Olvera v. Alderete et al, No. 4:2010cv02127 - Document 16 (S.D. Tex. 2010)
Court Description: MEMORANDUM AND ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART 5 MOTION to Dismiss.(Signed by Judge Keith P Ellison) Parties notified.(sloewe)
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UNI TED STATE S D I STR I C O U RT CT SO U TH ERN DISTR I T O F TEX AS C H O U ST O N D IV I N SIO FM NCI SCO JAVI OLVEI ER W Pl nt f , ai i f CI I ACT I N N O . 10- vV L O 4: c 2127 V. SERG EA NT JUSTI A LD ERET E , N PO LI E CH I JO H N TO L LET T,a C EF nd T H E C I O F SEA LY ,TEU S, TY D ef endant . s M EM O R AN D UM A ND O R D ER Pe ng bef e t Cour i Dee nt' M oto t Dimis ( ndi or he t s fnda s in o s s Doc.No. 5 . Afe ) tr co i rng t pa tes flngs a 1r s es a r ple t r t a t a i bl lw,t nsde i he ri ' ii , 1 e pons nd e i s he eo, nd he pplca e a he Cour fnds t tDef nt 'm o i t dimis s ul be g a ed i pa ta de e i pa t ti ha enda s ton o s s ho d r nt n r nd nid n r wih u p eu ie t o t rj d c . BA C K G R O U ND Thi lws taie fom t ars ofFrncic J e Ol r (ç antf 'ordOl r' ,a s a ui rs s r he ret a s o avir vea ç i if $ vea' pl ) 1 ha y ve a s nga d n r i nt oft Ciy of Se l Te s o O c o r 29,2009. O n t tda , Ol r w a e ge i esde he t a y, xa , n t be s me wo k o t e fn e pai a j c n t hi ho e ( mpt ! 7)M r Ole a usd h s o r n h e c d to d a e t o s us . Co l. . . v r e i co mputrs ke s l a e i t bed oom ofhi hous ,t pl musc t tw a a bl whiehe e pea r , oc t d n he r s e o ay i ha s udi e l wor d on t pai (d.! 8. Mr Ol r l thome a las onc durng t day t go t t ke he to. 1 ) . vea ef t e t e i he o o he Olvera v. Alderete et al had r soef s i a t t bal (d. 9. Aferhert ne home hec i dwok r wa e tr or upples nd o he rk.1 ! ) t eur d , ontnue r Doc. 16 on hi pa i s to. 1nc nieigteRul 1 b()moint dimisteCo t c e t tefcu l le t nsi Plit fs I o sd rn h c 2()6 to o s s,h ur ac ps h a ta algai n ani o f c mpan a tu . a v Ck o l go , 7 F.d4 2 4 3 3 (t Ci. 0 ) Th ,h Co rp l rlv n o lit s re Frme . ' fAri tn 5 5 3 3 , 3 -4 5. r20 9. uste u t ul ee a t f y n h s fcsfo Plitf sOrgna Co litç mpt'( c No 1. at r m anif ii l mpan (t 1.) Do . . ) Co ' Dockets.Justia.com h W hieo hi pai M r Ol awasa oac d by Se ge ntJ tn Al r t (r efnda l n s to, . ver ppr he r a usi de ee d e nt Al r t ' t l r t ).(d.! 1 )Defnda Al r t t dM r Ol r t thewasr s ndi deee'or t deee' 1 As 0. e nt de ee ol . vea ha epo ng t a n ie c mpan a ake fr Mr Ol r ' ie tfc to (d 1 1 ,1 )Mr Ol eas o os o li t nd s d o . veas d n iiai n. 1 . ! 0 2. . v r ' w altwa l t d i i hi home,a oxi a ey fve f e a le s oca e nsde s ppr m t l i e t way fo whe e M r Ol r a rm r . ve a nd DefndantAl r t weesa ngon t pai (d. 1 )Ol r we i i hi ho t c lc e deee r tndi he to.1 ! 