Maxwell v. Clarke et al, No. 7:2012cv00477 - Document 34 (W.D. Va. 2013)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM OPINION. Signed by Judge Jackson L. Kiser on 6/13/2013. (tvt)
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ek - l.: *.#. .*%.#ee v . : (i,A kV . I TH E U N I ED STATE S D I N T STR I T CO UR T C FO R T H E W ESTER N D I STR I T O F V I G I I C R N A ROANOKE DI I ON V SI v yq JN1 $ U 31 JULI A R c RK BK D BM D LEY M A XW EL L, Pl ntf , ai if C i lA c i No.7: 2c vi t on 1 v00477 V. M EM O M N DU M O PI I N N O HAROLD CLARKE, V , # By:H on.Jaclson L.K i k ser Se or U nied St e D i t i tJudge ni t at s s r c Dee f ndant . s Br dl y M a l,aVigi a i aepr e ngpr s ,fl d aci lrght aci n ptruan a e xwe l r ni nm t oce di o e ie vi i s to ls t t 4 U. C. 1 8 a dteReiiusLa Us a dI siuinaie Pe s n Ac CE PA' o 2 S. j 9 3 n h lgo nd e n n tt t l d ro s t RLUI ' o z I 42U. C.jj2000 #!s Maxwelna asdee nt Ha ol Clr ,J me Paks Ge g S. cc . eq. l mes fnda s r d ake a s r , or e Hi e,Gr gor Holowa Da d Zook,De sColi ,T. ri,H . He l Br nda nkl e y l y, vi nni lns Fa rs R. nsey, e Ra z e, W .Cai B. Coli ,C. Stc R. W iln ,R. M ahe ,a M . vie J. rco, D. lns L. a y, C. tims C. t na nd Count. s Ma xwel al ge i hi compl i t tde e l le s n s ant ha f ndant vi aed hi c tt i na rg sby i taly s ol t s onsiuto l i ht nii l rf i t hous hi i aGrduae Prvieg Pr r m (t ',f s yconvitnghi of eusng o e m n a td i l e og a tGPP' alel ) ci m i tt i na i r c i onc i t GPP,a s eque l r m ovi hi fom t GPP a nsiuto l nfa tons e n he nd ubs nty e ng m r he nd a n plci hi i s r ton.M a l f t rc gai a ng m n eg ega i xwe l urhe ompl i t thousng hi i s r ga i ans ha i m n eg e ton pr cl shi fom pr c i i hi r i on. H e c udest tde e nt 'ac sc tt e e ude m r a t c ng s elgi oncl ha f nda s t ons iut r t i to f hi us oft g iva epr e ze a r f s lt c ealai n or s e he re nc oc dtr nd e u a o ompl wih t VDOC y t he gr oomi polc whi h woul r r hevi ae hi Ra tf a f ihby c tng hi har Fi ly, ng iy, c d equie ol t s sa mi n at uti s i. na l pl ntf c ai if ompl i t tt c to ofhi confne e vi a et Ei tAme m e . Thi ans ha he ondii ns s i m nt olt he gh nd nt s ma tri p e e tyb f r meo d fn a t' to frs mma yj d me t M a wel ie a te s r s nl eo e n e e d n s moi n o u r u g n . x lfld r pons a t m a tri now rpe f rdiposto .1 es e nd he te s i o s ii n Fact s l c i rngamotonf sl r j n onsdei i or lmmay udgme ,ac t tc i rt fcsandd a nt our mus onsde he a t rw 1M a l as fldr quet f pr uci ofdoc xwel lo ie e ss or od ton ument on Aprl3,201 Ho ve ,a noneoft dicovey s i 3. we r s he s r r quesedi r lvan t t diposton ofhi cai ,hi dicovey r sswilbedenid a moot e t s ee t o he s ii s l ms s s r eque t l e s . a1 r as bl i e e si t lg mos f vor bl t t nonl e ona e nf r nce n he i ht t a a e o he movi pa t M a s hiaEl . ng ry. tus t ec l d s Co v Zel hRa i Co .4 5U. 5 4 5 7( 9 6 ; e as M LC Auo.LLC. . wn n u . . . zt do m , 7 S. 7 , 8 1 8 ) s e lo i t. v To o S. n s 5 2F.d26 , 7 (t Ci. 0 ) f Pie , 3 3 9 2 3 4h r 20 8 . M a l a lgest thi r i ousbelef a aRasaf ran oft Nya nghior rpr ve xwel le ha s elgi i s s t ai he hbi de e nt hm fo c mpli wiht Op r tn P o e t eCOP' 8 4 1g o mi p lc .Plitf i r m o yng t he e ai g r c dl t ' 6 . r o ng oiy an if r ) atc e a e ii t h sr s o et d fnd ns mo inf rs mmayj d me t ihe p ans ta h d n xhbt o i e p ns o ee a t ' to o u r u g n whc x li Ghedr adl kson aRasa' he d s bolzet Ra t r s ..- sha a s comet s bolz l t e oc t s a ym i he sas oot ..-hi s lo l o ym i e rb lino t s se a dt G o r wa t we rh i '( c e No. 12a 8 OP 8 4 1 e el f he y tm n he prpe ' y o a an' Do k t 3 - t ) o 6. pr des i pe tne tpa t t tm ae ofe r ha rwilbe c nol rt n a ovi , n ri n r, ha l f nde s' i l ut onge ha bovet s r he hit c lra a oundt ea s harw ilno bem or t onei h i t c sorde h,a a ola nd r he r , i l t e han nc n hiknes pt nd ny syl t tcoul c alc rba i l ngdr dl ks i notpemit ( ke No. 1, t e ha d once onta nd,ncudi ea oc , s r ted. Doc t 26- p. 6 ) M u wel ha r f e t compl wih t gr l s e us d o y t he oomi polc snc hi ta f rfom t U . ng iy i e s r ns e r he S. VignIln t t eVigni De rme t fCo r ci n (VDOC' i 2 01a dh sb e r i sa ds o h r i a pat n o re to s G 1 ' n 0 n a en ) s b e tdt d s iln r c ag sa a mi srtv s ge aina ar s t Du i p ri n u j ce o icp iay h r e nd d nitaie e r g to s e ul. rng e t t 2 ne 2M a WC1fldt sa tonon Oc o r5, 2. Du t te2yersaueo l tto a pl a l t j1 8 a to s t be 201 X 1 ie hi ci eoh a ttt f i ains p i be o 9 3 cin , mi c alj 1 8 c amsa iig p i rt Oco e 5, 01 a etmeba r d S eLe sv Rih ndCivPo ieDe 9 7 1 9 3 li rsn ro o t b r 2 0 r i re . e wi . c mo t l c pt 4 F.d7 3(t Ci.1 9 ) f i ta a teei nosaueo l tto frj1 8 voain ,hesael tto 2 3 4h r 9 1 (mdng h t s h r s ttt f i ains o 9 3 ilto s t tt i ains mi mi pro g vri pro a ijt ato so l b a lelVaCo eAn j8012 3$ (sa ihi at yer eid o ennj esnlnty cins h ud e ppid; . d n. . -4 4 etbl ng wo a r s saueo lmi to sfrp ro a ij r a to ) ttt fi t ln o es n lnuy cins. a RLUI d e no c naniso saueo lmi to speid. we e,n1 9 , n ese ce 28U. C. PA o s t o ti t wn ttt f i t in ro Ho v ri 9 0 Co grs natd a S. j 1 whih pr desaf - rsa e oflmiatonspe i f fde a cvi a i û ii unde a Ac of 658, c ovi ouryea t mt i t i rod or e r l i l ctons t sng ar rn t Co gese a tda r( cmbe 1 1 9 1'Th s a c r igt tetr o tesaue a yfd rl ii ato n rs n ce ûe De e r , 9 0 . u , c o dn o h ems fh ttt, n e ea cvl cin ' aiigu d ra Ac o Co rs e a tda rDe e e 1 1 9 ,ss bett tefu -e rsameo lmi to s rsn n e n t f nges n ce he cmb r , 9 0 i u jc o h o ry a tt fi t in a pe i co ai t r n. rod nt ned he ei I Co hv. abe t co tr as n uc J , he ur e onedt t be aus RLU I w a e ctd i Se e be 2000,a RLU I c eae a ha, c e PA s na e n ptm r nd PA r td n w rg to a to whihteplitf iv k di hsc mpan,h ft- a saueo l tto st e j1 8 e ih f cin c h anif n o e n i o litte ot yer ttt f i ain md r 65 r mi a pl dt plitf' camsbo h u e RIUI 4 9F. u p. d5 9 5 657 ( . Va 2 06.Smial l p i o anifs li rug t nd r - PA. 7 S p 2 6 , 7 - 7 W D. . 