Trent v. Stafford et al, No. 7:2013cv00444 - Document 108 (W.D. Va. 2014)

Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 8/29/2014. (tvt)

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CLER/: OFFrEu : = At V V TA F lc l L I THE UNI STATESDI TRI COURT N TED S CT FO R TH E W ESTERN D I STR I T O F VI G I A C R NI R O AN O K E DI I O N V SI e l n e A% 2 2j 1 Jj u. w . 1l :E :! / JO- JO HNSO N TRENT, EL Pl ntf , ai if Ci lAc i No.7: c 00444 vi ton 13- v- V. M EM O R AND U M O PI O N NI C/ STAFFO RD,e al, O t . Def endant . s By: 1 . . H on.Jac t on L . i e ls K sr Seni U nie St t sD i t i tJudge or td a e src J E1J on Tr nt aVig ni i t pr e ngpr K ,tl a ve ii d Compli , o- ohns e , r i a nma e oce di o ied rfe ant purua t 42U. C.j 1 algi vi ai oft Ei h a Foure nt Ame s nt o S. 983, le ng oltons he ght nd te h ndme t of ns . ' t Unie Stt Consiuton. Pli tf name a de e nt:f merW alensRi St t Prs he td aes tt i a n if s s f nda s or l dge a e ion (I RSP' Cor cin lOfie s($ Os' Ga yS af r , a d n W o d r M akFn n n a d I W ' re to a fc r Ã§ ' r tfo d Brn o ) C/ ) o ad, r n o , n Da i Gre ; u r n W RS C/ Ra y P il ; n Re Ono SaePrs n(t vd e r c re t P O nd h lps a d d in tt io Ã§ i ROSP''n t ' l mae ) Hezng Ofie (: 'M it Co n s P an ifrq e t d ca ao ya e utberlÃ§ a d ai s fc r &HO' sy u t. litf e u ss e lrt r nd q ia l eif n 1 ) dn a agans De e nt i t ri vi land ofi i lc pa te . Pr e l bef eme i m ges i t f nda s n hei ndi dua tc a a ciis es nty or s . 1 Co nsa dC/ Phli ' to f rs mmayj d me tt whihPlitf rs o d d l HO u t n O il moin o u r u g n ,o c anif ep n e . ps Afe r ve n t er c r , g a t h moi nf rs mma yj d me ti p r f rtecam tr e iwi g h e o d 1 rn t e to o u r u g n n a t o h li agans 1 Count a de i i pa tf rt cli a ns C/ Philps. i t HO s nd ny t n r o he am gai t O li 1. ?. k Pl i ifa lgest f l ng f c si t ve ii Compl i a antf le he olowi a t n he rted ant bouthi i a c a i a s nc r er ton t W RSP . An e r c i t m ofC/ wa c le t Pli if sc lon M a c 27,201 Lt Gr e 2 xta ton en Os s a ld o antf el rh 3. . e r or r d Pli ift ba k up t t ta so ont c l doors sa fc d a y ha ufs de e a ntf o c o he r y l t he e l o t f oul ppl ndc f . ' fnd nsGre a dF nn nfldmoinsa do jcin t Plitf srs o s sb c u ete beiv Dee a t e r n a o i e to n beto s o anif ep n e e a s h y le e Pl i ifi a tm ptng t a e t Com pl nt sgi da a ntf s te i o m nd he ai ' . mnum clus a algedf t I t t t ai ifc nno a e nd le acs. noe ha Pl ntf a t rl o rs nsst moin frs mmayj d me tt a n teCo ant S eCla ic rv Mc vt 5 5F.d ey n epo e o to s o u r u g n o me d h mpli . e o nn e . De it 5 3 , 3 4, 6(t Ci. 0 )(oigta apanifma no a n ac mpan tr u, ag me ti abif p osn 2 33 4h r2 09 n t h t litf y t me d o lith o g ru n n rc o p ig n h s mmayj d