n 3. r er pl ntf noti ntted a s ik ie fo t ta in on whih he wihe t r y i t s c s ast c tdie e de ii ny pect tms r m ha cto c s s o el n hi a e, he our rctd. Ne t es, t c thas caef l r vi d t e tlngs a t t e e , ran s pl ntf s motons t verhel s he our r uly e ewe hos ii nd, o hat xtnt t ai if i o i or r t t e doc e sby r e e nc po ae hes um nt efr nce.Thef lw i doc e sfom N o. 1 olo ng um nt r 7:4CV 000016t tappe t r lt ha ar o eae t tecamsi ti ato aeECFNo. -, p. - ; No l - Cre lrt n';a dECFNo 1 - (etr a d o h li n hs cin r 2 1 p 4 8 ECF . 16 caai ' n o ) . 17 ltes n riv n ed c met) e a c o u ns. 4 The c tdoe notfnd t e de on e usi t be s one sde t ta r s na e our s i he vi nce xha ton o o - i d ha ea o bl f c fnderc d nota ce a t e pl ntf se de e t the a t m pt d t co pl f l w ih t a ti oul c pt s nl ai i f vi nc ha te e o m y uly t he e us i r quie e a w as pr ven e f om doi s Be a e m a e i l f t r m a n i xha ton e r m nt nd e td r ng o. c us t r a ac s e i n di put ove t a ia lt oft r quied r m edy f m s w ihi t r l nttm e fn es t s e r he va l biiy he e r e or t n he e eva i r m , he d fnd nsaeno e tt dt sl r j d me tu d rj1 9 e a a t Cli A, a dG. ee a t r t nil o l e mmay u g n n e 9 7 () s o ams E, n I i undiput t t pl ntf fl d r gul r gre nc a t s s ed ha ai if ie e a i va es bout Cli s B, am a 1 nd . Dee d n s a s r t a a tr e c o te e g iv n e wa rj ce a itk ,panif wa fn a t se t h t fe a h f h s re a c s s ee td t n a e litf s i tuce t c c t i a det inc a r ubm i t g iva e. The not d de i e e nsr t d o oae t he ntke k e y nd es t he re nc e fcincis weefiu et atc teif r lc mp an t t eg iv n ef nn ( am B) s b sin o t r al r o ta h h n o ma o lit o h re a c o Cli ; u miso f he r ulrgre ncet t rgi ofiei ta oft Re Oni giva eofi e( am F) a eg a iva o he e onal fc nse d he d on re nc tc Cli ; nd i udi mo et oneis i t gre nc ( am I.I tadofc r tngt s deiincis ncl ng r han sue n he iva e Cli ) nse oreci he e tce e a d rs b ti te g iv n e p an ifmald te rj ce g iv nc dr cl t te r go a n e u mit h re a c , litf ie h ee td re a e ie ty o h e in l ng ofke,e ai ng why hebeleve t i ake de ii n wa i r e t The i a de sonswe e t xpl ni i d he nt c so s nco r c . nt ke cii r uphe d. l Pli tf as e t t tbec us t i onna co pl ntf r swe e ne rr t ne t hi , a n if s rs ha a e he nf l m ai o m r ve eur d o m he c d nota tc t m t hi r gul greva esr ga di Cl i sB a F. Ta ng t se denc oul ta h he o s e ar i nc e r ng am nd ki hi vi e i t lghtm os f vor e t pl ntf,t c tfnds a m ae ildipu e off c t tpr cudes n he i t a abl o ai if he our i tra s t a t ha e l sl r j d me tu d rj1 9 e a o t e ecams l mmay u g n n e 9 7 () n h s li . Fi ly,a r a ona e f ti r r vi wi pl ntf s r gul greva e a na l e s bl acfnde e e ng ai if e ar i nc bout Cl i 1 am , da e J 1 201 c d tnd t t con r r t t g i va e c di t ' r pons ,i f us s t d une 5, 4, oul i ha , ta y o he re nc oor na ors es e t oc e on one i s pl i if s desr t be t a f r d a a f om R e Oni H e s a e s ve alr as s ue: a ntf ie o r ns er e w y r d on. t t s e r e ons f t sta f rr que t bec us he be ivesRe Oni n ofi a swilr t la eagans hi asa or hi r nse e sa e le d o fcil l e a it i t m n i ae a us d oftyi t ha t Re Oni wa de a ot r VDOC ofk i l kil and nm t cc e r ng o ve he d on r n nd he t as led be a e he doe notf ls ct e gi n a i de whe Re Oni ofi r be thi whie he c us s ee e l , ve n nci nt n d r on fce s a m l wass c e a ha ufe Bas on t se de e t c tc udest tpli ifma a ha kl d nd ndc f d. ed hi vi nc , he our oncl ha antf de good f t efor t pr ry c m plt t r gul g i va pr ed e butwa pr ve e fom aih f t o ope l o e e he e ar re nce oc ur , s e nt d r doi s t ough no f ul ofhi o ng o hr a t s wn- by t g iva c di t ' c r cerzai n ofhi he re nce oor naors ha a t i to s alg to s Th r fr , ee d ns mo insf rs mmayj d me tu d rj 1 9 ea f i. le ain . ee o e d fn a t' to o u r u g n n e 9 7 () al B.FA I UR E TO STA TE A N Y CO N STI TI N AL CLA I L TU O M De e d n sas mo ef rsl r j d me to t eg omd ta panifsalg to s fn a t lo v o l mmay u g n n h r t s h t litf l ai n e f i t sa e a c tt i cl msa t tt y a e e il d t qualfe i t t a ns hi a l o tt ny onsiutonal ai nd ha he z ntte o ii d mm miy gai t s cai sf da a s The c tag e s l m or m ge . our r e . An a r o s mmay j d me ti a p o rae ûft e mo a ts o t a t ee i n wa d f u r u g n s p rp it ç h i v n h ws h t h r s o g n ie dip t a t a y maeilfc a d t e mo a ti e tte t j d me ta a matro e un s u e s o n tra a t n h v n s n i d o u g n s l te f lw. Fe R.Ci.P.5 () I d tr nig wheh rt g a tamo in f rs mmayj d me t a ' d. ' v 6a . n eemi n te o rn to o u r u g n, t c tm us viw t r or and t f t al ga i i t lg m os f vor bl t t nonhe our t e he ec d he acual le tons n he i ht t a a e o he mova .Ande s v.Li rvLobbv.I ,477U. 242,255( 986) Howe r t coltine d nt ron bet nc. S. 1 . ve ,he tr i e n t a c p t e lg lc ncu in da fo te fcs ...