3. vea nt nsde s me o ole t hi ie tfc t n fo hi walt wh c wa l ig o t kthe c un e j s isd tepai s d n iiai rm s le, ih s yn n he i n o tr u t n ie h to o c do .I ! 1 1 )Dee ntAl r t f l d Ol r i i hi home t hOl r di not or (d. ! 3, 4. fnda de ee olowe ve a nsde s ,houg vea d pr dehi wih pemison t do s (#. Ol aphot a d Defnda Al eesa ng ovi m t r si o o. f ) ver ogrphe e nt dert tndi i i hi ho e s nce O l r beleve t t A l r t di not ha t a holt t e e hi ns de s m i ve a i d ha de e e d ve he ut i y o nt r s r sd nc .1 . 1 . Dee d nt d r t alg d ytl Ole at t beive Ole asc n u t e i e e (d ! 5) fn a Ale ee le e l o d v r ha he le d v r ' o d c co tt e %le phot rphy.'I ! 1 )Al r t obs r dac nofbe ro Ol r skic n nsiutd çlgal og a '(d. 6. de ee eve a i e n vea' the c u tra dar se Ole a h n c fn hm a dp tighm i t poiec r (d ! 1 ,1 . o n e n retd v r , a d ufi g i n utn i n he lc a. 1 . ! 7 8) Ol r alge t tot rpe e t pit esoft s e nt.(d.! 1 )Ol r alo vea le s ha he opl ook cur he e ve s I 9. vea s alege t tAl rt sae t the wa as phot rphi a vi a ng t e nt.(d. l s ha deee ttd ha s lo og a ng nd deotpi he ve s 1 4 W he Ol r a Al r t a rve a t Ciy of Seay polce sato Al r t a lgedl n ve a nd de ee ri d t he t l i t i n, de ee le y r ma ked,$ yo know wha lt lM e c ns whe t y g tl ud? ...No c nge c m i e r $ Do u t el xi a n he e o hi s on go pi hec eo... n'bef nc ulr Do t *****gwihme.'I !21) t '(d. . O l r w a s e nty c r d wih publc i oxi ton a l ve a s ubs que l ha ge t i nt ca i nd oud m usc of e e . i f ns s Ole awa a q i e o t e e c ag satraj r tilo J n r 1 2 0.He s b e u n l v r s c ut d f h s h r e fe u y ra n a uay 0, 01 t u s q e ty fld t i t ntlws t al gi t tAl r t Polc Chi fJ m Tolet,a t Ciy ofSe y ie he nsa a ui, le ng ha de ee, i e e ol l t nd he t al vi ae 42 U. C.j 1 by de i ng Ol r ofhi c tt ina rght a i tunlwf oltd S. 983 prvi ve a s onsiuto l i s gans a ul s a c a s i ur ,unl w f a r s a i prs nm e ,a m a i i pr ec i a c m it d e r h nd e z e a ul r e t nd m i o nt nd lc ous os uton, nd om tc 2 * va i s a e 1 w t r s D e e nt no m o t d s i s O l r ' c m pl i o t g ou t ti r ous t t a o t . f nda s w ve o i m s ve a s o a nt n he r nd ha t f ist s a e a cl i upon w hi h r le c n be gr nt d. al o tt am c ei f a a e I. I LEG A L STA ND AR D A c tm a dimi sa c our y s s ompli f çf iur t sa e a cai upon whih r le ca be ant or çal e o tt lm c e if n g a td. F D. CI P.1 b ( ) tl s r i aRul 1 ( )6 moin t d s s , c mplit rn e ' E R. V. 2()6 . i- u vve ' 'o e 2 b () t o imis a o an o ç does not ne d de a l d f c ual aleg tons ' but m us pr de t pl ntf ' gr e t ie a t l ai , t ovi he ai i f s ounds f or e