me t; l u v. ts Mc nad& Co.3 2F.d1 1 ,1 1 ( 1hCi. 0 4 (a )s eas u r u g n) Gi r Gae. Do l mo , 8 3 3 2 3 5 1 t r2 0 ) s me ;e lo Faet v Caiona 4 2U. 8 6 8 4n.6( 9 5 (x liigta sl-e rsnaini n t lc n et in r rta . lfri, 2 S. 0 , 3 4 1 7 ) e pann h t efrp ee tt s o a ie s o g o e o rlv nt ue o po e u a a dsb tnielw) px e . Ci. 1 , 6 Co sq e ty Gre ' a dF n n' ee a rls f rc d rl n u sa tv a ;. F d R. v P. 5 5 . n e u nl, e rs n a no s f . moin a o j cinsaega tdt tee tn Pli if yn ta n teCo lit ars o sst moin fr to s nd be to r rne o h xe t antfma o me d h mpan vi e p n e o to s o s mmayj d me t u r u g n. -Ã¯ ' ' - ' Pli ifc ple a bac d up t t doo , Lt Gr rr f s d t o n t ta sot Des t antf om i d nd ke o he r but . ee e u e o pe he r y l . pie , beng compla a notcomba i , S tFa n n s r y dOlo e i Ca sc m (OC, s r y i i nt nd tve g . n o p a e e r sn p iu q , p a a : ) i i Pl ntf c l,a t e r c i t a i e a e y e e e t c l.Pli ifwas nsde ai ifs e l nd he xta ton e m mm dit l ntr d he e l a ntf Ã§ te ptngt s r nde ' whe s t m i o ure r' n: a ( O)Philpst Pl ntf t t gound a sa tdt rpe tdl pt h C/ li ook ai if o he r nd tre o e ae y mc Plitf i tefc .( O)W o d r t nsa tdt pmc a dk c t ePlitf. anif n h a e C/ o ad he tre o t h n ik h an if Afe Plitf wa p c e u oft efo r ( t2Gre b t anifo t erg te r tr anif s ik d p f h lo , L . e r i Plitf n h ih a . Plitf wa p a e o t b dwh r ( . Gr e sr c Plitf 2t 3tme i anif s lc d n he e e e Lt e r tu k anif o i s n 1 teno ewihh sfs.Plitf wa r ldo t Plitf sb c wh r ( . Gr e h s t i it an if s ol n o anif a k e e Lt1 e r e a ot rde e nt a tmpt t kik t Pl ntf i t ge t l .Pli ifwa nd he f nda s te ed o c he ai if n he nia s antf s t n sr ppe down i s- n r tant Bl a wa r f s d ba hr he ta d n poit esr i s nd s e u e t oom br a e ks a denid f nd e ood. ( Compl 3. Pli ifaguest tC/ Philpsi lce c ue a unus punihmen,i . ) antf r ha O li nfitd r l nd ual s t n vi aton oft Ei h Am e ol i he ght ndme ,by usng e s i f c l c r t C/ Philpsa r he nt i xce sve or e. n ontas, 0 li ve s ha no i ve e wih t c l e r c i a waswor ng i adif r tpa tofW RSP d ng d nvol m nt t he e l xta ton nd ki n fe en r mi t i i . he ncdent B. La e t ts m eday,Pl i ifwa ta f r e t ROSP whe e her ceved i tt i na t r ha n antf s r nse r d o r e i nsiuto l c r sf rs ti on a he pe s diobe ng a or r a smpl as a ton anon- f nde ha ge o pitng not r r on, s yi n de , nd i e s ul ofe r f e nt r lt d t t c l e r c i 1 Co sf t Pl i ifguit oft c r esbec us or ve s ea e o he e l xta ton. HO unt o md antf ly he ha g a e Pl n ifdi nota tnd t dici i r hea i a t e de e i t r c d s aitf d te he s plna y rngs nd he vi nc n he e or uppored tndi t i ng hi guit Pl i ifa r t thewa no pr e a t hea i ( t no f ul ofhi own, m ly. antf ve s ha s t