0 ) i lry, e fndt af l yea saut oflmiai a i t M axwel' RLUI camsa t al M a l' RIUI i hat otr r tt e i ttons pples o ls PA li nd hus l xwels - PA cl m sa ii pro t Ocober5,2008 aetmebare ai rsng ir o t r i r d. tm epe i r l t t t slws t M a l hasbee hous d a et rW al nsRi St t i rods e aed o hi a ui, xwel n e t ihe le dge ae Prs n(t aln Rig ' o Re On o S aeP io (Re Ono ' . io l le s d e' r d in tt rs n û d in' W ) ç ) Ma xwel f ce r srci nsi s gr a i t taprs ri t ge a po a i does l a s e ti to n e eg ton ha ione n he ner l pulton no.Hi c mpan a drs o s t t emoinf rsl r j dg n saeh h sfveh u s t s o lit n e p n e o h to o t mmay u me t tt e a i o r r r a i i i a enc os r c ea i a ea non- ont c vi is t o ca l m ont y, hr e ec e ton ns de n l ed e r ton r , c a t st ,w ls hl t e s howe spe we k, ho lght o wih lg sdi e a ni ,1 boo a maga i sa r r e 24 ur i s n t i ht mm d t ght 2 ks nd z ne nd onenew s paper a no t l vii n orc uma e . Hea s cli shei notpe te t at e e so ons bl s3 lo am s nnitd o tend , nd r lgi s r i s a i pl c i ha ufsa l ionsa srp-ea c d e ch tmehei e i ous e vce , nd s a ed n ndc f nd eg r nd ti s r he a i s r m ove fom hi c l. e d r s el I Se embe 201 t GPP wa e t bls d s c fc l f rofende swho a eha t l n pt r 0, he s sa ihe pe ii aly o f r r biua v oao so teg o mi p lc a asc eatr t p r n n s g e ain.( c t2 p. ) i ltr f h r o ng oiy s e ur lenai ema e t e rg to Do ke 6, 4 ve Prs r i t G PP hous ng uni ha c r a n a tonalprvieg nota l e t s r ga i i one s n he i t ve e t i ddii i l es vaiabl o eg e ton prs s i l ngr c ea i i t pod wih o he ofknde s doubl c las i e s outi ioner, ncudi e r ton n he t t r t r, e- el sgnm nt, sde r cr a i t lvii a viiaton. Folowi t de l pme oft GPP,M a l ma e e ton, ee son nd st i l ng he ve o nt he xwe l de ç m e ousve bala wrte r quess' o bepl c i t pr n , c we e de e s nu r r nd itn e t't a ed n he ogr m whih r ni d. ( c e 1 p. 1 M a wel sutmaeyplc di t eGPPh usngt to Fe rlr 8 2 2 Do k t , 1 ) x l wa li tl a e n h o i mi n b t y , 01 . a Howe r M a l wa s eque l r m o d fom t GPP and ta f r e t Re Oni a tr ve , xwe l s ubs nty e ve r he r nse r d o d on fe bei f ng ound guit oft dici i r c r .Hehassncebe r t e t W a lnsIi e a ly wo s plna y ha ges i en eum d o le tdg nd plc i s gr to A c or ngt de enda s hewaspl c i s gr ton be us i i t a ed n e egai n. c di o f nt, a ed n e egai ca e t s he pr tc ofW al nsRi t pl c ofe r i o s gr ga i f 90 da tt detr i whe he ac ie le dge o a e f nde s nt e e ton or ys to e m ne t r t eof n e c nma easa l a j sme tt ls rsrci h u ig. ( c t 6, 5 h t d r a k t be du t n o e s e tit o sn ' Do ke 2 p. ) k ve ' Howe r d t apos es i ofa wea c r a ofM a c 1 201 t da ede e nt ve , ue o s son pon ha ge, s r h 5, 3, he t f nda s 3 fnd nsasr i temoinfrs mmayj d me th to fn esi a miitaiesg e ainp d ae Dee a t setn h to o u r u g n ta fe d r n d nsrtv e rg to o s r al d t wa c t eviin 9om t rcel a m a r ei r srcedcomm is r lowe o t h el so hei ls nd y ec ve e tit s a y. Plitf n tsta p irt J y9 2 01novst, al (x e t o lwy rc ls o e u ainwa alwe . anif oe h t ro o ul , 0 iisc ls e c p fr a e al) r d cto s l d o fldt ermoi nf rsl ie h i to o t mmmyj d me t M a wel sno c re ty ei il t p iiaei t e u g n , x lwa t u r nl lgb e o m cp t n h GPP.Hewilbe e l t f f tzeenty i o t pr n a hi I he i whih oc ur l vauaed or u lr r nt he ogr m t s CA arng, c c s e r 90da .( ke No.26,p.8) vey ys Doc t I hi c n s ompl i ,M axwel a a st s k m o a yda ant l ppe r o ee netr mage a e t ri e a e s nd ihe mm dit r e efo s gr to a ta f t t GPP housng uni,ore m pton fom OP 864. , elas r m e egai n nd r nser o he i t xe i r 1 whi h wou d a s e y a l hi t be hous d w ih t ge r po a i c l s um dl low m o e t he ne al pul ton. Ana yss l i l o rPr es i ofl tt i lGre nc s mpr pe oc sng nsiutona i va e Ma xwel a lgest tde e l le ha f ndan sha vi a e hi c tt i lrg sby f ii t t ve olt d s onsiutona i ht a lng o pr ry pr es hi i tt i gre nc . Specfc ly,pl ntf cai st tdef nda T. ope l oc s s nsiutonal iva es ii a l ai if l m ha e nt Fa rst d hi 'o dr num e ousgreva es' ca ehewasa erng c r c i lsa fa ri ol m K op t r i nc 'be us ng i or e tona t f nd t tBr nda Ra ze de ed hi g iva e r ga di r l a easir pe ii ' ofa he gre nc ha e vi e ni s 'e nc e r ng e e s r le ttve' not r iva e, wh ni a t al rie adfee t su . Do ke No. , 1 -4 Ho v r imae h v n e t cu ly as d if rn is e ( c t 1 p. 3 1 ) we e ,n t s a e o c nsi to al p oe tdrg t oag iv n ep o e t e S eAda v Rie 4 F.d7 , 5( t o tt in ly r tce ih t re a c r c dt . e u r ms . c , 0 3 2 7 4h Ci.1 9 ; a ma v. t,1 2F. u p. d5 4 5 2( . Va 2 0 ) Th rf r , r 9 4) Blc n Whie 1 S p 2 3 , 4 W D. . 0 0 . eeo e Ma xwel' al ga i r ga di de e nt 'alege f iur t pr ry pr es i tt i l ls le tons e r ng f nda s l d a l e o ope l oc s nsiutona gi nce aenotc za et r42 U. C.j1 3. s dee reva s r ogni bl mde S. 98 As uch, fndant'motonf s s i or ummay r j d me tmu tb ga t drg r i gte ecams u g n s e r ne e ad n h s li . B.Fii ofFa s Cha gesasReala i lng le r t iton Ma xwel alege t tde e ntR. W ila is d af l ec geag ns hi f usng l l s ha f nda C. li ms s ue a s har ai t m or i ga sg ( si i r Ofe eCode248) a rtlai f pli ifsus o t gre nce ng ins Dicplnay fns , s eaiton or antf e f he iva pr dur Pl ntf f rhe al ge t def nda sJW .Cmi o a C. St c i s af le oce e. ai if u t r le s hat e nt . c nd L. a y s ued a s cha geagans hi f pa tci tng ore our i ot r t pa tcpa ei wor soppa o a r i t m or ri pa i nc agng he s o ri i t n k t ge r goupdemonsrton( s plnayOfe eCode 1 ,as asrtlai f pli ifsus oft r tai Dici i r fns 28) lo eaiton or antf e he 4 gre nc pr e e.Pl i iff rhe a lgest tde e ntB. Coli aut i d bot f le iva e oc dur antf u t r le ha f nda D. lns horze h as ofe ec s f ns ode . Tos c donaj1983cam t tprs ofkil