(r a c p a tu t ra td o c e t h e a o lso s rwn r m h a t o j c e t s r e mwar ne i e e e ,l e s na e co usons o a gumen s. a r tno v.J hns 521F. 298,302 nf r nc s mr a o bl ncl i , r r t' 'Gir aa o on, 3d ( hCi. 4t r 2008)(ntr lquoai a cttonsomitd) i ena ttons nd iai te . To sae a c us of a ton unde j1983,a pli if mus esabls t he ha be n tt a e ci r antf t t ih hat s e de i of rg s gua a e d by t Consiuton or lws of t Unie Stt s a t t t s prved i ht r nt e he tt i a he t d a e nd ha hi de i ton r s t d fom c prva i e ule r onduc c mitd by ape s aci unde col ofsat l w. W es t om te ron tng r or t e a t v.At ns 48 U. 42,48( 988) Anofi ri e ildt quaii i ki , 7 S. 1 . fce s ntte o lfed mmuniy a i tcai f t gans l ms or moneay dn ges f ase t c tt i l vi ai i t c t tnds t : () no tr ma or sred onsiutona oltons f he our i hat 1 c tt i lo fdea sautr rg wasvi aed;or( t rgh wa no cea esa ihe onsiutona r e rl tt o y iht olt 2) he i t s t l dy tbls d s h t ti woul nothave be n ç e rt ar s bl ofk e t thi c uc ha t d e ç a o ea ona e t r ha s onduc wast a u i cl t mlwf l n t smai he c r e ' He r v.Pur l,5 he i ton onfontd. ' ny nel 01F. 374,377 ( h Ci.2007 ( t i 3d 4t r ) ciaton omit . Under( ) i pli ifs algai do no sae t eeme s ofa consiutona ted) 1, f antf' le tons t tt he l nt ny tt i l cam a tona e unde j1 3,deenda sae e il t quaiid i li ci bl r 98 f nt r ntted o lte mmuniy agans hi cli t i t s ams f da a . 1 M or over i t c tfndst tpl ntf sal gai ,t ke i t lg m os or m ges d. e , f he our i ha ai if' le tons a n n he i ht t f vor bl t hi ,c d notr ul i a fndi t tde e nt vi a e hi c tt i lrght, a a e o m oul es t n i ng ha f nda s olt d s onsiutona i s ted fn a t aee tte t j d me ta amatro lw.An e s n, 7U.. t2 9 5 . h ee d n s r n ild o u g n s te f a d ro 47 S a 4 - 0 Pl ntf ope ea h of hi ni gr ai i f ns c s ne oups of c a m s w ih l be s4 s atng t na e of t li t a l , t i he m s he c esofaci n he bei vesa iefom ea h s toff c s The co tco l ,howe r t tt aus to le rs r c e a t. ur ncudes ve , ha he alege f t,e n ac e e as tu do nots ppor t elm e t ofa c tt i l d ac s ve c pt d r e, u t he e n s ny onsiutonalcai s lm a ns a gai t nyone. H ars Ivi condi i h i ng tons The Ei h Ame e pr ec sprs r fom crzland t ua lvi c tons but ght ndm nt ot t ione s r te mus l i ng ondii , t esrc i a e n ha s 'co to t tdo noti lc ha m E r pa tof t penat t t ç titve nd ve r r h' ndii ns ha nfit r û e r a he ly ha ' s c i nalofe r pa f t i ofe e a i ts ey.5 Rhode v. Cha rmi f nde s y or her f ns s gans ocit ' pman,452 U . 337, S. 347 ( 981. A cai of unc tt ina c tons rquies a t par s wi t tt 1 ) lm onsiuto l ondii e r wo- t ho ng: ha he d fnd n p io o tca a td wi d lb rt i ifrnc (u j ci e c mp ne t t a ee a t rs n fi il ce t eieae ndfee e s be tv o o n) o h s b tn ilrs o h r (b e tv c mp n n ) Hud o v. c il n 5 3U. 1 5( 9 2 .To u sa ta ik f am o j cie o o e t. s n M M li , 0 S. , 1 9 ) a pr dei r t i fe e e t i t m us s ove lbe a e ndif r nc , he nma e t how t tt ofi ilwa awa et ta s tnta ha he fca s r ha ubsa il rs ofhn m e se he a t ly dr w t ti e e ,a dir ga ded t rs by f ii t t ik r xit d, c ua l e ha nf r nce nd s e r he ik a lng o ake 4 Pl ntf saest ta l s t ofhi cl ms a s r e lpr eci vi ai . Bec e he doe not ai if tt ha t ea t wo s ai s e t qua ot ton oltons aus s , howeve , s a e a f ct s es i t t he wa tea ed d f e enty t n o her sm ia l s t t i a es hi r t t ny a s ugg tng ha s r t if r l ha t , i l ry iua ed nm t , s ale insdonotgi rs t a s cli . lgato ve ie o ny uch am 5TheEi hAmendme a i t t St est o t Fouree hAmendme . W is v.Seier 50l ght nt pples o he at hr ugh he t nt nt lon t, U. 2 4, 9 - 7(991. S. 9 2 6 9 1 ) Eea o bl me s es't alvit i. Fame v.Br n,511U. 825,835- 1 4) The t s na e a ur ' o le ae t r r r enna S. 37( 99 . imaemus p o i eE vie c ofas ro o sg fc n ph sc lo e to a ij r r s t n t t rvd i d n e e eius r ini a t y ia r mo in l nu y eulng i i fo te c le g d c n iin . S a k v.S t 71F.d 1 2 1 6 (t Ci.9 5 (n en l r m h haln e o dto s' h k a mi ' h, 3 6 , 6 4h r1 9 ) itr a quottons a ctto omitd) Alegains of ver l a e a haasme by guads ai nd iains te . l to ba bus nd r s nt r , w ihout m or do not s a e a c tt i na cl i . H e l e v.Le i ,1 F.App' 1 1 t e, t t ny ons iuto l a m ns e w s 53 x 78, 79 ( t Ci. 0 5 (iigCo l sv Cu d , 0 F.d 8 5 8 7( 0hCi.1 7 ). 