es nt t he rngs t o due a t s ' ' but1 Count a r t thewasi or d t tPl i ifha r us d t a a f bot HO s ve s ha nf me ha antf d ef e o ppe r or h 2Ius t ttest tDefndant haddtrng t i de . e s li he nci nt e he il ha 3OC s a i ac m i la ntsmia t wha i commo yknownaspeppe s a orma a irtt a pr y s he ca ge i lr o t s nl r pr y ce nd riaes p r o ' e e , h o t a d n s .Se . . .Pak v S ilt, 5 F.d 8 , 49( e ci i gt ep y i l gc l fe t o e s n s y s t r a, n o e e e g, r . h fe t2 0 3 43 8 d s rb n h h so o ia ef cs f OC sry . pa) 4t vepoi r sr n s's ur a i t f ceup onabedby sr ppi t c s andea h a m a 1gt t t - nt e tait' ec e n nmae a Fi ta ng he he t c r nd e o he dici i r hea i . Pli ifwaspe lz d wih t rpdays s r ga i f smpl as a t s plna y rngs antf nai e t hit ' eg e ton or i e s ul and s ti a wih a$5. fne f diobe ng a or r Pl ntf pr s nty a gue t t1 pitng nd t 00 i or s yi n de . ai if e e l r s ha HO Count vi a e duepr e sby c ctngPl ntf i a t nta.5 s olt d oc s onvi i ai if n bse i II . C/ P ilp a dI Co n sfldamoi nf rs mmayj dg n , r un t the ae O h l s n HO u t ie i to o u r u me t ag ig ha t y r e tte t q ai di nt n ild o u lfe mmu i y.Qu li di nt p r t t o e n n ofiil p ro mi g ai e mmu iy e mis Ã§ v r me t fcas ef r n t g d sr to ayf cins. .t b )s il e fo la ii f rcv l n g si o a a t i ic ei n r un to . (o e hed d r m ib ly o ii d ma e ns fr s her t conduc doesnotvi ae cea l esa ihed sa or orc tt i na rg sofwhi h a t olt l ry t bls t mt y onsiuto l i ht c ' ' r s bl pes woul ha known.6 H a1 v Fizaead,457U. 8 818( 98 .Onc ea ona e ron d ve row t rl S. 00, 1 2) e . adef ndan r iest qualted i uniy de e e,apli ifbea st bu de t s e t a s he ii mm t f ns antf r he r n o how t ta ha d fn a tsc n u t o ae t ep an ifsrg t Br a tv Mu h 9 4F.d 1 8 ,1 8 ( t Ci. e e d n ' o d c viltd h litf ih . y n . t , 9 2 0 2 0 6 4h r 19 ) 9 3. A p ryi e tte t s mmayj g n i tepe dn s tedic v r a ds l u e a t s n i d o u r ud me t f h la ig ,h s o ey nd icos r l m a e i s on fl a a a fda t s t ral ie, nd ny f i vis how t tt r i no g ne diput ast a m a e i lf t ha he e s enui s e o ny t r a ac . Fe . Ci P. 6 a ; e W il msv. ifn, 5 F.d 8 , 23(t Ci. 9 )(e o nzn a d R. v. 5 () s e li a Grfi 9 2 2 20 8 4h r 1 91 rc g ii g pa t i e tte t s ry s n ild o umma yj d me ti t erc r a awh l c udn tla arto a tiro r u g n f h e o d s oe o l o e d ain l re f fc t fndi fv ro t en n mo n) t aeil a t'a etos f csn c sa yt e tbih a t o i n a o f h o - va t.