ilm e t r le i udi f c ua a lga i t twhe as umed t be tue iaie arg t ntte nt o ei f ncl ng a t l le tons ha n s o r r s i ht o r l f bo etes e u ai 1ve.'Cu i irv T ylr 5 3F.d3 7, (t Ci. 00 )(iig ei a v h p c ltve e 1' vl e . a o , 0 3 9 401 5h r 2 7 ctn e ' l BelAt.Cop.v.Twombl 550 U. 5 5 ( :. Tha i,t c antmus c nt n l l r y S. 44, 55 2007 t s % ompli a t o ai s fci ntf c ua m a t r a ce ed a t ue t ç t t a c a m t r i ft ti pl usbl on is f c '' uf e a t l te , c pt s r , o s a e l i o ele ha s a i e t a e.' As c o v I b ,5 6 U. -- 1 9 S.Ct 1 37 9 9 ( 0 9 (uoi T mby,5 0 U. a h rf . q al 5 S. -, 2 . 9 ,1 4 2 0 ) q tng wo l 5 S. t 57 . A cli ha fca plusbiiy S n t pli ifpla f t lc e t tal t 0) am s a il a i lt ç whe he antf e ds acua ontnt ha lows he cou tt dr w t r s na e i e e e t tt def nda i la e f t m ic r o a he ea o bl nf r nc ha he e nt s i bl or he s onduc al ge ' t le d. ' 1 (ii Twombl 550 U. a 556) Theplusbiiy sa r i nota n t a d oba lt d. ctng y, S. t . a i lt tndad s ki o t biiy pr r quie e t' butas f m o e t n a s rpos i lt t ta def nda ha a e unlwf l e r m n ,' ks or r ha hee sbiiy ha e nt s ctd a uly. 1 A pladi nee notc an dea ld f cua al gai , m us s tf t m or t n da l d. e ng d ont i t ie a t l le tons but t e orh e ha d bes l a c l i ,a a f m uli r ia i oft ee e s of a ca e ofa in wilno do. nd oncusons nd or a c ect ton he lm nt us cto l t ' ' Twombl 55 U. a 555(iai omitd) y, 0 S. t ctton te . Uli t l t quesi f r t c tt de i i whehe t co pl i sa e a vald tma e y, he ton o he our o cde s t r he m ant tt s i c am whe vi we i t lg m os f vor bl t t pl i if The c tmus a ce welli n e d n he iht t a a e o he antf. our t c pt l pl ade f c s a t e but l l c l i a e not e il d t t s m e a s pton of t u h. e d a t s nz , ega onc us ons r ntte o he a s um i rt I al 1 S.Ct a 1 0 ( tton omitd) The c ts d notGçtan t fnd i ee e qb , 29 . t 95 ciai te . our houl tsri o i nfrnc s f vor bl t t pl i if ' or ç c pt t nc us y a l ga i ,unw a r nt deduc i ns or l gal a a e o he a nt fs'' ç ce co l or le tons a r a ed to , e 3 c n lso s' R2 I v sme t LDC v lis 4 F.d 6 8,6 2 ( t Ci.2 05 ( u tng o cu in .' ' n e t ns .Phil , 01 3 3 4 5h r 0 ) q oi p Sout andSe .Cor v. npieI s.Sol i s l ,365F. 353,362( h Ci. 4:.A ditit hl c p. I s r n uton , nc. 3d 5t r 200 src co t c n c i r t c e s of t pl a ngs i l ng a t c e s t r t as w e l a ur a ons de he ont nt he e di , nc udi ta hm nt he e o, l s doc e s at c d t t m o i i t y a e r e e ed i t pli ifs compl i a a e um nt ta he o he ton, f he r efr nc n he a ntf ant nd r ce rlt t cli .Coli v Mor St e De Wit ,224F. 496,499 (t Ci.2000) nta o he ams lns . gan anly an ter 3d 5h r . Furhe m or ,a Cour m a r e t m a t r of publc