4h r 2 0 ) ctn li . n v 6 3 2 2 , 2 1 t r 9 9 ) n M a y o plitf s cams alg ta h wa s be td t h rh l n c ndto s n f an if li le e h t e s u j ce o a s i g o iin ' vi . sa ng outi i t c d r i f ha fan ho ,kneei on a ha d foorwih n msove hea t ndi sde n he ol an or l ur lng r l t r r d f a hour a srppi na or n ked f a body c viy s a c i fontofot ri a e a gua ds or a t erh n r he nm t s nd r 6 , nd t i ng ( am A) s e dn ad y i ac l wi o tamate so cohig ( am B) b i wi u hs Cli ; p n ig a n el t u h trs r lt n Cli ; eng t t i ho p ro a prpe t i ms (lcr n c ,lg lmae il,a d wrtn maeil) f r svea d y es n l o ry t e ee to is e a tras n i g tras7 o e rl a s i ( am C) b i g d nid coh s pi o s c s b x r,s e t,a d bn es fr sv r lh u s Cli ; en e e lt e , l w, o k , o e s h es n lnk t o e ea o r l ( am E) a d b ig d n e o tie rce to s o r,a d ce n lu d y f ra mo t a d Cli ; n en e id u sd e r ain, h wes n la a n r o nh, n rc ii ilt si g fo o c so al ( am F) W h l t e e tmp rr c n iin wee n e evng l-a tn o d c a in l Cli . ie h s e o ay o dto s r o y doubtt om f tbl a e n harh,pl i if does not sa e f t s mc ora e nd ve s antf tt ac s howi t t a oft m ng ha ny he c usd hi sro s o sg t n p ysc l o e to a ij r , a rq ie t sae a a e m ei u r ini t h ia r mo in l nu y s e ur d o tt ka c tt i lcl i c e i prs lvi c tons Shn onsiutona a m onc m ng i on i ng ondii . kka,71 F. at 1 3d 66. D e e f ndan s t' 6 Plitf as ase t t tt srp s a c heunde we on Dec mbe 6, 2013,vilt hi uns cfed an if lo srs ha he ti e r h r nt e r oaed s pe ii rghtt prvac Prva rght i prs howeve ,a em os ofe tu pedby s urt ne . I i w elesabls i o i y. i cy i s n ion, r r t tn r m ec iy eds t s l t ihed t tt reci lofi asmus bepemit t devier s bl s r polcist dee ta dee t pos e son ha t r tona tcil co t r ted o s ea ona e each i e o tc nd tr he s s i ofc r nd i t rf ciii . Fl e e v.Boar ofChos Fr ehol r ofCnt ofBuri on, U . , 1 S. ontaba n hei a ltes' or nc ' d en e de s y. lnat S. 32 - Ct 1 1 1 7 (01 ) (p lig c n t uin ly o t ls viu lis cin whl u r so ' fr pera . 5 0, 51 2 2 u hodn o si to ai f t o e s a npeto ie ndeu ' o rtil t t c deai s be us pr edur wa r s bl r lt t l tmae s urt i e e t i deeci a detri t nee , ca e oc e s ea ona y eaed o egii t ec iy ntr s n t tng nd erng p seso o c nrb ndi dee to fcly. Panifd e n tsaea y fcssg etn ta tesrp sac h o ssin f o ta a n tnin a ii ) litf o s o tt n at u g sig h t h ti e rh e t unde we wa t c tt tonalu rt sanda d a ove i Fl enc r nt s m ons iu i nde he t r ppr d n or e. 1 Be us pli iff ist de ca e antf a l o monsrt an pa tc a ha m t hi ltgai ef rsasar s toft alged tae y riulr r o s ii ton fo t e ul he le lc ofac es t l lmae il,he f l t sae a cl m t tt l sofhi pr ry vi atd hi rghtt a es ak c s o ega tras ais o tt ny ai ha he os s ope t ol e s i o cc s t c u t.S eLe sv. sv 51 U. 3 3 3 (9 6 . he o rs e wi Cae , 8 S. 4 , 51 1 9 ) a lged ve balt e t ,s lc le r hr a s exua omm e s and r cilst s whie u of s i la a r nt do nt, a a ll , l npr e sona nd bhore , r nots eany a tona ec tt i lcli . He l e,1 3 F.App' a 1 àt c i bl onsiutona am nse 5 x t 79. Fort sa e r as ,eve a s i t tpl i if c d pr hi f c ua alegai he tt d e ons n s um ng ha antf oul ove s a t l l tons a bout hi lvi c ton c s i ng ondii ompl n s t y do not s ppor a cli of c tm tona ait , he u t ny a m onsi i l sg i anc asr rd frrlefunde j1 iitc e equie o ei r 983. Theeor defnda saee ild t quaiid rf e, e nt r ntte o lte i nt a an tpanifscamsf rd ma e a dt j d me ta amatro lw. Th c u t mmu i g is litf li o n g s n o u g n s y te f a e or wilga ttermo in f rsl r ud me ta c r i l. l r n h i to s o l mmayj g n c o dngy 2. Propert cl m s y ai Pli ifs dis tsaci n o rl i pos e son ofpe s lpr pe t iem s pa tc a l antf ' s aif to ve osng s s i r ona o ry t , riul ry hi t l vi i i a r c rng t m e t ough m a of hi c a m s i t s a ton. A f e ofk e s s e e s on, s e ur i he hr ny s l i n hi c i tr t r s r hedpl ntf