Ã§ tra f cs' r h e a t e e sr o sa l M s t elm e sofapa t sc us ofa ton.Ande s v. be t Lob I ,477 U. 2 248 he e nt ry' a e c i r on Lt ry by. nc. S. 42, 5Not y, Pl ntf doesnotde r cevi I Count'wrte e a tonsa t decso a how t abl ai if ny e i ng HO s itn xplnai bout he iins nd o a l ppea7 Qu lfe i nt as gv so il arg toa odteb r e o ds o ey,Holn e r lOv ro f aiid mmu iy lo ie mcas ih t v i h u d ns f ic v r la d x e. ed rf v. ri tn, 6 F.d 1 7 ,1 8 (0 Ci. 0 )(in Be e sv Pelt r51 U. 2 9 3 (9 6) Th s Harnzo 2 8 3 1 9 1 5 1 + r2 01 ct g hrn . l i , 6 S. 9 , 08 1 9 ). u , i ee teiiil eemiainta q aiidi ni wil o a pl musbema eb fr dso eyipemitd S eLh nt d tr n to h t u l e mmu t ln t p y t a f y d eoe ic v r s r t . e d e . Ac di y,Pl ntf smoton f dicove ymus bede eda t stme.1alo de Pl ntT smotonas ng me cor ngl ai if' i or s r t ni t hi i s ny ai i i ki t co pelt non- e t t fl am da t be aus Pl ntf o m wo defndan s o ie vis c t ai ifdotsnotpr s ntyesa ih a ne f racour e e l t bls ny ed o t or r CL Fe R. v.P. 1 If t rnot t tPl ntf snotr lev fom payi f sa cossfom f de . d. Ci 3 . urhe e ha ai ifi ei ed r ng ee nd t r or sb e a meeyb cus h i po edigL fr pa p is Se.eg.Do ga v Mc ry 8 F. p' 29 , 0 u po n s rl e a e e s rc e n q o ma u ei. e . , u ls . cat, 7 Ap x 9 3 2 (t Ci. 0 3 . 4h r2 0 ) ( 9 6 .A g n ieis eo maeil a t xit i i v e n ter c r a da1 e s n b e 1 8 ) e un su f tra fc e ss t n iwig h e o d n 1r a o a l l i e e esdr wn t r f o i a lghtm os f vor et t non- o ng pa t a r as bl f c nf r nc a he e r m n i t a abl o he m vi ry, e ona e a t fnde co drtmlaver c f t no mova .J SThemo ngpa t ha t bur of i r ul et dit or he n- nt #. vi ry s he den s wi - tha i , ntng outt t dit tc t t tt r i a a e eofe de e t ho ng s t s poi i t o he sdc our - ha he e s n bs nc vi nc o s r t no uppo the nmovi pary' c e. Ceoe Cor v.Cart,477U. 317,325(98 .l t ng t s as ' ltx p. tet ' S. 1 6) f he mova s tsi st sbur n, he t nonnt aife hi de t n he movan mus s tf t s cik ,a s i ef c st t t t e orh pe t dmisbl a t ha demonsrt t e se ofag nui is off c frtil d a 322- A c tma no tae he xitnce e ne sue a t o ra.L- t 23. our y t a r s ve dipu e f t,wegh t e de ,orm a de e mi tonsofc e biiy. Rus e lv. e ol s t d ac s i he vi nce ke t r na i r di lt sl M ir d n Cop.6 F.d 1 2 ,1 3 (t Ci. 9 ) S e ev. u p v 7 7F. 1 9 1 2 co v e r , 5 3 2 9 2 9 4h r 1 95 ; osbe M r h , 9 2d 7 , 8 ( hCi.1 .l ta ac t c sastu t evi nceoft no movi parya 4t r 986) nse d, our ac ept r e he de he n- ng t nd r s vesa 1i e nalc lc sa i e e esi t no m ovi pa t sf vor Cha bonnage de e ol 1 nt r onfit nd nf r nc n he nng ry' a . r s Frnc v. t 5 7F.d4 6, 4( t Ci. 9 9 . a e Smih, 9 2 0 41 4h r 1 7 ) 11 1. A prs ra l i e s i f cei vi a i oft Ei h Am e ione leg ng xce sve or n olton he ght ndmen mus s t t t t how ha adef nda infit d unnec s r a wa on pa n a s f rng. W hilv v. ber , U. e nt Ã» lc e i es a y nd nt i nd ufe i ' ' te Al s 475 S. 31 , 2 ( 9 6 ; e W is nv Setr 5 U. 29 2 ( 9 1 ( o dn t t nEihh 2 3 0 1 8 ) s e lo . ie, 01 S. 4, 98 1 9 ) h l ig ha a g t Ame d n cam f re