rtlaeda i thi a i t mus uc ee li ha ion t as eait gans m, n nmae t s w t thi e r ieofac tt i lrghtwa a s t nta f c o motva i t r t laor ho ha s xe c s onsiutona i s ubsa il a t r i tng he e ait y a ton.Se A dn s 40 F. a 75. ci e m , 3d t The i a e m us pr s ntm or t n co l or alega i nsof nm t t ee e ha nc us y l to r t iton by alegi f c ss eala i l ng a t howi t thi e r s ofaconsiu i rghtwa as t nta ng ha s xe cie tt tonal i s ubsa i l f c o m o i tngt r t la or a ton.See e. ,Ame i a Ci lLi ri Uni n v.W i o i o a t r tvai he e a it y c i , c. rc n vi be tes o cm c Co v,999F. 780,785( hCi.1 (ii M tHe t CivSc DititBoadof unt 2d 4t r 993) ctng . alhv t hool src r Ed ainv. ye 4 9U.. 7 , 8 ( 9 7 (e uiigp an ift s o 1 c usl eains i uc to Do l, 2 S 2 4 2 7 1 7 ) r q rn litf o h w & a a r lto hp a bewe nt p oe tde p e so a d ter tl t r a to ' W a n rv. he lr 1 F.d8 , t e he r tce x r sin n h eai o y cinl; c e W ee, 3 3 6 a 9 - (t Ci. 9 3 (a ) M eete o a p o i t'b t e t eimaesp oe tda tvt 0 91 4h r 1 9 ) s me. r i mp rl r xmiy' ewe n h n t' r tce ciiy t a t of i als a l ge y r t la or ac i n û ss m pl t sende a r d on w hi h t r t'a nd he fci ' le dl e a i t y to s i y oo l r ee i c o es' j1983rtlai cam.W ac r 1 F. a 91 eaiton li ne, 3 3d t .Maxwelhaspr ene noe denc outi of l es td vi e sde hi bad as e ton,t tt c r tld by t s def nda shad a hi t do wih t sl ws t s l s ri ha he ha ges ie he e e nt nyt ng o t hi a ui o wih a greva est thefl d.M a l make no c am t tR.C.W iln s C. St y, r t ny i nc ha ie xwe l s l i ha li m , L. ac JW .Ca i o B . . lnsw e e e n awa e t he w asf lng t l e ous'g i va e or . rco, r D Coli r ve r hat ii t m r ' r e nc s m g i va e r ga di t g oom i polcy o t GPP. Thus M a e l sa tm pt c ai f l r e nc s e r ng he r ng i r he , xw l' te ed l m ais unde bo h pa t oft co tt i sa r Fis,snc pl i ifhadno c tt to lrg t r t rs he nsiutonal t nda d. r t i e antf onsiu i na i ht o t ej i'g iva c p o e t e h su eo t p o e t ed dno c n ttt e e cs o a h al re n e r c dz , i s f he r c dl i t o siue x r ie f s r r c tt i l pr ec e rght Se ond, a onsiutonaly ot t d i . c M xwel f l t sa ea f c ss l ais o tt ny a t uggesi t tt tng ha he def nda s c le d a tonswe e i any wa motva e by hi gre nce . 1ne nota e e nt ' hal nge ci r ,n y, i t d s i va s ed cc pt a tuepli ifsconcus yas e ton t t co r r and ac am gr mde i not ngm or s r a ntf l or s ri o he nta y, l i ot d n hi e t a u u p re a srinso rtlaini s b e t os mmayj g n . h n ns p o td se t f eaito s u jc t u r ud me t o C. U nf i Di ci i r H e i a Appe a r s plna y arngs nd al M u we la lgest tdef nda sH. He l M .Co mt ,Gr y Holowa Ge g l le ha e nt R. nsey, t s egor l y, or e H i e a R . . a he vi a e hi Foure t A m e nkl nd C M t na ol t d s t en h ndm e r ghtt due pr s a hi Fi s nt i o oce s nd s r t Ame e rg t pe ii t gove n e f r dr s ofg ivanc sbe us he di notr e ve ndm nt i ht o tton he r m nt or e e s re e ca e d ec i af rdicplna y he rng o a al Spe t al M a l saest tHe l y f md hi g ly ai s i i r a i r ppe . cik ly, xwel t t ha nse ot m uit ofDicplna y Ofe e Code 1 a 248bas d o f lei or ton a i ufi i n e de s i i r f ns s 28 nd e n as nf mai nd ns fc e t vi nce. Pli iff rhe c am st t onr he i Count f antf u t r l i ha , e arng, s ound pl i ifguit ofDicplna y Ofe e antf ly s i i r f ns Code 1 ba e on i uf i i nte de e.Fi l M a el s a e t tH il e,H olow a a 28 s d ns fc e vi nc naly, xw l t t s ha rkl l y nd M ahe uphed t guit ve dit on bo h c r sba e on f s t tmony a e de e. t na l he ly r c s t ha ge s d ale esi nd vi nc Ma xwel cai t ta ar ul oft edicplnar c r a nzi , i silc i d t l l ms ha s es t hes s i i y ha ges nd lngs he s tl onfne o s gr ga i whieo he g oo i polc ofe r who r c ve ofens r po t we es ntt t e e ton, l t r r m ng iy f nde s e ei d f e e rs r e o he GPP uni. t To e t bls avi a i ofpr dtr lduepr s gua a ee by t Foure nt sa ih olton oce la oce s r nt d he te h Am e ndme ,a i t mus de nt n nma e t monsr e ade i to oflie lbe t o pr pe t ' tat prvai n ç f , i ry, r o ry'by l g ve n a a to . v rt v S t ,1 0F.d5 0 5 2 (t Ci.9 7 . h nt ep n s me t o mme tl cin Be e ai . mih 2 3 0 , 0 4 h r1 9 ) W e h u ih n doe no c us t orgi s ntnc t bee s t a e he i nal e e e o nhanc pr t c e i t r t wilbe ge r ly lmie ed, o e t d n e ess l ne al i td t fe m fom r tantt ti o r edo r esr i ha mpos aypi la sgnii a ha ds p on t i t i r a i es t ca nd i fc nt r hi he nma e n elton t t or nayi i nt ofprs lf Se Sa nv. o he di r ncde s ion ie. e, ndi Conne ,51 U. 472, 4( 995 ( di r 5 S. 48 1 ) hol ng t tdicplna y s r ga i di no pr e t t ofa y ca,sgnii antde i ton i whi ha s i i r eg e ton d t es nt he ype t pi l i fc prva i n ch asaemi h ce t alb ryitr s) a wel a alg dt tteds i iayr l sc u e tt g t r ae ie t ne e t.M x l h s l e ha h icpl r ui a s d e n ng hi t beco i d t s e ton,nse d ofr ma ni i t GPP lni.Howe r bec us t m o nfne o egr ga i i t a e i ng n he lt ve , a e he c tons ofs e ton do notpr s nta a ypi lha ds p oren nc hi s nt e, a ondii egr ga i e e n t ca r hi ha e s e enc M xwel l ha no lbe t i e es i beng i t GPP uni r t rt n i s gr ga i The ef e heha no s i ry nt r t n i n he t ahe ha n e e ton. r or , s f de aly pr e t d due pr es r ghthe e. e r l ot c e oc s i r M o eove ,M a r r xwel r ceve duepr s pr e tons Unde t sa r e t bls d i le i d oce s ot c i . r he t nda d sa ihe n W olfv. cDonnel, U. 539( 974) a i t i e ildt t f l ngduepr es ( ) f M l418 S. 1 , n nmae s ntte o he olowi oc s: 1 wrte n tc o tec a g sa la t we t-o r( 4 h u si a v n eo teh ai g ( )a itn oie f h h r e t e s t ny f u 2 ) o r n d a c f h e rn ; 2 m i t s a em e by t f c fnde s ast t e de e r le on a r as f di ci i r ten t t nt he a t i r o he vi nc e i d nd e ons or s plna y a ton;a ( t c lwine s sa pr e doc ntr e denc i hi defns when ci nd 3) o al t s e nd esnt ume a y vi e n s e e pe ti hi t do s wilno bet nnit ng m o o l t mdul ha a doust