sc l on De mbe 6, 3,a al dl f ea c ai if' el ce r 201 nd lege y ound hom e e we ponst r i mad a he e, n vi a i ofprs polc e ,t y move pl ntf t s gr t c olton ion ii s he d ai if o e egaed onfne e - frt i a srppe m nt is, n ti d c l a t n i a s gr a i uni of t f ciiy on a m or l t r ba i. Afe ofke s el nd he n e eg ton t he a lt e ong-e m ss tr t r pa ke t pr ry fom pl ntf so i nalcel t y i t i t ie s Onc pli ifwas c d he ope t r ai if rgi l, he nven ored he t m . e antf i hi l tr s r ga i c l ofi r r t ne t hi onl t pr pery a ho i ed f n s ong-e m eg e ton el, tce s e ur d o m y he o t ut rz or pos e s on i t t s a us Pl i i f cl i s how e r t t hi t l s on w a c i c t d on s s i n ha t t . a ntf a m , ve , ha s e evi i s onf s a e De mber 6, 201 wa not i ude on t i nt r ls ,was not r t ned t hi i ce 3, s ncl d he nve o y it eur o m n s gr ton,a ha di a a e e ega i nd s s ppe r d. An i t scam unde j1 t tsaeofi asde i hi ofhi pr rywihout nmae' li r 983 ha tt fcil prved m s opet t d pr s i ves t quesi : whe he t i ae ha a pr e t d rghtt t pr pe t ue oce s nvol wo tons t r he nm t d ot c e i o he o ry w ih w hi h t s a e i e f r d; a whe he t pr e les a t nda t t t de i i we e t c he t t nt r e e nd t r he oc dtr te nt o ha prvaton r c tt i ly a qua e t pr ve w r ons iutona l de t o e nt ongf l de i tons Kv.Dep' of Co r v.Thom ps u prva i . t r. on, 490U. 454,460(1 )(iai omitd) Prs r'rght t pose sa pr pe t i prs S. 989 cttons te . iones i s o s s ny o ry n ion 9 aedei d byprs prpe t r gultons r tne ion o ry e ai .Boar ofRe nt v.Rot 408U. 564,577( 972) d ge s h, S. 1 Cl ope t i ee t ...aenotceaedbyt (e r jConsiuton.Rahe t aeceae a pr ry ntrss r r t he fdeal tt i t r hey r r td nd t i di nsonsaedetne by e si rl ...s h assaelwkl...t ts r camsof her me i r i d xitng ues uc tt a s ha uppo t li e t lme t t te p o e t) Be a e a Vigna imaes e tte n t po s s pes n l ni e n ' o h r p ry . c us t ' r ii n t ' n ilme t o se s ro a p o ry i awa s b e tt t ea ou eds rto o VDOC r g ltr,b saelw, anif r pet s l ys u j c o h bs lt icein f e uao s y tt a plitf c nnotesabls aposesor itr ti hi pe s pr ry( e to cs a es/ a t ih s s y nees n s ronal ope t elcrni , ddr sphonebooks , lw boo ,pe s la lgalmal s t ofpa r pens a e l )whih i pr ecedby a ks rona nd e i, hees pe, , nd nveopes c s ot t t DuePr es Cl e.Se Rosonv.W e t r t 405F.Supp. 50( . Va 1 . As he oc s aus e s aheholz, 48, W D. . 975) s h,pl ntf had no f r lrghtt pr e za pr t to be or ofi a sr move pr pe t uc ai if ede a i o oc dtr l o eci ns f e fcil e d o ry fo hi c lt twa i r m s el ha s nconsse wih hi ho i saus it nt t s usng tt . Pli ifs f de aldue pr es rg s as we e noti plcaed by t a r nt l s o antf e r oc s i ht lo r m i t he ppa e os r detu ton ofhi tlvii 1A1 una horze itntona de i ton ofpr ry by a sae sr ci s ee son. ç n ut i d ne i l prvai ( ope t tt e oye doe not c tt t a vi a i of t pr dur l r quie nt of t Due Pr e s mpl e s onsiu e olton he oce a e r me s he oc s Cl us of t Foure h A m e a e he tent ndm e i a m e ni u pos de i t o r m edy f t l s i nt f a ngf l t prva i n e or he os s a ia e.'Huds v. l r 468U. 51 533( 984) Se ton 1 a tonsweei e dt valbl ' on Pame , S. 7, 1 . ci 983 ci r ntnde o vi cae f r l rg s not t t cai s f whih t r a e a uae Sae l w r dis Or ndi t ede a i ht , or l m or c he e r deq t t t a eme e vi a i ns of s a e l w s or r gu a i , s h as t V D OC pr r y pr e zes W r c v. ol to tt a e l tons uc he ope t oc dtr . i ht Coli ,766 F. 841 8 ( h Ci.1 .Vi ai ofsaepr durlr lsorrquieme s lns 2d , 49 4t r 985) oltons tt oce a ue e r nt do noti plc t a f r ly pr e t d r g . W e l rv.D e tof Soc a Se vi es 901 F. 38 m i a e ny ede a l ot c e i ht le p' il r c , 2d 7, 392( hCi.1 ) 4t r 990 . Unde t s prnci es ofi a s alege vi a i of prs r gul tons r ga di r he e i pl , fcil ' l d oltons ion e ai e r ng pli tf s m ope t ie s do not i i t a c tt i ly pr e t rght a s a e not a n if ry t m mplcae ny onsiutonal ot ced i nd o r a tona e t rj 1 ci bl mde 983. M oeove,be us pl ntf pos e sd t trme esunde Vigi a r r ca e ai if s se or e di r r ni 10 sae lw,s Vigni Code j 8. -1 3,i i cla t the c tpr i i a c tt i l tt a ee r i a 01 95. t s e r ha nnno eval n onsiutona c a m f t a l ed l sofhi t l vi i orot rpr pe t ie s l i or he leg os s e e s on he o ry t m . Fo t s r as ,e n a s i t tpl n ifcoul pr hi f t a lga i nsa r he e e ons ve s um ng ha aitf d ove s acual le to bout de e f ndant' ha i of hi pr ry,t e f c s do not s s ndlng s ope t hos a t uppor a cai of consiutona t ny l m tt i l sgnika asr uie f rle t i t nce eq rd or eif mderj1 983. Theefr ,dee nt ae e ild t q ii d r o e fnda s r ntte o ualte i nt a ans plitf scamsf rd ma e a d t j g n a amatro lw. Th , h mmu iy g i t an if li o a g s n o ud me t s te f a us t e c u t l g a thermoinsf rs mma yj d me t o r wil rn t i to o u r u g n . 