r c d w he dec di a m oton t dim i s t r e t y ef r o te s i e or n i ng i o s s. Chauhan v For aPlstc Cor ,21 F. 595,595 ( t Ci.2000) I tnty,t c t . mos a is p. 2 3d 5h r . mpora l he our s d not e l t t m e is of t a l ga i but m us s ts y is f onl t t pl i i f ha houl va ua e he rt he le ton, t a i f t el y ha a ntf s ade ua e y pl d a l ly cogni a e c a m .Unied St e c r l Rie v.St Luk ' Epi c pal q tl e ega l z bl l i t at s x c ly . es s o Hop. 35 F.d 3 0 3 6 ( t Ci.2 0 ) d to st d s s u d rRue 1 b ()aeve d s , 5 3 7 , 7 5h r 0 4 . d in o imis n e l 2()6 r iwe Mo wih difvorandaerr ygr ntd. Lo mandv.US Unwie I .565F.d 228,232 (t Ci. t sa r ael a e ' r ' r d, nc, 3 5h r 2009) ( tton o te ;Duke facg I en. L.. v.Na i e No.1- 2408,--F. ciai mitdl ry ntr , L C. pol,Cas 109- S p . d--, 01 W L 37 92 8( . Te S p . , 01 ) u p 2 -- 2 0 4 9 SD. x. e t 21 2 0 . Ad i o al,% e aplitf s e a p b i o fca u e ( e to 1 8 ,t d src dt n ly i n an if u s u lc fiil nd r S cin) 9 3 he itit i wh co tmus i itonheghtne pla ngbyt pl ntf. Morn v Caie,77F. 11 1 ( t ur t nss i e d e di he ai if' ' i . r 3d 6, 21 5h Ci.1 r 996)(ii Sc t v.Wood,47 F. 1 1 ctng hulea 3d 427, 433(t Ci.1 ) I s h caes t 5h r 995). n uc s , he pla ngs S t çt e wih f t l dea l a pa tc a iy t ba i f t cli whih e di % mus sat t acua t i nd riulrt he ss or he am c ne e s rl i l c s a iy nc udes w hy t de e nt of i a c nnot s es f l m a nt i t de e e of he f nda - fci l a ucc s uly i a n he f ns i n t.' Ba b v Do man 3 F.d 4 2 4 7 ( t Ci.1 9 )(u tn Elit v Pe e ,7 mmu iy ' b . r , 3 3 7 , 7 5h r 9 4 q o ig lot . rz 51 ' F.d 1 7 ,1 7 ( t Ci.1 8 ). 2 4 2 4 3 5h r 9 5 ) 111. A NA LY SI S A . Se i 1 3 Cl m s cton 98 ai 4 Se to 1 8 prvie ij rdp an if wihac u eo a to wh nt yha eb e cin 9 3 o d s n u e litfs t a s f cin e he v e n de i off de a rght unde col ofsa elw . o v.DalasI p.Sc D it,1 F. 211 prved e r l i s r or tt a D e l nde h. s . 53 3d , 21 ( t Ci. 9 ) Th sauer a s 5 5h r 1 98 . e tt t e d : Eve y pe s who,unde col ofa sa ut o di nce r ai c t ,orus ge of r r on r or ny tt e, r na , egulton, usom a , a yS aeo Te tr o t eDitito Cou a s be t o c u e t b s b e td a y n tt r nio y r h src f lmbi, u j cs r a s s o e u j ce , n ctz n o t eUntdSttso oh rp ro wihnt j rs ito t ee ft t iie f h ie ae r te e s n t i he u id cin h r o o he de i ton ofa r ght ,prvie s ori m unii s c e by t Cons iuto a l w s prva i ny i s i l ge , m tes e ur d he tt i n nd a , s al el b et t ep ryij r di a a to a lw, u ti e ut , rohe p o r h lb i l o h a t n u e n n ci n t a s i n q iy o t r r pe a pr e ng f r r dr s .... oce di o e es 42U. C.j 1 S. 983. I o de t sae aca eofa tonunde j 1 3,apli ifmus ( )al a n r r o tt us ci r 98 antf