i tt i ls e y orc r c i lgoa s y zr o nsiutona aft or e tona l. I a 56 566. d. t 4Addii l t fndi ofaprs dici i r boa d mus bes tonaly, he i ngs ion s plna y r t uppored by t s mee i e c i ter c r , u e itn a t Hil47 U. 4 5 4 4 5 ( 98 ) a b ma e o v d n e n h e o d S p rne d n v. l, 2 S. 4 , 5 - 5 1 5 , nd e d b a i ril du iao . of, 8U.. t5 0 71 y n mpata a j dc tr W lf 41 S a 7 - . He e,M axweldoe nota l t thewasde e t rghtt c land c os - xn i r l s lege ha ni d he i o al r s e m ne wine s s a t d s plna y he rngr c d sa eshe s itd wine sr s f m s whih t s e , nd he ici i r a i e or tt ubm te t s eque t or , c we e dee m i r l nta r vi we ase de r tr ned eeva nd e e d vi nce.Addii ly,ar e oft r cor r fec s tona l eviw he e d e l t t tt dicplna y c r swe es ha he s i i r ha ge r upporedby s ee de . Reg di Dicplna y Of e e t om vi nce ar ng s i i r f ns Code 248,c r c i na ofk e W iln st tfedt theha a cea vi ofpli ifsa m sa ore to l t r lim esii ha d l r ew antf r nd ha andha bee ta ne t i ntf gang sg .Re r ng Dici i r Ofe eCode 1 a nds d n r i d o de iy i ns ga di s plna y f ns 28, c oft l te f md i pl n if scelby c r to lofi e St y c ane dieci f o opy he e tr ot n aitf l oreci na fc r ac ont i d r tons r m pli ifon how t c r outac di t ht rsrke Bas d o t f egoi M u we lhas antf o ary oor naed mge ti . e n he or ng, l no a lge a c tt i na vi a i i c t le d ny onsiuto l oltons n onne ton wih hi dicplna y he rngs a ci t s s i i r a i , nd d fn a t' to frs mmayj g n mus beg a tdr g r igt s cams ee d n s moin o u r ud me t t rn e e adn he e li . D.Vi ai n oft Ei h Am e olto he ght ndmen t Ma xwel alege t tt condii ofc i me i a nita i s r ton l l s ha he tons onfne nt n dmi sr tve eg ega i c tt ec ue a unus lpt s e t rt Ei ht Am e e .He saeshi onsiut r l nd ua mihm nt mde he g h ndm nt tt s a nita i s gr ton a o st E mii c to ofiol ton,c tntFis dmi sr tve e egai m unt o û tve ondii ns s ai onsa pt rt Ame ntde i ton(nd)mi sul s ilconne tons. ( ke No.1 p.1 M a l ndme prvai a nic e oca ci ' Doc t ' , 9) xwel ls st c tonsofc i me asf l :fvehour r r aton i i a e l ed r c e ton it he ondii onfne nt olows i s ec e i nsde n nc os e r a i a e non- ont tviis t cal m on hl t e s r a, c ac st , wo ls t y, hr e howe spe wee 24 hourlght on wih lght r r k, i s t i s di m e a ni ,1 books a m aga i s a one ne s pe a no t l vi i n o c lm a e . m d t ght 2 nd z ne nd w pa r nd e e s o r ons l bl s Healo saeshe i no pe te t at nd r lgi uss r i e a i pl c i ha ufsa 1 s tt s t nnitd o te e i o e v c s nd s a ed n ndc f nd eg ionse h tm e he i r m o d f om hi c l. r ac i s e ve r s el Sf eConsiu i n doe no m a t c f ra eprs ,butneiherdoe i pe mi t' -h tt to s t nda e om o tbl ions t st r t ih ma eo e . F r rv. ema ,5 1U. 8 5 8 2( 9 4 . eEih hAme me ts n u n n s' ame Brr n 1 S. 2 , 3 1 9 ) Th g t ' nd n ' pr bii on c e a unus lpl s ntr r t tprs ofi i spr dehum a ohi ton nll nd ua nihme equies ha ion fcal ovi ne c tonsofc ne ent Pr s ofi i sm us G tr t ti a esr ce ve a qua e f ondii ov m . i on t c al t t le ha nm t e i de t ood, ens c o hi s le , m edia c r ,a ..(a r ona e mea ur st gua a eet s ey of l t ng, het r and c l a e nd . t ke eas bl s e o r nt he af t teimae .'1 ( u tn Hud o v. ame , 6 U. 5 7 5 -7 ( 9 4 Th s ap an if h n ts' d.u o ic s n P l r 4 8 S. 1 , 262 1 8 :. u , litf ' mus d s rb a o j cieys ro d p iaino ab sch ma n e a dt t prs no fca t e c ie n be tv l eius e rv to f a i u n e d n ha a io fiil wa dei r t l i fe entt a i a e' heat ors t yt sa eavi a i oft Ei t s lbe a ey ndif r o n nm t s lh akt o t t olton he gh h Ame ndme t 1 a 834;Stiklrv.W ae s 98 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1 . lbeae n .d. t rc e tr, 9 2d 375, 379 4t r 993) Dei rt i fe e r quie asa ea t t ha bee pe s ly a r off c si c tng as t ntal ndif r nce e r s t t c or o ve n r ona l wa e a t ndi a i ubsa i rs ofs rousham,a t a t mus ha a t l r ogni dt e se eofs h ars la ik ei r nd he cor t ve cualy ec ze he xitnc uc ik.k. a 838.E elbe a ei fe e may bede onsr t d by eihe acua i t ntorr c e s t r i r t ndif r nce m ta e t r t l ne e kl s dse ad. Mite v. on, 9 F. 8 8 8 (t Ci.1 9 ) irg r ' lir Be r 8 6 2d 4 , 51 4 h r 9 0 . ' NoneofM a l' cli ssa eavi a i oft Ei ht Am e e .M a xwels a m t t olton he g h ndm nt xwel doe no l s t alg a ysg iia t h ia o e to a ij r rs l n fo a c alng dc n iin. e le e n i nfc n p ysc l r moin ln u y e ut g r m ny h l e o dto S e i e S rc e, 9F.da 1 81(e urn a imaet pr d ee d n eo asro so sg i n tiklr 98 2 t 3 rq iig n n t o o uc vie c f e iu r i nt t ka p y ia o e to a ij r rs ligfo t ec le g dc ndto st s c e do a Eihh h sc l r moin ln u y e utn r m h haln e o i n o u c e n n g t i Ame d n cam) Plitf as d e n t l g a o j cieys ro d p iaino ab sc n me t li . anif lo o s o al e n b e tv l eius e rv to f a i e hum a ne d. A c r ngl M u w el f l t sa e a vi a i oft Ei h A m e n e co di y, l ais o t t ol ton he ght ndm e a nt nd d fn a t'mo inf rsl r j d me t s b g a tdr g r i t e ecams ee d n s to o l mmay u g n mu t e rn e e adng h s li . E.Fr e Exe cieofRe i o t rRLUI e r s lgi n mde PA M a e lc ai st tdef nda s a tons i de ng hi a e m pton f om O P 864. xw l l m ha e nt ' c i n nyi m n xe i r 1 a c i ng hi t s r ton f vi ai oft polcyvi a e hi rghtt t f e e r ie nd ontni m o eg ega i or ol ton he i olt d s i o he r e xe c s ofhi r lgi underRLUI .M u wel sat t c i mentt s r ga i pr l s e i on PA l t es hat onfne o eg e ton ecudeshi m fom pr cii hi rlgi i l nggr pprye .RIUI pr de t tdl ogove n nt r a tcng s ei on,ncudi ou a r , PA ovi s ha tnl r me s li ha l mpos as t nta btr n on t r lgi e r ieofape s r sdi i orc i d t e ubsa il lde he ei ous xe c s r on e i ng n ontne o ani tmton ...e ni t bur n rs t fom ar l ofge r la i biiy, 42U. C.j nsi i ve f he de e uls r ue ne a pplca lt ' ' S. 20 0 c 1a,mls i d mo srtsta,h b r e : 1 i i f rh r n eo ac mpel g 0 c - () t e s t e n tae h t