3. D i ci i y pr ee ngs and r l s fc i s plnar oc di ec as i i at on l Cl i s D a H ,pl i if co pl i t tof i a s f s l c r d hi f pos es i n am nd a ntf m a ns ha fci l al e y ha ge m or s s on ofawea pon,co c e hi wihoutd pr es ,a us d t c c i a a basst r l sf nvit d m t ue oc s nd e he onviton s i o ecas iy hi t l ng-e m s gr ga e c i m e - Le lS. Pli ifa s t t tt wea m us ha m o o t r e e t d onfne nt ve antf s ers ha he pon t ve bee plnt d by ofii l ,be us i he ha pos e s a wea i hi c l i woul ha bee n a e fc a s ca e f d s s ed pon n s el, t d ve n dicove e i pr vi cel s a c s The he rng ofk e deni pl ntf ' r ques f a s r d n e ous l e r he . ai t r ed ai ifs e t or phot o oft we pon a is f oc py he a t s ue, ound pl i ifguit oft c ge bas on t dic rng antf ly he har ed he s ove i ofi e s'i onna i a pe lz d pl i ifwih t l sofperonale e toni de cesa l s fc r nf ton, nd nai e antf t he os s l c r c vi nd os oft l phone pr vie s f 90 days Thes a l ged e nt , hie no doubtf usr tng t pl i if ee i l ge or . e le ve s w l r t a i o a ntf , do notgi r s t a cl i ofc tt i na pr ve i e o ny a m ons iuto l opori . tons To pr va lon a d pr es c a m r l t d t hi c i m e ,a i a e m us de ons r t e i ue oc s l i e a e o s ontne nt n nm t t m ta e t the wasde i d ofa pr t c e lbe t i e es b g nme a aci Be r t v.Sm ih, ha prve o e t d i ry nt r t y over nt l ton. ve ai t 1 F. 500,50 ( h Ci.1997 . W he apt s ntorsauscha doesnoti ras t 20 3d 2 4t r ) n mihme tt nge nce e he i a e' tr ofcontne e ,pr e t d lbe t i t r t a e lmie t fe dom fom f m s of nm t s e m i m nt otc e i ry n e ess r i t d o ' e r r or r tai whi i esr nt ch mpos taypia a sgnik a ha ds p ont i t i r lton t t or na y e tt c l nd i t nt r hi he nma e n ea i o he di r i i t ofprs lf ' ndi v.Comwr 515U. 47 48 ( ncdens ion ie. 'Sa n , S. 2, 4 1995)( di t tdidplnm. hol ng ha s i y 11 s gr ga i was not t t pe of a ypi a ,s gni i a de i ton r r d t c ea e a pr ec ed e e ton he y t c l i f c nt pr va i equie o r t ot t lbe t i e et. i ry ntr s) Change Gi a pr s r s l to va i to of daiy r utne,c nge i c tons of s tn i one ' oca i n, r a i ns l o i ha s n ondii c v n me t(n ld n a miitaie s ge ain ,a d t d n a o prvlg s (r lma tr o e n icu i g d nsrtv e r g to ) n he e il f iie e ae te s whih evey prs rc a i pae lnd whi ae c empltd by hi o i nalsntncet c r ione an ntci t a chj r ont ae s rgi e e o prs n' Ga tn v.Ta lr 9 6 F.d 3 0 3 3 (t Ci.1 91. l t e sau c a g ta a io . ' so yo , 4 2 4 , 4 4 h r 9 ) f h tt s h n e h t n i t c le es ort dicplna y pe ly he r c i d di noti nma e ha lng he s i i r nat e eve d mpos aypi alhar hi on e t c ds p hi ,t n he has no f r l pr e t lbe t i e es ,and he i not e il d t f r l due m he ede aly ot c ed i ry nt r t s ntte o ede a pr ce s pr t to be or pr s of i i l m a i pl m e t t s a us c nge or i pos t t o s o ec i ns f e i on fc a s y m e nt ha t t ha m e ha pe ly. Jl a 486- M o e r a ofke ' f lle t a de by sae prs pr e lal nat -s t t 87. r ove , n f rs aitr o bi tt ion oc dtr r a i i no a f de a due pr s i s ,Ri co v.Cot y ofFaraxsVa,907 F. 1 9, egultons s t e r l oce s s ue c i mt if . 2d 45 1 ( hCi.990) a i,heeor no a tona eunde j1 469 4t r1 , nd s t rf e, t ci bl r 983. Fis, pli if ha no s pa ae j1 3 cam agans deenda s f brngi t rt antf s e rt 98 li i t f nt or i ng he di ci i r c r . Eve a f l e di c plna y c r by is l doe notde i t i a e ofdue s plna y ha ge n a s s i i r ha ge te f s prve he nm t pr s ,i hei t r afe pr ded wih notc a ahea i Se Fr e a v.Ri out 808F. oce s f s he e tr ovi t ie nd rng. e e m n de , 2d 9 9, 5 5 ( Ci.1 6 (i igçheme efl o ( fle c a g is l ' o sn t o ttt 4 9 2-3 2d r 98 ) fndn l t r ii f a asq h r e tef d e o c nsiu e ng ac za ecam unde j1 3i t i t t grntdahe rng,a ha t o runiyt ogni bl li r 98 f he nmae û was a e ai nd d he ppo t t o rbutt t omde orflec r s). e he mft d as hage ' Se nd, pli if f is t de co antf al o monsr t t t he ha a f