t 1 lege vi ai ofrght s c e by t consiuton orlwsoft Unied Sttsa ( de nsrt olton i s e ur d he tt i a he t ae nd 2) mo tae t a te alg d d p ain wa c mmi e by a p ro (re ttja t g u d rc l ro sae h t h le e e dv to s o t d t es n o n i ci n e o o f tt y n l w . D oe v. alasI p.Sch. i t,1 F. a 21 a D l nde D s - 53 3d t 5. De e nt fr t a gue t tOl r ha not s fcinty ale d f c s t tde onsr t a f nda s is r ha ve a s ufi e l l ge a t ha m ta e vi a i ofconsiutona rg soc ur e Se ond,De e nt a gue t Ol r ha notm e t olton tt i l i ht c r d. c f nda s r hat ve a s t he heghtne pl di sa r ne s a y t de e tDe e nt Al r t sa Tole tsqualfe i e d ea ng t nda d ce s r o f a f nda s de e e' nd lt' ii d i mmuniy.Fi ly,Def nda s a gue t tt f c sco ane i Ol r s c t na l e nt r ha he a t nt i d n ve a' ompli do notgi ant ve r s t D e e nt Tole t s s pe vi or la lt or t Ciy of Se y' m uni pa la lt The i e o f nda l t' u r s y i biiy he t al s ci l i biiy. Co t a up e h ofDe e nt'a gume si t n. ur t kes ac f nda s r nt n ur 1 du nl f Se c and Se zur ' C l m . i aw ul ar h i e ' ai I hi compl i ,Ol r c am st tDefnda svi a e hi co tt i lrght a ns n s ant ve a l i ha e nt olt d s nsiutona i s gai t çu a f ls a c 'w he Def nda A l r t unl w f l a wihout O l r s c ns nt e e ed çnl w u e r h' n e nt de e e a uly, nd t ve a' o e , nt r a s a c d O l r s r s de .I addii O l r sco pl i a nd e r he ve a' e i nce n ton, ve a' m a nt ppea s t c le D e e nt r o ha l nge f nda A l r t s a r t of hi a vi a i of hi c tt i l r g a i t unl w f s i ur or de e e' r es m s ol tve s ons iutona i ht ga ns a ul e z e unl w f a r s .Ol r s co pl ntdoe nots c f w he he he a l ge t s a tons vi a e t a ul r e t ve a' m ai s pe i y t r le s he e c i ol t he rgh sgua a e d by t Fourh Am e e orrght ve t by s i t r nt e he t ndm nt i s sed ome ot rf de a co tt i he e r l nsiutonal 5 or saut y pr vii De e nt c nt nd t t no çs a c 'unde t Fourh Am e e tt or o son. f nda s o e ha çe r h' r he t ndm nt oc ured whe De e ntAl r t e e e M r Ol r ' hom e.Ale ai l Defnda s a gue c r n f nda de e e ntr d . ve a s tm tvey, e nt r t ta s a c t tm a ha ha ne w a notutr as bl bec us i occ r d i i ntt M r ha ny e r h ha y ve ppe d s ze ona e a e t ure ncde o . Ol r s a r t f r noie vi ai a publc i oxi ton.As t Ol r s are t Defnda s ve a' res o s olton nd i nt cai o ve a' r s, e nt a gue t tt a r tw a s r ha he r es s uppored by pr ba e ca e a c e nty l w f .The Cour w il t o bl us nd ons que l a ul t l a r s Ol r sc am sofu a uls a c a unlwf s i ur s pa a ey be ow. dd e s ve a' li nlwf e r h nd a ul e z e e r t l l a. U nl f Search aw ul TheFit Cic tha e t bls d at se a l i f dee mi ngwhe he fh r ui s sa i he wo- tp