te u d n û ) s n u te a c f o li ( n g v rme tl nee t a d ( )i t ela t e titv me nso f rh rngt a o e n n a itr s; n 2 s h e s r srcie a f u tei h t c mp ligg v nu n a itrs. I ; v lc v. e 4 2F.d 1 4 1 9( t Ci. 0 6 . o el o e ne tl ne et' d.Lo ea e Le , 7 3 7 , 8 4h r 2 0 ) n ' Thus t sat aprma f ci ca eunde RLUI M a l mus de onsr et tt c l d ,o t e i a e s r PA, xwe l t m tat ha he halenge pr c i s t ntal bur nshi e r ie o r lgi l he i s e s ul t bur n of a tce ubsa i ly de s xe c s f ei on. f s ucc s f , he de pe s son s fst t gove nmentt pr vet tt bur n on r i o e r s i t l s r ua i hit o he r o o ha he de elgi us xe cie s he ea t r ti tvem e nsoff t i acompeli sae i e e t W hieCongr s m a t t t esrci a urherng lng t t nt r s . l e s nda ed ha RLUI bec t e in fvorofbr dpr e tonofrlgi execie'42U. C.j2000c PA onsnzd û a i oa otci ei ous r s ,' S. c3( ,t Supr meCot'hasalo deemi dt tlwma r i e g) he e ut s tr ne ha a kes ntndedc t t t ppl ours o i y a RLUI Ssa dad wihd ed frnc t tee p re c a de p rieo prs na dj i PA' tn r s t u eee e o h x ein e n x e ts f io n al a miitao s'Cu trv. ikn o , 4 U. 7 9 7 3( 0 5 . d n srt r. te W l is n 5 4 S. 0 , 2 2 0 ) ' Forpur e oft sm o i Ias um et tt g oomi polcy,whih co i M a l pos s hi ton, s ha he r ng i c nfnes xwe l t s r to wihoutpe m iso t a tndr lgi s r c f hi r f s lt c hi har o eg egai n t r s i n o te ei ous e vies or s e u a o ut s i, s t nta l btr nst M a l' r i ousbei f .Def nda ssae i t rm e a um i ubsa ily lde he xwe ls elgi le s e nt t t n hei mor nd n s p o t fd f n a t' to frsl r j d me tt tlth VDOC d e n tc n ett tt u p r o ee d n s moin o l mma y u g n ha,t l e l o s o o ts ha is a to p a eas b tn il ur e o Plitf sr lgo se ecs . ( c t 2 ) Thi cins lc u sa ta b d n n anif eii u x r ie' Do ke No. 6 ' s postoni s ii s upporedby smia c es See e. , hv.J be,679F. 1 200( hCi. t i lr as . , g.Couc a 3d 97, 4t r 20 2 ( o ld n t a plcngaprs n ri s g e ainf rar lgo sy moi t dvilto o 1 ) c ncu i g h t a i io e n e rg to o eiiu l- tvae oain f VDOC'gr ngpolc co tt e as tnta bur nunde RLUI .Theei no dipue S oomi iy nsiuts ubsa il de r PA) r s s t aboutt r lgi m otva i f M a el' r f a t c hi ha r a de e nt ha not he e i ous i ton or xw ls e us l o ut s i nd f nda s ve que tonedM a si xwel' snc iy. r o e lc udet tM a l hassaed aprm af i ls i ert The ef r , oncl ha xwel tt i ace CaSC. ()Compelng Stt I ees 1 li ae ntr t Thebur n ofpe s son now s fst t de e nt t s de rua i hit o he f nda s o how t tOP 86 1i s ha 4. s uppo td re by a c ompeli sae i e e tpur ue by t l a tr titvem e ns l Couch,t Fourh lng t t nt r s s d he e s esrc i a . n he t Cic tr c nty concuded t tOP 86 . 14s ife t RLUI c r ui e e l l ha 4 at s i d he PA ompe lng sa ei e es t t li tt nt r t es bec us t pr f r e a ton C nne t d t Polc sr titonst s ii heat a a e he ofe ed xpl na i ç co c e he iy' esrc i o pecfc lh nd s c ziy c e ns a s e t tt e c e lr t onc r nd how d ha hos once ns a e f rhe e by t Polc .' 679 F .3d a 202. r r u t rd he i y ' t 5 Thee a ton gi n by t de e nt i t pr e c s i l r l i ntca t t e anai xpl na i ve he f nda s n he es nt a e s a ge y de i l o he xpl ton pr de t t Fo t Cic ti Couc 679 F.d a 202.De e nt a gue t ha a ovi d o he urh r ui n h, 3 t f nda s r hey ve co li gove nme a i er s i pr otng s ey,s c liy, lh,s nia i a mpe lng r nt l nt e t n om i af t e trt heat a t ton nd esabls ngunior gr i sa r f ofe r : t ihi f m oom ng tnda ds or f nde s The VDOC i e e ed isgr i polc t f c lt t t i ntt ai ofofe s mplm nt t oom ng iy o a iia e he de ik ton f nder , t pr m ot s ey,s tiy,s nia i andt esa ih unior gr i sa r f r o o e af t ecu t a tton, o t bls f m oom ng t nda ds o ofe si VDOC f iii s A lowi ofe r t ha harsylst tdo notc f nder n aclte . l ng f nde s o ve i t e ha ompl y wih t spolc pos sas curt rs f o he i t sa saf be aus ofe r ca t hi iy e e iy ik or t r nma e nd t f c e f nde s n us ce t n ha r t est hi co r ba i udi w e ponsor o he ie spr bie i e rai i s yl o de nt a nd, ncl ng a t r tm ohi t d n V D OC f iii s Le tt r gul t i a esca a s us t i ha rt i ntf w ih ga , ac lt e . f m e a ed, nm t n l o e he r i o de iy t ngs whih pos a s urt rs ort quikl c ng a ar nce t l t bengve y c es ec iy ik, o c y ha e ppe a ; he ater i r i pora i t e m tnt n he ventofa a tmpt d oracuales ape. t r e, heheat a n te e t c Furhe mor t lh nd s f t ofi aesi i r s d by pr o i be trhygine. a e y nm t s nc ea e om tng te e ( c e No. , p.1 - 7 1tn t tOP 8 4 1srq ie n ta p io e sete c t h i har Do k t 26 p 6 1 ) i d ha 6 . ' e urme t h t rs n r i r u t er i h t a c r a n l ngt a s yl orbe hous d i s gr ga i s ts i t RLU I c peli s a e o e t i e h nd t e, e n e e ton, a i fes he PA om lng t t itr s ts. S eCo c , 9F.da 2 2ctngJ v v. mi 5 2F.d41 , 6( dCi. 0 9 n ee t et e u h 67 3 t 0 ii o a S t 8 3 0 41 2 r 2 0 ) h, (i igac mp ligitr s b s do E fi a isa de l bt whc s o dt t h fndn o eln n ee t a e n c fd vt n xz is ih h we ha t e a i r srcin i osd . . r j siidb po ru s c rt a d a mi srtv itrss'; lo e tito s mp e . we e u tfe y we f l e u iy n d nitaie ne e t' as ' l 4vDOC' polc ha bee r s dwih r r t be r lngt snc t Couc de son, howeve ,a or ng t t s iy s n evie t egad o a d e h i e he h cii r cc di o he defndant,t polc hasno bee c nge wih r ga dt harlngt andsylspemitd.Thus t r son doe e s he iy t n ha d t e r o i e h t e r te , he evii s notaf c t compelngsaei e e ttndi fe t he li tt ntr s i ng. 5I Co , t peii rwa c lengi apolc whih pr bie hi fom gr ng abead,notrgar nghar n uch he ttone s hal ng iy c ohi td m r owi r e di i lngh.Howeve ,hecompelng saeit r ta yssr r ngt g oom i polc i vit l i ial e t rt li tt n ees nal i ega di he r ng iy s rualy dentc . 