c siefr er q ie a o j cied prv to o ab sch ma n e n me t li o x e sv o c e ur s n b e tv e iain f a i u n e d a dt t rs n o tcass be t l a tdwihas fiin l c l besaeo mi ) Th rf r , n ha p io f il u j ci y ce t u fce ty upa l tt f nd . eeo e i ve t pr ri r i whehe t f cea id wasÃ§i agood f t efo tt m ant i orr t e he ope nquiy s t r he or pple fn aih f r o i an esor dici i ormalci l a s si ly f rt ve ypur e ofc usngha m . W hilv,475 s plne i ousy nd aditcal o he r pos a i r ' ' te U. a 3 0 21 Thes j ci c mp n n e c mp se s c f co sa t en e f rt S. t 2 - . ube tve o o e t n o a s s u h a t r s h e d o he applcaton off i i orce,t r atonshi bet een t need and t nm ountoff ce t tw asused,t he el i p w he he or ha he e tn o ij r i fitd,h e tn o t et ra t t s ft o sa fa di tsr a o by x e t f nu y nlce t e x e t f h h e t o he a ey f tf n nmae e s na l 4 per e ve by r ponsbl ofi a s and a e f t m a t tm pe t s ve iy ofaf c ul c i d es i e fcil , ny fors de o e r he e rt or ef r pons l a 321.Ã§ n i t who c es e. d. t W nma e ompli ofa t h ors ans pus hove't ca e nodic m i e hat us s s e bl ij r amo tc ranyf ist saeav ld ( g t Ame d n)e e sv fr ecam. nu y l s e til al o tt ai Eih h n me t xc sie o c li ' ' W i n v Ga d , 5 U. 3 3 ( 0 . l s . d v 5 9 S. 4, 8 201 ) ki Bas on Pli ifsve ii c ed antf rfed ompl i a C/ Philps a fdavi, h ofwhih a s t ant nd O li ' fi t bot c s er f csb s do p ro l no e g , mu td n s mmayj d me tf rt Eihh Ame d n a t a e n es na k wld e I s e y u r u g n o he g t n me t cli agans C/ Philpsduet adiput ofma e i lf t ai ifa r t thewasc am i t O li o s e t ra ac .Pl ntf ve s ha ompla int and s r nde i when C/ Philpse e e Pl ntf sc l knocke Pl ntf do t t ur e rng O li nt r d ai if el, d ai if wn o he conc e etoo ,a r pea e y pt he Pli ifi t f c Alhough Pli ifdoesnotd c i r t l r nd e t dl mc d a ntf n he a e. t a ntf es rbe a ylsi gij r fo t alg d atc ,hep i o b igp n h drp ae l i t efc whi n a tn nu y r m he le e ta k t an f en u c e e e tdy n h a e l e l ng on a c r t toorc tt esa c tt i naly- i nik a i c i ofl nec s a ypan yi onc e e l onsiut onsiuto l sg t nt niiton m e s r i and s f i Se e. ,St nlv v. jrk ,1 4 F.d 6 ( t Ci. 9 )(e o nzn t a a uferng. e. g. a Ã§ Heiia 3 3 29 4 h r 1 98 r c g iig h t n - i maesij re s sane whl g ad q eldadsl b n eaec n ttto l d sic fo n t ' n u is u ti d i u r s u le itr a c r o siuinal itn t r m e z y a imae sij re s san dfo g ad d lb rtl ititn p mih n d et av r a n n t' nu is u tie r m u r s eieaey nlci g t s me t u o eb l ag me t.Pan g aut u l i fitdo ape c f limae r g r ls o lsigp y ia ij r , r u n) i rtio sy nlce n a eu n t ,e ade s f a tn h sc l nu y c nb c n ie e teo jcieij r .S eHud o v. c ila , 0 U. 1 1 - 4( 9 2 a e o sd r d h be tv nu y e s n M M lin 