nayss or t r ni t r gove m e a i r i vi aest Fo t Am e e . r t a c tm us de e newhehe m nt l ntuson ol t he urh ndm nt Fis , our t t nni t r t gove n e ala tviy i r supo ar as bl e c ai n ofprva i s h asgnii nt he r m nt c i t ntude n e ona e xpe t to i cy n uc i fca wa a t c nsi t aç e rh. Uni dSttsv Y r , 95F.d 1 2 ,1 28( t Ci. 9 0 . y s o o tt e ç ac ' t ae . o k 8 2 0 6 0 5h r 1 9 ) u s ' e Se nd,i t cou tde e mi t taSs a c ' oc ured, hec tmus de i whehe t co f he r t r nes ha se r h'has c r t our t c de t r he gove nm e a ac i t w a unr as bl gi n t pa tcul r f c s oft c e. d. r nt l tviy s e ona e ve he ri a a t he as 1 W ih r pe t t fr tse oft i r t Fourh Am e e doe notba a1 t es ct o he is t p he nquiy, he t ndm nt s r 1 s a c sofprva epr ry, onl pr e t t ea ea i whi h c tze ha at ea ona e e r he i t ope t but y ot c s hos r s n c ii ns ve t s bl r ex cainofprva y. UniedSt e v Mc ev n 5F. 863,866(t Ci.1 (ii Kat pe tto i c ' t ats . Ke e ' 3d 5h r 993) ctng z v UntdSa e , 8 U. 3 7( 9 7 ) l a d to ça s b e t e pe tto o p ia yd e . ie tts 3 9 S. 4 1 6 ).n d iin,ç ) u j ci x cain f rv c o s l ve n tbyi efg v rs t Fo rh Ame d n p oe to lq' ah r ih e p cainof rva y o , t l, i e ie o u t s n me t r tcin i rte ,d e x e tto p i c ' t m us beonet ts i y i pr pa e t r ogni asr s bl ' Unied St e v Pai ,1 F. t ha ocet s e r d o ec ze ea ona e. ' t ats . ge 36 3d 1 2,1 ( h Ci.1 ( i Unie St e v Smih,978F. 171,1 ( hCi.1 2). 01 018 5t r 998) quotng td ats . t 2d 77 5t r 99 ) N otonl i t dg t prva y i t hom e ge r ly c ns de e t be a r as bl e c a i n, y s he ht o i c n he ne a l o i r d o e ona e xpe t to Yor ,895 F. a 1 k 2d t 029, t Fit Cic tha a s r ogni d t toc but he fh r ui s l o ec ze ha cupa spos e s a nt ss ç ihtne i ee tofprva a s ae wihbengfe fom i r in i (her home. t g e d ntrs he i cy socitd t i re r ntuso n t iq ' ' 6 Fontnotv Cor e ,56F. 669, 4 (t Ci.1 . e . mir 3d 67 5h r 995) Howe r occ nt ma l et i ve, upa s y os her e c ai ofplva y i t rhome unde ce ti cr um sa s i udi i t epori of xpe t ton i c n hei r ran ic tnce , ncl ng n hos tons t hometndt a tvii t ngpl et ri t tc nbeobs ve fom outi t prmie he a he ci tes aki ac heen) ha a er d r sde he e s s t oug wi hr h ndows a aci te t tc e t ar a ona y f e e a ers ofi r i Yor 895 , nd tviis ha r a e e s bl or s e bl ik ntuson. k, F. a 1 2d t 029; e al o Pai ,1 F. a 1 8- 9. se s ge 36 3d t 01 1 Afe e tbls ng t tgo rn nt li r son c tt esa s a c a cou tm us t n t tr sa ihi ha ve me a ntu i onsiut e r h, r t ur o t s ond se oft i r - whet rt s r h wa unr a ona e W a r ntes s a c sa he ec tp he nquiy he he ea c s e s bl . ra l s e r he nd s i ur s i i s m e ' hom e a e pr s ptve y unr a ona e unl s t oc