10 ctn De o sv. an 6 6F.d 1 5 1 3 5 (t Ci. 01 )( e clim)(i dn n ce r iig M s Cri , 3 3 4 , 5 - 4 5h r 2 1 p r t n fn ig o la r e r i dititc tsc l i a be h ti lt tgr i polc f rhe e c ror n src our' oncuson t nc ra ha oom ng i y u t r d ompe lng li i er sswihi aprs n ba e on s c iy conc r s h asea y i ntt a i ga afii ton, nt e t t n io s d e urt e ns uc s de ik ton, ng tlai a t a lt t c ea c rba wihi abead) nd he biiy o onc l onta nd t n r. ( Le tRetitveM e ns 2) as srci a Theprs ofi i smus alo e tbls t tt g oomi polcy' pr sonsr ga di ion fcal t s sa ih ha he r ng i s ovii e r ng harl ngt and s r ga i f vi a or a et l s r srci mea off t rng t i e h eg e ton or olt s r he ea t e ti tve ns urhe i he c mp li g v r me à litrssta te ie tf S e4 U.. j2 0 c - ()2 .I o el o e n n ne e t h t h y d n iy. e 2 SC. 0 0 c 1a( ) û PA ng RLUI a sa...src s nzi ' t r Lo l e, 2 F. a 1 n. s e a s Vii Chtr v. dopt tit c tny'snnda d. veac 47 3d t 98 8; e lo son tch Vilo Lo Gr v , 8F.d 9 5 9 6(t Ci. 0 )(RLUI p o i e s ta, fafcal l. f nc o e 46 3 7 , 9 7h r 20 6 ' I PA r v d gl h t i a ily ne ta 1w . .mp s sas b tn ilb r e o rlg o ii s be t osrc s rzn ' . ur la . i o e u sa ta u d n n eiin,t s u j c t tit ctiy.) t ' Howe r RLUI wa noti e dt t e t ac m moda i ofr i i obs va s ve , PA s nt nde o t va e co el ton elg ous er nce ove a i tt i sne d t mai ai or rand s ey. Cute ,544 U. a 722.Love a e, r n nsiuton' e o nt n de af t ' tr ' S. t , l c 472 F. a 1 The Supr m eCo tha not t tis lde ii nsi c t t ta a comm odai 3d t 90. e ur s ed ha t ' i c so ndia e ha n c ton mus bem e sze s t ti doe notove rdeot rsgnii a i e ess'a t r by nm a oulof t a lr d o ha t s ri he i fc nt nt r t' nd he e f t Esa ihme Clus 4. Theeor i a yzi whehe apa tc a r ultoni t he tbls nt a e.L rf e,n nal ng t r riulr eg ai s he las r src i m e nsoff rhe i t g nme ' c e t e titve a u t rng he over nts ompeli s urt i e e t t r vi wi lng ec iy nt r s ,he e e ng c u t ta odt u t u igis u g n i p a eo t ee ein ea de pets o p io o r mus v i t bsi tn t j d me t n lc f h xp re c n x rie f rs n s t o fcas'Ho v na rv. z r f, 2 F.d3 6 3 0( t Ci. 0 6 (t c n uci ga a lss fiil. e e a La ao f 4 2 3 6 , 7 6h r 2 0 ) &n o d tn n nay i ' 1 ofwhe he t r gul ton i i s wast l s r srci mea off t rng t gove n e ' t r he e ai n s ue he ea t e ti tve ns urhe i he r m nts c mp l n s cliyitr s,h d src c u t i j s wh t h S p e Co r a dCo g e s o el g e t t n ee tt e itit o r d d u t a t e u rme u t n n rs i r ha wn n a i t s tt i isj ve r ed gans: ubsiutng t udgme i plceoft e re a e rieofprs nt n a he xpeince nd xpe ts ion ofkil. M orover prs a nitaor donotha t r uee r conc i bl opto t t as' ). e , ion dmi srt s ve o ef t vey eva e in o stsyt las rsrci me nspr of( PAI Hmnit v.Sc io,7 F. 15 1556 aif he e t etitve a ong RLUI . lon hrr 4 3d 45, ( hCi.996)(ppl ngRFRAI ac r Sprt v. 1De tofCor.48 F. 33, n.11( t 8t r1 a yi ; co d a t R.. p' r, 2 3d 41 1s 11 Ci. 0 7 (u g si t a Eome t h la t etitveme nsts, rs n a mi srt r r 2 0 ) s g e t h t c e t e e s r srci ng t a e tp io d nitao s g n r l o h t e plr a lats meatm ai e , n t i rj cin s o l g n r l b e eal ug t o x o e t e s o l tv s a d her ee to h u d e eal e y e y a c mp n e b s meme s r ofe pa ai n'(p yn RLUI ; e as Co c , 7 F.d c o a id y o a u e x ln to ' a plig ) PA) s e lo u h 6 9 3 a 203( c tsaedi te r dt tt govenme , nsse wiht RLUI sauor t The our tt tt quie ha he r ntco itnt t he r PA ttt y s me,a knowl a gi s c i rtont l sr titve atr tve . che c edge nd ve ome onsde ai o es esrci lenai s' ). Ma xwel do no s l es t ugge ta at m a i t t gr i polc ot rt n a ki t s ny le tve o he oom ng i y, he ha s ng he c u to a ij n to t tmme itl so t ee fr e n o (h g o migp lc )a a pl d o r f r n nu cin o l daey tp h n o c me t f t e r o n oiy s p i i e t t plitf. ( o he anif' Docke No.1 pp. , ) De e nt ase tt tt VDOC' gool ngpolc ' t , 21 25 f nda s sr ha he S r hi iy i t la tr titvem e nsa ia et f rhe t go r ntsc s he e s esrc i a val bl o u t r he ve nme ' ompelng sa ei e es i li t t nt r t n pr m otng s ey,s c iy, at a s nia i and i e tbls ng t ior g oom i sa ds o i af t e urt he lh nd a tton n sa ihi m f m r ng tndar f rofe r . I Rag a v. o f nde s n l nd Ance o t VDOC gr l ne he oomi polcy r ga di harlngt a ng i e r ng i e h nd syl a t s gr ton ofvi aor ,wa u l i t f c ofac lngeunde RLUI t e nd he e egai ol t s s phed n he a e hale r PA. 420 F.u p.d5 7( . Va 2 0 )( r , ., f d Ra ln v. wel 1 3Fe Ap x. 8(t s p z 0 W D. . 0 6 Tu k J) af , ca d Po l, 9 d. p 21 4h Ci. 0 6 (mp b ih d , e td n e ,Ra ln v. o l,1 7S. . 8 7( ac 2 , 0 7 . r 2 0 ) t u ls e ) c r. e id ca d P wel 2 Ct 1 7 M rh 6 2 0 ) Si lrt M a mia o xwel,hepl ntf i Raclnd wa oft Ra t a in r lgi Nya ng Or r l t ai if n a s he saf ra ei on, hbi hi de , a r f s d t c hi har r uli i hi a sgnm e t s r ga i 1 a 51 Att ttme, nd e u e o ut s i, es tng n s s i nt o eg e ton. d. t 0. ha i t GPP had no ye be n i tt ed a t VDOC g oomi polc pr vi d t ti t who he t t e nsiut nd he r ng iy o de ha nma es r f s d t co pl r e u e o m y emai d a sg dt s gr ton un i f lc ne s i ne o e egai tl ul ompla e.6 Thec t no i inc our, tng t tRa a r t ne hi rghtt pr c i hi r lgi usbeleft thi harand be r no becu , ha glnd eai d s i o a tce s e i o i ha s i ad t t 6Subs que t t decson i Racl , i Se e r201 t VDOC devel t GPP t mai ai gr ng e nt o he ii n and n ptmbe 0,he oped he o nt n oomi polc vi aor i as cur e r iy olt s n e e nvionme wihoutalt r tito ofs gr ga i sat .Howe r e r it t nt t 1 he esrcins e e ton t us ve , nty n o he pr a i notguaante o i tntneous Ofe r whovi aeOP 8 1aeplce i o s gr gai f one ogr m s r e d, r nsa a . f nde s olt 64. r a d nt e e ton or ye r whe et i be ori m onior a t rsa'si r ewe e r 90 da .Att endoft yea,i a a , r her havi s t ed nd hei tt s evi d vey u ys he he r f n ofende silr f e t c f r tl e us s o ompl wih t gr ngpolc butha conssenty c y t he oomi iy, s it l omple wihot rprs r esa id t he ion ul nd rgultons t ofe rm aybepl edit GPP.Defnda ssaet tt one- rs e ton pe i tsst e a i , he f nde ac n o e nt tt ha he yea egrga i rod e t he snce iy ofprs ' belef a c t i t cos ofnmni t GPP