de al rg t pr e a ta e ha d ny e r i ht o oc dm l pr e tonsdtrng t dici i r pr ee ngson t wea pos es i cha ge. Pl i ifofe s ot ci li he s plna y oc di he pon s son r antf f r no i i a i t tt dicplna y c r c us d hi t l e en ne good c nd c ton ha he s i i r ha ge a e m o os r d onduc tm e a hi t i , nd s s i s ons i c t t t t pe t i pos d w a a t m por r l s of prvieg . Oc s ona ubm s i ndi a e ha he naly m e s e a y os i l es ca i l a t mpor r l sofprvie si ale c e condii n ofhi c i nd e a y os i l ge s t xpe t d to s onfneme ,r t rt n t t nt ahe ha he ype 12 of a ypi a hr ds p r qui e t c ea e a lbery i e es t t w oul ti r f r l due pr es t cl hi e r d o r t i t nt r t ha d r gge ede a oc s pr eci nst rt r i i Sa n. W ih no lbe t i e e ta sa pl i ifha no f de a ot to mde he ubrc n ndi t i ry ntr s t t ke, antf d e rl c tt i onsiutonalrg t f de aly m a t pr e za pr e i dtrng t he i or be or i ht o e r l ndaed oc dtr l otctons li he arng f e i poston oft dicplna y pe t The ef e pli ifs alegai i Cl i H,ofbe ng m ii he s i i r naly. r or , antf l tons n am i de e a pho oc ni d t opy of t we po a i s a not ha ng a f r a i pa talhe i do not he a n t s ue nd vi ai nd m r i arng, i plc t a f de a r g . M or ove , e n i s a e r a i r quie t s pr dlr l m i a e ny e r l i ht e r ve f t t egul tons e r d he e oce za pr e tons ofki l 'al ge vi a i of sae pr e la r e durng pl i ifs dic plna y ot ci , t a s le d oltons t t oc dtr l uls i antf si i r pr ee ngsa a l donots oc di nd ppeas uppor a c tttonalcam a tona et rj 1 cli . t ny onsiui li ci bl mde 983 am Thid,f sm ia r s ns pli if s alegai ns f i t s r or i l r ea o , a ntf l to al o how t t he has a pr e t d ha ot c e lbe t i er s i avoi ng a pa tc a s c iy cl s t a i n,i udi Le S. H e doe not i ry nt e t n di ny ri ul r e urt as ik to ncl ng vel s sa e f t i c tng t thi sausc t t ac s ndia i ha s t t hange i via y lngt ne hi t r ofc i m e to t t ne t bl e he d s e m onfne n r ha is co tons pr s nt a a y c difculy or dic or whe c pa e t ot r VDOC t ndii e e ny t pial fi t s omf t n om r d o he c i m e c t or e . A s he ha no f de a i e es a sake i t c as ik a i pr es ,he onfne nt a eg i s d e r l nt r t t t n he l st ton oc s wasnote il d t f der ly ma t d pr dur lpr t c i du i t tpr s . Sa n,51 ntte o e a l nda e oce a o e tons rng ha oce s ndi 5 U. a 48 I de e nt vi a e sa e prs r ul tons s e S. t 4. f f nda s olt d t t ion eg ai om how i r cas iyi pl ntf, n e l sf ng ai if s h s e lw vi ai do notprs ntfdealdue pr es is s aci bl t r j 1 uc ut a oltons ee e r oc s sue tona e mde 983. Ri c o,907 F. a 1 ci 2d t 469. Fo t sae r as ,a ce i pl ntf s f c ua aleg tons a tue hi f c s do not r he t td e ons c ptng ai if a t l l a i s r , s at s uppo ta c am t the wa de i d off de ald pr es rg s asr quied f r le t r ny l i ha s prve e r ue oc s iht , e r or ei f mder j1 983. The eor,dee nt ae e ild t qualfed i r f e fnda s r ntte o ii mmuniy agans pli ifscamsf t i t antf li or d ma e a d t j d me ta amatro lw. Thec u twilg a tt ermo in f rs l r n gs n o u g n s te f a o r l r n h i to s o unma y j d me ta c r igy. u g n c o dn l 13 4. G r e i vance pr edur vi a i oc e ol t ons Thr oughou hi compl nt pli tf co ans t t of i s de e hi i or t s ai , a n if mpli ha scal ni d m nf mal c ompli f m sorgre ncef m sa t tofk il di no compl wih g ivanc pr e e ant or i va or nd ha t a s d t y t re e oc dur s i va i r s c s I Cli G,pl ntf a us s t gre n rous e pe t . n am ai if cc e he ivanc c di t of r f sng t e oor naor eui o pr es gre nc orm a ng compl ntf m sor g iva s dia a ,t hel prs ofi i s oc s iva es ki ai or re nce s ppe r o p ion tcal a d beng s d. I t s do no ha a c tt i nal pr e t rg t a gre nc voi i ue nma e t ve onsiuto ly ot ced iht o iva e pr ed e.Adn v.Ri ,40F. 72,75( hCi.1 ;Flc v.Al 932F. 728,7 (t oc ur ms ce 3d 4t r 994) ik ba, 2d 29 8h Ci.1 ) Be a e a sae g iva e pr edur doesnotc e any s t i rghtu n r 991. c us tt re nc oc e onfr ubsantve i po prs i t s aprs ofi a ' f l e t c ion nma e , ion fcils aiur o ompl wih t sa eprs sgre nc pr e lei y t he t t ion' iva e oc dtr s nota tona et rj 1 ci bl mde 983.M n v. ms 8 F. 639,640( hCi.1988 .Theef e t nn Adn , 55 2d 9t r ) r or,he c tc l s t tpl i if s alega i a ut t gr e nce pr e e s a e no c tt i our onc ude ha a ntf l tons bo he i va oc dur t t ons iutonal cam a tona eunde j 1 def nt ae e ild t quaiid i li ci