5 3 S. , 3 1 1 9 ) (% Cour t ya o itl put t r s as rousymigui dviw t tpai i lce bya ( The t oda ppr praey s o et ei l s de e ha n nfitd n e s i us off c i a tona eundert Ei h Am e xce sve e or e s c i bl he ght ndme onl whe co e wih nt y n upld t iiniia tij r , eg,nu yt a r q ie me ia atn ino la e pema n ma k . sg fc n nu y ' ..ij r h t e ur s dc l te to r e v s r ne t r s l e we ewet hol t t c r r wemi tpl eva i ki ofsa e s ns e t rur nde d, r o d o he onta y, gh ac rous nds t t -po or d o t e a a e- oft ki i ni usy de i d t ca epan butwihoutat lae ii nii nt nd bus he nd nge o l sgne o us i t elt l sg fca ijzy'- e ieybeyondt paeoft Co tt i ' ( a kmu J, nc rng ;s as ntr ntrl he l he nsiuton.) Blc n, .co uri ) ee lo ' W iki ,559U. a 36 (s he prs of i smalci l a s ditc l us f cet c us l ns S. t Ã»W n ion Ã»cal i ousy nd a sialy e or o a e 5 har ,...c e m ont mpor r sa dsofdec ncy awaysa e vi atd ... t rornotsg fc a y tndar e l r ol e whe he i niiant ij r i e i e t'.Ho v r i atiro fc b le e C/ Phli ' li ta h wa wo kng nu y s v d n .) we e,f re f a t eiv s 0 il cam h t e s r i ' ps i adifr ntpa tofW RSP a had no i veme wih t i de ,C/ Philpswoul be n fe e r nd nvol nt t he nci nt O li d e t ldt q aiidi nt a ds mmayj d me t Se Da sv. h a nik, 0 F.d4 8 ni e o u lfe mmu i n u r u g n . e vi Zn r d c 6 0 2 5 , t y 4 0 (t Ci. 9 9 ( oligt tsl r j d me ti no a p o raei t er s uin o 6 4 h r 1 7 ) h dn ha l mmay u g n s t p r p it f h eolt f o maei is sde ndsuponcrdi lt dee mi tons.Ac or ngl t diput ofmaeil tral sue pe e biiy tr nai ) c di y,he s e tra f c abo C/ Philps i ve e i t alege a tck pr cl sa r ng q lfe a t ut O li ' nvol m nt n he l d ta e ude wa di uaii d i nt o s mmayj g n . mmu i r u r ud me t y IV. A f e r vi w i t Fou t e h A m e t r e e ng he r e nt ndm e du pr es c ai a i tI O Count ,1fnd nt e oc s l m ga ns H s i t a I Co n si e tte t q lte i ni a s mmayj g n .Th Fo re nh h t HO u t s n ild o uai d mmu t nd u r ud me t e u te t i y Am e ndme ' Due Pr es Clus pr e t pe s agans de i tonsoflf lbe t or nts oc s a e ot c s r ons i t prva i ie, i ry, pr ry.Thus Pl i ifmus s ope t , antf t how t tadef nda de i hi ofa lbe t orpr ry ha e nt prved m i ry ope t i ees t saeavi ai ofduepr s .W iki onv. tn,5 U. 209,221( ) ntr t o tt olton oce s l ns Ausi 45 S. 2005 ; S n i v. n e , 5U. 47 48 ( 9 5 . a dn Co n r 51 S. 2, 6 1 9 ) Asar s toft i tt i lc ci ns Pl ntf ha $5. r m ove fom hi i t e ul he nsiutona onvito , ai if d 00 e dr s nma e tus ac ot a s r edtm ei s gr ga i r t c mt nd e v i n e e ton.Confneme i dicplna y s gr ga i doesnot i nt n s i i r e e ton e e a c i i s t nc i s a t xpe t mnnne a t gi rs t pr t c i by t Due xce d rm nal en e e n uch n me ced r s o ve ie o o e ton he Pr e sClus ofiso n f c orcr a