pod,whih r quiese r s cziy.W hie i rt ioners i s nd on ans he t ng he c e r xta e lrt l Ragl doe nota e st one- a s gr gai perod,i doe hol t tprs r whovi aet gr ng and s ddr s he ye r e e ton i t s d ha ione s olt he oomi polc ma behed i s grga in i f tl Thus als r srci opto ofale nai housngf rgr ng iy y l n e e to nde miey. , e s e titve in tr tve i o oomi polc vi aor woul ce ti y pas c tttonalmuse .M or r pl ntf doesnots cii ly c le t iy olt s d ranl s onsiu i tr eove , ai if pe fcal halnge he oneye rwaii pe i unde RLUI Hi Equa Pr t toncli r ga di e r i ot GPP i addr s - a tng rod r PA. s l oeci am e r ng nty nt he s esed beow. l ç ee ld t p io o fcas j d me tn ca t g sg e ainr srcinss a t c n r l s t fre ) o rs n fiil'u g n i rfi e rg t etito o s o o to a d n o efe tvey a pos i et difc ts r ga i popul to ' l a 51 M a l,durng hi f c i l s sbl he fi ul eg e ton ai n.' d. t 9. xwel i s en iepe i wih t VDOC snce2001, alo notbee f c t c hi har tr rod t he i has s n or ed o ut s i. l t i t tc e,be n he nsan as yond sm pl as ng f ra l xe i 'fom t gr i y ki o n G mpton' r he oomi polcy, e ng i pl i ifdoe notdes rbeany ma ri whih VDOC c d e pthi fom t polc bas d antf s ci nne n c oul xce m r he i y, e on hi r i o belef,wihouti u rng a tona s trt rs .M or r de enda sha s elgi us i s t nc r i ddii l ecliy iks eove , f nt ve e ane t t n o ot rrs ,a l ng ofe r t ha ha rt est tdo notc xpli d ha , m ng he iks lowi f nde s o ve isyl ha ompl w ih y t OP 86 1al wst m t hi c r ba i l ng we ponsa c nget ra 4. lo he o de onta nd, ncudi a nd ha hei ppea a r nce q iky whihp e as c rt rs i t ee e to e c pe ( c e No 2 - , f R. ah n ) uc l, c os s e u iy ik n h v n f sa . Do k t . 6 1 Af. M t e a Thepr vii oft g oo i polcywhi h def nt ha e o ce agans M a o sons he r m ng i c enda s ve nf r d i t xwel,t the l ha wilbehous d i s gr ton unl she c shi ha r ha bee uphel Thus 1fndt tt e l e n e ega i es ut s i, ve n d. , i ha hes pr sonsoft gr ovii he oomi polc a et l s r titvem e nsoff rhe i t co pe lng ng iy r he ea t esrc i a ' t rng he m li u gove nm ent li er s s i i i d. r a nt e t dentf e Fo t e er a o s 1fn d fnd n s moin frsl r j dg n s ul b g a t d r h s e s n , id ee a t' to o l mmay u me t ho d e r ne r ga di pl ntf sRLUI c am s e r ng ai if PA l i . F. Fr Exe c s ofRe i on undert Fis Am e ee r ie lgi he r t ndme nt M a l a s r s sc am schal ngi t gr i polc on Fis Am e xwe l lo aie l i le ng he oom ng iy rt ndmen t gr ounds l c . n ompa ion t RIUI Ssrc s r tn sn r t co ta i a t a i l rs o - PA' tit c u iy t nda d, he ur pples t tona r m e ns' e twhen e l tng Fis Amendme Fr eExe c s c am s Unde t st t t a 't s va ua i rt nt e r ie l i . r hi es, he gove m e be r t bur n ofde onsr tng onl t tt r a i i t e ona y r aed t m nt a s he de m ta i y ha he egulton s i as bl elt o r l tmaepe ogiali eess'Hi sv.S. Dep'ofCor.1 F. 353,358(t Ci.1 egii t nol c ntr t. ne ' C. t r, 48 3d 4h r 998) (ii O' nev Esae( S a a z 4 2U. 3 , 5 - 3( 9 7 Th si als d ma ig ctnc Lo . tt l h b z , 8 S. 42 3 0 5 1 8 :. i s e s e ndn f sa t ndar t n RLUI .Ther f e, ft gr i polc s v ve s nzi unde RLU I ,i d ha PA e or i he oom ng i y ur i s c tny r PA t ne s arl al o pas e m us e unde t Fis Am e ce s iy s ss tr r he r t ndm e ' r tonalm e ns t t See Cha l s v. nt s a i a es . re Frn ,1 Fe . px6 4, 3 (t Ci. 0 4 ; e as Lo ea e 47 F.da 1 920 ( g h n k 01 d Ap ' 3 6 5 7h r 2 0 ) s e lo v lc , 2 3 t 9 - 0 :T) e ( 13 Fis Ame rt ndme afo dsls pr tci t i e' fe e r s rght t ndoesRLUI ' . nt f r e s oe ton o nmat s ' e xecie i s ha r PA.' ) Be aus 1fnd t tVDOC' gr c e i ha S oomi polc s ts isRIUI ' src s r tny sa r Ia s ng iy a ife - PA S tit c u i t nda d, lo fnd i s ts i s r tny unde t Fi s A m e en . c or ngl lgr ntt de e i t a i fes c u i r he r t ndm t A c di y, a he f ndan s'm oton t i f rs mmayj d me to t scam a wel o u r u g n n hi li s l. G.Eq lPr ec i Cl i Re r ngAcc s t Gr dua e Prvie Pr n ua ot ton am ga di e s o a t d i l ge ogr m Ma xwel al ge de e nt de e hi a es t t GPP a Kee M o mt i Core tona l le s f nda s nid m cc s o he t n t an rci l Ce e a W alensRi i vi ai n ofhi Equa Pr e ton rg s nt r nd l dge n olto s l ot c i i ht .TheEqua Pr e ton l ot c i Clus oft Foure nt Ame e pr dest a sat m a notG nyt a pe s wihi a e he te h ndm nt ovi hat t e y l de o ny r on t n i ju s ito t ee u l r tcino t lws'U.. n t n n XI j 1 tl eEq a t tid cin h q a p o e to f he a . S Co s. me d. V, .t- u l s ' -h Pr e to Clus ...i e s ntal a dieci t ta 1pe s sm ia l st t d s ul be ot c in a e s s e i ly r ton ha 1 r ons i l ry iua e ho d te tdai 'CivofClbt nev.Clbur Li ngCt.473U. 432,439( 985) Syl aDe rae lke. t ' e u' e ne vi r, S. 1 ; vi v. Co p v. le t t , F.d81 ,8 8(t Ci. 9 ) Tos c e o t i cam, a wel r . Cav r Cny.48 3 0 1 4h r 1 95 . uc e d n h s li M x l tt ttr tde smus i s monsr t t theha be n te t d dif r nty fom o he swih whom hei ta e ha s e r a e fe e l r t r t s sm ia l st t a t tt t qualteam e wast r s tofi e i lorpur e u i l ry iuaed nd ha he me r t nt he e ul ntntona pos f l dic i i ton. I hem a t ss s rm na i ' f kes hi howi Eheco tpr ee t de e m i whehe t dipa iy ng, t ur oc ds o t r ne t r he s rt i te t n c nb j tfe u d rt rq ii lv l fs r t .'Ve e v. v h , 9 F.d n rame t a e usiid n e he e u st e e o cui ' n v W c e 2 3 3 e ny ' 7 6 7 0 31(t Ci. 0 )(u tn M o rs nv. ra h v 2 9F.d6 8 6 4( t Ci. 0 ). 2 , 3 - 4 h r 20 2 g o ic rio Gar g t , 3 3 4 , 5 4h r 2 01) I a prs c e ,hi lvelofs r tny i û t rt dipa a ete t nti te onabl n ion ont xt t s e c u i s ç he he s r t r a me s r as whe y r ltdt (n )lgt t p n l gc l nee t.'Ve e , 9 F.da 7 2( u tn S a v. eae o a y e ii e e o o ia itr ss' n v 2 3 3 t 3 q o ic h w ma ' Mu p v 5 2U. 2 3 2 5( 0 :. r h , 3 S. 2 , 2 2 01 A1 t ts l ha uppo t M a e l sEqua Pr e ton c a m i hi t s t nta ed a s ri n t t r s xw l' l ot c i l i s s m ubs a i t s e to ha VDOC o t i l,i l ng de e nt Clr Pa ks Hi e, l y,Zook,Coli a fk as nc udi f nda s a ke, r , nkl Holowa lns nd Fa rs a edic i nai a ns hi .M a l cai st t:af w i tt i 'ta f r e OP r i, r s rmi tng gai t m xwel l m ha & e nsiutons' r nse r d 864. ofende st t G PP i N o m be 201 how e r des t hi r pea e r 1 f r o he n ve r 0; ve , pie s e t d eque t t be ss o pl ce i t GPP whe i be n i 201 he w asnotpl ce i t pr nm untlFe u r 201 a d n he n t ga n 0, a d n he ogr i br a y 2. 