bl r 983; enda s r ntte o lfe mmuniy agans pli ifs t i t antf camsfrd ma e a dt j d me ta amatro lw; n t c u t l g a t h i moin f r li o n g s n o u g n s te f a a d he o r wi rn t er to s o l s umma yj d me t r u g n. 5. V erbalt hreat and ret i i s alaton I Cl i F,pl ntf as e t t tofi e st e t ned t t ke hi pr t a pl c hi on n am ai i f s r s ha tc r hr a e o a s opery nd a e m srp c l;t eae t 1e a ti e l hr tned o i boutpl n ift s aitf o uppor a he ofk e ' veri ofe nt ;and t d t not r t r s son ve s ol hi t y woul be thi ,tke hi t pe wor ' a ke p hi i s gr a i f ye s i he m he d a m a s t r k,' nd e m n e eg ton or ar f pa t lt t e u ' ( mp . . lclamso rt l tl a to aelg lyfi oo sune st i o e h m) p. Co l 7) t li f eai o. cins r e al rv lu ls he wr ' g a y c ompli i plc t ss ant m i a e ome rghtt te ssunde t Consiuton. Ada s 40 F. a 75.il t i ha xit r he tt i ' ' m , 3d t t-ha i,pl n if mus a lge eihe t tt r t la o y ac wa t ke i r pons t t e r s ofa s aitf s t le t r ha he e a it r t s a n n es e o he xe cie c tm to ly pr ece rg ort tt a tis l vi a e s a rght' I Be a e çhe e i onsi i nal ot td i ht ha he c t ef olt d uch i .' d. c us t r s t no c tt i lrg t pa tcpae i g iva e pr e ngs' i ,pli tf s c am s t tt onsiutona i ht o rii t n 'e nc oce di ,' d. a n if l i ha he r 14 def nt r t lae a ns hi f flng gre nc a e fi ous Se e. ,Smih v.Ray,36 enda s e ai td gai t m or ii iva es r rvol . e, c. t F.Ap x 9 ( t Ci.2 0 )(f mig te d src c u tsdimis lo p io e ' cv lrg t p' 9 4h r 0 2 afr n h itit o r' s sa f rs n rs ii ih s c am ofr t lai ç ca eac es t t gre li e ai ton ç us c s o he ivanc pr e e i notac tt i ly pr eced be e oc dur s onsiutona l ot t 1Ilt'. i;1' ) Pli tf scamsa o t eb l b ea trasaeas is fkin go nd fraj 1 8 anif li b u v r a a us nd h e t r lo n u t e t r u s o 93 c a m ag ns a li ai t nyone. A leg tons ofve bala e a ha as m e by gua ds w ihou m or do l ai r bus nd r s nt r , t t e, n tsaea y c n ttto a cam. He lev. wi,1 3Fe App x 1 9 1 9 ( t Ci.2 0 ) 0 tt n o si in l li u nse Le s 5 d. ' 7 , 7 4h r 0 5 (ii Co l v.Ct v,6 F.d 8 5 2 ( 0h Ci.1 7 ) Al o h p an ifc mpan ctng li ns md 03 2 2 ,8 7 1 t r 9 9 . t ug litf o lis h a boutbe ng de e r cr a i and c e n l t dr w hie i s e ton,he doesnota l e f c s on i ni d e e ton l a am y l n egr ga i leg a t whih he c d t t ofi e s de e hi t e t ngs be a e of hi e r ie of a c oul ha tc r nid m hes hi c us s xe c s ny c nsi to al p o e tdrg t Se Ad ms 4 F.da 7 7 Cla ea s rinso rtl to d o t u in ly r tce ih . e a , 0 3 t 4- 5 b r s e t t o f eai in o a n tetbihacam ofc n ttto a dme so '.Th r f r ,h c u t id ta d fnd n sae o sa ls li o si in l i n in) e eo e t e o r fn s h t ee a t r u e ild t quaiid i ntte o lfe mmuniy a i tpli if f dn es t r j1983 r r ng alege t gans antf or mag mde egadi l d v r a a u e a d rtlai n a d t j d me ta a matro lw. The c u twi g a tt er eb l b s n eaito n o u g n s te f a o r l rn h i l mo in frsl to s o l mmmyj g n a c r i l ud me t c o dngy. 6. Faiure t pr e t l o ot c I Cl m 1 pl i ifc n ai , antf ompli t tt Re Oni i tgaorknowi y plce hi a a ns ha he d on nvesi t ngl a d m t r s ofha m ,by a s g ng hi t s r a c lwih a m em be ofa o ik r s i ni m o ha e el t r n pposng ga i ng. Pl i if a s a ntf l o c ompli t te n afe he t d t i si t t the wa s a e f r hi lf a Red Oni n, ans ha ve tr ol he nve tgaor ha s c r d o s ie t o be aus he w a a us d ofpl tng aga ns s a ft r ne rhe es ,i e a af a r r t ned hi c e s cc e oti i t t f he e, ve t l s nt m l f i s e ur m t Red Oni o on. To s uppor a cl i t tofi i s hous d hi underda r c tons a prs rm us t a m ha tc al e m nge ous ondii , i one t et rt r d c e ie eo a sro so sg ika tp y ia o e to a ij r rs lig fo i t o u e vd nc f e iu r in t n h sc l r moin l n u y e utn r m he p t c le ed c tons' or G monsr t a s t nta rs of s h s rous hn m r s tng he ha lng ondii ,' t de ta e ubsa i l ik uc e i r e uli fom t prs rs unwilng e ur t t c le d c tons' shn v.Sm ih,71F. r he ione ' li xpos e o he ha lnge ondii .' kka t 3d 1 2,1 6( t Ci.1 9 )(nen lq oain a d ctto o te ) P an iffist ma e a y 6 6 4h r 9 5 itr a u tto s n iains mitd . litf al o k n s h s w i he e. H e doe not de c i a s r ous phys c l or e otona ha m he s f e uc ho ng r s s rbe ny e i ia m i l r ufer d fom beng ce ld wih a o r i le t n pposng gang m e r Li wie,he doe no sa e f c s a i mbe . ke s s t t t a t bouta ny s rousphysc