ea a ypi a o sg fca ha ds p i r l to t t oc s a e t w or e e t n t c l r i nii nt r hi n e ai n o he or na y i de sofprs lf Se e. ,Sa n,s a;Be aiv.Sm ih,1 F. 500,503 di r nci nt ion ie. e. c. ndi upr ver t t 20 3d ( h Ci.1 ( di t ta nitai s r gai f sxmont wihve mi htman 4t r 997) hol ng ha dmi srtve eg e ton or i hs t r n; l w a t fooded t l t unbe r e he t c d f s e; l oie ; a abl a ; ol ood;di t cl hi lne ,a beddi ,l r y ot ng, i ns nd ng' ong pe i i t c l;no outi r cr a i no e a i orr lgi s r i s; nd ls f wa rods n he e l sde e e ton; duc tonal e i ous e vce a e s ood s 6 n ts ay ia a t i s asg iia t r s i) Co s q e ty n d p iaino alb ryo o o t pc l s o mpo e infc n had hp . n e u n l, o e rv to f ie t r pr ry i e es oc uredw ih r pe tt t c c i f rs ti a smpl as a t ope t nt r t c r t es c o he onvitons o pitng nd i e s ul. 1 Coun sdi notvi a ePl ntf rg t due pr es be or Pl i iff f ie $5. HO t d olt ai ifs i ht o oc s f e antf oret d 00 f t c c i ofdiobe ng a or r Duepr es f ra i tt i lhea i r uli i or he onvi ton s yi n de . oc s o n nsiutona rng es tng n t l sofapr ry i e e tr quiest tt i t be gi n a nc notc oft he os ope t nt r s e r ha he nma e ve dva e i e he pr e ngs t i a ehasa opporuniy t c lwine s a pr s ntevi nc i notundul oce di , he nm t n t t o al t s es nd e e de e f y haz r a doust i tt to ls f t o c r c i goal,a ane r lf c fnde gi st i a ea o nsiu i na a e y r ore tonal s nd uta a t i r ve he nm t m it n sae e de crbi bo h t e de er le on a t r as f a dici i r te t tm nt s i ng t he vi nc ei d nd he e ons or ny s plna y p n ly W o f v. c n l, 1 U. 5 9 5 4 71( 9 4 ; e S p rne d n . a s Cor e at . lf M Do nel 4 8 S. 3 , 6 - 1 7 ) s e u e itn e tM s. r. l tv. l,472U. 445,455- ( 985)( di s tntveduepr es i s tsidi t ns. Hil S. 56 1 hol ng ubsa i oc s s aife f he d s iln r h aigd cso wa b s du o Ã§ o e ie c ' .Imae d n th v arg t o icp iay e rn e iin s a e p n s me vd n e' n ts o o a e ih t s ) co r a i a c os - xn i ton,a s h pr edur sa ewholy wihi t dic ei n of nfont ton nd r se m na i nd uc oc e r l t n he s r to p io ofcas W o f, u r ; x e v. l ca o 4 5U. 3 8 3 - ( 9 6 . rs n fiil. lf s p a Ba tr Pamiin , 2 S. 0 , 2223 1 7 ) On Aprl1 201 Pli ifr e ve wrte notc oft hea i da ef t c r of i , 3, a ntf ec i d itn ie he rng t or he ha ge di o yi a or r Alho h gi n t opporuniy, ai ifde lne t r que twine s a s be ng n de . t ug ve he t t Pl ntf c i d o e s t s es nd docume a y e de t bepr s nta t he rng.I Count r c i d a t e us lt a a ' nt r vi nce o e e t he a i HO s e e ve Ã§ f a o ppe r' r f nn fom a c r c i lofi e t tsatd Pl i ifde i t at nd t he rng. Pe polcy, o r ore tona fc r ha t e antf clned o te he a i r i l Count i e pr t d t f c t tPli tf r us d t a tnd a Pl i ifsa s i o guit HO s nt