1 4 Ma xwel alo cai st the Essilc i d t s r ton whie o he 8 1ofe r whom l s l m ha s tl ontne o eg ega i i l t r 64. f nde s r c i ofe erpo t wa s tt t 8 1GPPuni. ( ke No.1 p.18 Hedoesnot e eve fns e rs s en o he 64. t' Doc t ' , ) i ntf t e al ge ot rofe r ,orpr de a de al r r ng t i dicplnar c r , de iy hes le d he f nde s ovi ny t is ega di he r s i i y ha ges b y n sai gt e we ep a e i teGPP u it mo t a tra$ 3 o fn e' ( k t e o d ttn h y r lc d n h nt wo nhs fe : 3 fe s . Doc e No. 1 ' 31 M a lhasofeednoe de e,saitca orot r s ,t s t thei smial ) xwel fr vi nc ttsi l hewie o how ha s i lry st t t t ofe r ta f re i Novembe 201 ort eprs r cu r nty i t GPP, iuaed o he f nde s r ns e r d n r 0, hos ione s r e l n he o t t ic i nain mo iae hse cu info t ep o rm. a i s mmayj d me t r ha d srmi to tv ts i x lso r m h r g n To vod u r u g n , M a l mus s tf rh Es ii non- ncus y f c ua al ga i t tesabls i ope xwe l t e o t tpecfc, co l or a t l le tons ha t ih mpr r moi 'W iln v. ns n,326F. 569,58 ( hCi. tve. lims Ha e ' 3d 4 4t r 2003) seas W hiev.Boyl 538 ; e lo t e, F.d 1 7 ,1 7 ( t Ci.1 7 )(o cu o yalg to i u fce tt a od s mmay 2 0 7 0 9 4h r 9 6 c n ls r le ains ns fiin o v i u r j g n) I de d tee d n ei ta M a welwa plc di t GP h usn t t nFe r a y ud me t.n e ,h vie c s h t x l s a e n he P o ig mio b u r 8, 2, r her m aned f t mont bef ebei f 201 whe e e i or wo hs or ng ound guit ofdi cplnmy c r ly si i ha ges t tr ule i hi r movalfom t GPP a ta frt Re Onin.( ha es td n s e r he nd rnse o d o Docke No. p.8 Due t 26, ) t awe ponsc r whie a Re Oni M a l i notc r nty ei bl t pa tci t i t o a ha ge l t d on, xwe l s ur e l lgi e o ri pa e n he GPP.Howe r hewilbe e ua e a hi l tmtonalCl s ii a i Aut rt hemi whi ve , l val t d t s nsi i a sfc ton ho iy ng, ch tk splc e e y9 d y , o f tl e tyit t ep o r m.( c e No 2 , 389 Be a s a e a e v r 0 a s f r ut e n r no h r g n Do k t . 6 p. ,,) c u e r M a l hass il not ng m o et n c l or al ga i r ga di dic i nai Iwil xwe l ubm ted hi r ha onc us y le tons e r ng s rmi ton, l g a tted fn a t' to f rs rn h ee d n s mo in o ummmyj dg n o hi Eq a P oe to cam . u me t n s u l r tcin li H .DuePr es Cl m Rega di Acc st t GPP oc s ai r ng es o he M a el cl i st tde e nt 'a bir r applca i ofOP 864. vi a eshi due xw l a m ha f nda s r t a y i ton 1 ol t s pr s rg s tm posng aypiala sg t a har hi i r l ton t t or na y i de s oce s i ht ,t i i t c nd i nik nt ds ps n e ai o he di r nci nt o p io lf . ( c e No. , 1 ) Ose i l, a wel te t t i v k d ep o e s f rs n ie' Do k t 1 p. 9 tnsby M x l atmp s o n o e u r c s ' pr e tonsa f de by t Fouree h Am e e ,buthema no sa ea c am by r l ng on ot c i for d he t nt ndm nt y t tt li eyi btzz ds lbel,o c l ins BelAt.Cor v. l wor ,a s r oncuso . l l p. Twombl 550U. 544,555( y, S. 2007) . M or ve ,whe a def nda i l uly co c e a co i d t prs he l e a s gni i a eo r n e nt s awf l nvi t d nd ntne o i on, os s i f c nt 15 i ees i hi lbet f t pei oft sntnce. sonv. vl ,946 F. 3 3 ( hCi. ntr t n s i ry or he rod he e e Ga t Ta or 2d 40, 43 4t r 1 ) l t ha nopr e t lbet i ees i benghous di a pa tc arprs ori a 991 .nmaes ve otced i ry ntr t n i e n ny riul ion n p io wi ls r srciec n iins M e c l v. n , 2 U. 21 , 2 - 5( 9 6 (1 e rs n t e s etitv o dto . a hl Fa o 4 7 S. 5 2 4 2 1 7 )ç h m Th convi ton hass t i n l e i i he t de enda ' lbe t i e e tt em pow e t St t t ci ufk e ty xtngu s d he f nt s i ry nt r s o r he a e o c nfn hm i a y o isp io s' Tosaeacam ta h h sap oe td l e t itrs o i e i n n f t rs n . ). tt li h t e a r t ce i ry n ee t b r l t t l t r a nita i confne e ,a i ae mus fr tal gef c sde onsr tng e aed o ong-e m dmi sr tve i m nt n nm t t is le a t m ta i ta c n iinst wh c h i s b e ti t tc n i e n sau c n tt t a t t pc la d h t o d t o ih e s u j c n ha o fn me t tt s o siue n i y ia n o a sgnii a ha ds p on t i ae i r l ton t t or nmy i i nt ofprs n lf 'Sa n, i fc nt r hi he nm t n e ai o he di nc de s i o ie.' ndi 51 U. a 484.M a l hasnotal ge a f c sde 5 S. t xwe l le d ny a t monsr tng t s See e. , ve a i 1 ta i hi. , g.Be r t, 20 F. at503( di t ta nitai s gr to f sxmont wihve mi huma wat 3d hol ng ha dmi srtve e egain or i hs t r n; n se; foode t lt unbe r bl hea ;c d f l d oie ' , a a e t ol ood;dit c o hi lne ,a beddi l rpe i i ry l t ng, i ns nd ng; onge rods n c l noout i r cr a i ,no e ato lorr lgi s r c ;a l sf wasnots a ypi l el; sde e e ton' duc i na ei ous e vies nd es ood o t ca a t i s sg i a t r s i) S ndn 51 U. a 48 8 (o dn c t da ca st to s o mpo e infc n had hp ; a i, 5 S. t 6- 7 h l ig uso il lsi ins ka d n t r aeamao d su to i ap io e ' e vio me t.Tot ee tn plitf alg sta o o ce t j r ir p in n rs n rs n r n n ) h x e t anif le e h t hi pl e ti s r ga i vi a e hi f de alduepr es rght,hi alegai nsa ewihout s ac men n eg e ton olt s s e r oc s i s s l to r t mei.Th , wil rn t ed fn a t'moi nf rsl r j d me to M a welsd e rt us l l g a t h e e d n s to o l mma y u g n n x l' u pr es c a m . oc s l i 11 1. Conc uson l i Fo t er a o sae a o e 1g a thed f n a t' t n frsl r j d me to a1 r h e s ns ttd b v , rn t ee d n s moi o l o mma y u g n n 1 ofpl ntf cl i s ai i fs a m . The Clr oft Cour i diece t s nd co e oft sm e a l opi on a t e k he t s r td o e pis hi mor ndlm ni nd he a ompa ng or rt t pli if cc nyi de o he a ntf . EN TER : Thi - da ofJ ,201 s - y une 3. * Se rUnled St t D i t i tJ e ni t a es sr c udg
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