o e otona ha m t tofi e sha c us d hi sncehi r tun t Re Oni ei ial r m i l r ha fc r ve a e m i s e t' o d on, ora s t nta r s t tt y w oul do s i t f t e. ny ubs a i l ik ha he d o n he u ur For t e r s ns pl i ifs f c s t n a tu do no s ppo t a c am of hes ea o , antf a t, ake s r e, t u r ny l i c tt i lsg t nc a rquie f r i unde j1983.The eor dee nt aee ild onsiutona inika e s e r d or elef r r f e, fnda s r ntte t q ai e i nt a an t an ifscamsf rd ma e a dt j d me ta amatro lw. o u lt d mmu iy g is plitf li o n g s n o u g n s te f a i Ac o dngy tec u t l g a t h i moinsf rsl r u g n . c r i l,h o r wil rn t er to o l mma yj d me t 7. Supervi sory cl m s ai Pli tf s prs ad i sr t sa hi rr nki ofi r f f lngt ç a hi a n if ues ion m nitaor nd ghe a ng fce s or aii o l nyt ng do a bout t i s di t s' a e' e n a r pli tf a hi f m iy wr e t i or t m . her ubor na e bus ,' ve he a n if nd s n l ot o nf m he ( mp .1 . Plitf ha n c nsiu in lrg tho v r t ha eo fcasds iln d f rter Co l 1) an if s o o ttto a ih , we e ,o v fiil icp ie o h i c onduc. Gi v.LasVeg M er ia Polce De . 40 F.d 1 41 1 ( h Ci.1 t ni as topoltn i pt, 3 0 , 045 9t r 994) (çthe polc ha no afimai oblgai t i siae a ci i a pa tc a wa ort tll ie ve fr tve i ton o nvetg t rme n riulr y o pr ec onectze fom a t reve whe onectze de i t ot oflbe t orprpe t ' ot t ii n r nohe n n ii n prves he her i ry o ry') (ii De ne v.W i bac Co yDe .ofSocilSer es 489U. 18 195- ( 989). ctng sha v nne o unt pt a dc , S. 9, 96 1 ) M or ove ,t s a e a pl us bl c ai aga ns s pe v s s f t unc tt tona ac s of t r e r o tt a i e lm i t u r i or or he ons iu i l t hei s di t s pl ntf ha t s ubor na e , ai if s o how t t t s r ior pl ye s ha he upe v s s a d ome r e i t ale d ol n he l ge de i to . Vi dc v.Gi ,55 F. 9 928 ( h Ci.1 prvains nne e bbs 0 2d 26, 4t r 977) (i ng Edocrne of tndi f ti r ponde ts pei hasno a iai 't r j 1 ) Fort ras sae howe r t es a u ror pplc ton' mde 983 . he e ons ttd, ve , he 16 c ltha f otr s ound t tpli ifsa l atonsf i t sae a c tt i lcai . The ef e t ha a ntf ' leg i a l o t t ny onsiutona l m r or , he s pe or defnda s lke t r s di t , ar e il d t qualfe i muniy a i t u nis y e nt, i hei ubor naes e ntte o ii d m t gans pan iff rd ma e u d rj 1 8 a dt j d me t samatro lw.Th ,hec u t l ga t litf o a g s n e 9 3 n o u g n a te f a us t o r wil r n t ermoinsf rs mmayj d me t h i to o u r u g n . 8. Stat I cl m s e aw ai I c nu cin wih e c o h sc nsiu in lcams panifa s rs ma y sae 1w n o j n to t a h f i o ttto a li , litf se t n tt a cai a wel i l ng va ls ,a e ofpr e s te pa s ne i nce i e i l ms s l, ncudi ndaim bus oc s , r s s , glge , ntntonali lci n nti to ofe i ldite s f s i ionme ,a s ul,a f itr t i si t . Sec i 1 was motona sr s , ale mprs nt s a t nd a lze o nve tga e ton 983 i e d t pr e Onl f de a rght g r nt d by f de a 1w a no t vi c t t tc am s nt nde o ot d y e r l i s ua a ee e r l a nd t o ndia e or l i frwhiht r a ea quat rme e unde saelw.W rghtv. lns 766F. 841 849( h o c he e r de e e dis r tt a i Coli , 2d , 4t Ci.1 8 ) Pli tf ssaelw camsaet u n tid pe d n l a to a eu d rj 1 8 , nd r 9 5 . anif tt a li r h s o n e n e ty cin bl n e 9 3 a tec u t e ln st e ecs s p lme tl u idcin o rt e i t sa to . S e28U. C. h o r d cie o x r ie u p e n a j rs ito ve h m n hi cin e S. j 1 6 () Al s c camswil c o dngybed s se wih u p eu ie 3 7 c. l u h li la c r i l imisd t o t rj dc . 1 1 C O N CLU SI N 1. O For t r s he ea ons sa e t c t c ude t t de e nt a e e il d t qua ii d t t d, he our oncl s ha f nda s r ntte o lfe i nt a t panifscamsf rmo eay da g su e j1 3 a d ae as e t ld t mmu i s o li tf li o n tr ma e nd r 98 , n r lo ni e o y t j d me ta amatro lw, e a s plitf salg to ,a e a tu , tt n c nsiuina u g n s te f a b c u e an if l ains tk n s r e sae o o t to l e t cai a tonabl unde j 1 l m ci e r 983. Furhe ,t c tdimis spli ifssat lw cai wihout t r he our s s e antf t e a l ms t prj d c t e 2 U. C. 1 6 () a p o raeo d rwil su t sd y eu ie md r 8 S. j 3 7 c .An p r p it r e lis e hi a . The Clr i dieced t s nd c es of t s me o a e k s r t o e opi hi m r ndum opi on a ac ompanyi ni nd c ng o de t pl i ifa t c r r o antf nd o ouns lofr cor f rt de e nt . e e d o he f nda s ENTER:Ths l N d yo De e e , 01 i V a f c mb r 2 4. Chi fUnied St esD i ti tJ e t at src udge 17

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.