r e e he a t ha a n if ef e o te s antf dmi son f l. Furher e, he e wasd o eevi nc ' nt r or t Pli ifdiobe d a c r ctonal t mor t r Ã§m s de e'i he ec d hat a ntf s ye ore i ofi e ' or f Pl i ift puthi wrssou sdea ta so ,a I Co mt is awrte fc r s der or antf o s it t i r y l t nd HO t s s ued itn explnai n a a to boutt de son a ho t a a . Ac or ngl l Co sdi notvi ae due he cii nd w o ppe l c di y, HO unt d olt pr e sa i e ildt q lfe i oc s nd s ntte o uaiid mmuniya s t nd ummayj me . r udg nt V. De enda spr f rt tavi r c di oft cele r c i e ssa t ti f nt ofe ha deo e or ng he l xta ton xit nd ha t compl e y r f t Pl ntf ve son ofev nt,a Pl ntf al ge t phot a we et ke etl e ues ai ips r i e s nd ai if le s hat ogr phs r a n o h sij re .Ho v r n n o t s ie h vey t e ne trd it t rc r I o d rt f i nu is we e , o e f he e tms a e b e n ee no he e od. n r e o r edea a e educ ly nd xpens bo ne byt c ta by t pa tesi t spr # prs rca e,C/ es r he our nd he ri n hi o t ione s O . Ph lpss alieasc ndmo inf rsl r j d me t s p o tdb a fd vt wi t vd o il h l tl e o i to o l mma y u g n , u p re y fia is t he ie h r c r i a dp oo r p so Plitf sij re ,oa de st meiso Plitf se c sie e o dng n h tg a h f an if nu is t d r s he rt f an if x e sv f cecli . C/ Philpss l pr vi Pl i ift opport t t r vi w t vi o r c di or am O li hal o de antf he tmiy o e e he de e or ng a dc riyt s meb f r fl t es c ndmoi nfrs mma yj d me t n e t he a eo e ii h e o f ng to o u r u g n . VI . Fort f eg ng r as ,Igr ntI Count a C/ Philps m oto f s he or oi e ons a HO s nd O li ' i n or umm a y r j d me ti p r f rtecam a ans 1 Co n sa d nyi i p r f rt ecam a an tC/ u g n n a t o h li g i t HO u t nd e t n a t o h li g i s O Ph lis C/ P ilp s al ieasc n moi nf rs mma yj d me t s p o tdb atd vt ilp . O h l s h lfl e o d to o u r u g n , u p re y f a is i i wiht erlv n vie r c r i ga dp oo rph o Plitf sij re ,h ta d e s st e t h ee a t d o e o d n n h tg a s f an if nu is t a d rse h m e isofPli tf e s i f cec am . C/ Philpss lpr dePli ift opporuniyt rt a n ifs xce sve or l i O li hal ovi antf he t t o r vi w t vi o r cor ng a c riy t s be or tlng t s c m oto f s e e he de e di nd e tf he ame f e ii he e ond i n or umm a y r j d me t Alo Gr e ' a F nn n smoinsa o j cinsi r s o et Plitf srs ns u g n . s , e rs nd n o ' to nd b e to n e p ns o an if epo e t de e nt 'dipostvem otonsa egr nt d t t e e Pl i ifma no a e t o f nda s s ii i r a e o he xt nt antf y t m nd he Co litvar s ns st mo in frs mmayj d me t a dPlitf smo in f rds o ey mp an i epo e o to s o u r u g n , n an if to s o ic v r a f s nd or ubpoe a eDENI nas r ED. ENTER:Thi ay ofAug t 201 us 4. (Se orUnied St t Diti tJ . ni t aes src udge 8

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