upa scons ntor e z e nsde o one s r e um i l e s bl e s he c nt e e g n cr u tn e e s t j siyt eitu in. ytn v Ne Y r , 4 U. 5 3, 8 ,5 0 xie t ic msa c s xit o u tf h nr so Pa o . w o k 4 5 S. 7 5 6 9 ( 980) Unie St e v Ri d,994 F. 244,247 ( h Ci.1 ) Thus i a nt ha no 1 ; td ats . char 2d 5t r 993 . , f ge s ve wa r nt a no co e ,e n i t y ha pr ba e c us a sa ut y a hort t a r s a ra nd ns nt ve f he ve o bl a e nd tt or ut iy o r e t s pe t t ym us alo ha e ge cr um sa st e e . iona v Hi k 480 U. 3 ,327 us c, he t s ve xi nt ic t nce o nt r Arz . c a, S. 21 - 28 ( 9 7 (ç d l n - lc s ac n ls t a a d lig p a e s iu e r q ie p o a l 1 8 ) < wel g pa e e rh, o es h n wel - lc ez r , e u r s r b be A i n ca e....) Ef e ge -ic tnce e pton a iswheet s ea c t ofobti ng us '.çhe xi ntcrumsa s xce i pple ' r r he ocitl oss ani a wa r nt s h a da e t 1w ofi r ort rs ofl sordesr c i ofe de ra , uc s ng r o a fce s he ik os tu ton vi nce,out i h we g t r s f pr orr olr e t a ne r lm a s r t ' Unie St e v M e hac cast uia,587 he ea ons or i ec z s o uta gi ta e. ' t d at s . nc a- r t F. 283,28 ( h Ci.2009) The gove n ntbeast bur n ofpr ng t e se e of 3d 9 5t r . r me r he de ovi he xitnc e ge cr um sa es I xi nt ic t nc . d. He e ofc s i i no t t s oft Cou tt de de whe he De e ntAl r t ' r , our e, t s t he a k he r o ci t r f nda de e e s e r i o Ol a' home c tt e an u e s bl s a ch,buti t a t as e onl whehe nty nt ver s onsiutd nr a ona e e r nse d o s s y t r Ol vera has adequat y pl an uncons iutonal sea cl m .The Cour fnds t Ol ra has el ed tt i rch ai ti hat ve ade t l pl hi cl i . Fis , Ol r ha pl d s fci nt f c s t a l ge t t Def nda qua e y ed s a m r t ve a s e uf i e a t o le ha e nt A l e e e' a tons c tt ed a ts r h.' O l r s a e t t D e e nt A l r t 4f l e ' d r t s ci ons iut çea c ' ve a t t s ha f nda de e e dolow d' Oleait hi r sd n e ( mpt ! 1 )Ole ap se sd ara o bl e pe tto o p i c v r n o s e i e c . Co l. 4. v r o ss e e s na e x cain f rva y i hi home.Hi e ctton ofprva wa notdi i s d by et r l a ng po tons ofhi n s s xpe a i i cy s m nihe ihe e vi ri s home obs r a e fom outi t pr m ies or by e gi i a tvii t twoul c e t a e v bl r sde he e s , nga ng n ci tes ha d r ae r s bl f e ee bl rs of i nzi Yor 895 F. a 1 ea ona y or s a e ik nt son. k, 2d t 029.D e e nt cie Yor f t f nda s t k or he pr ii t ta polc ofi rwho r m ansi t t e hol ofa i vi ' a rm e i not oposton ha i e fce e i n he hr s d n ndi duals pa t nt s a t e r h' f r Fourh Ame m e pur e .Howe r Yor di no a tmptt de a c t t ç ac ' o s t nd nt pos s ve , k d t te o m r a e he boundsofahom ewhe e apolc ofi rm a pe m isbl r m w hie silr m a ni o t rg r ie fce y r s i y oa l tl e i ng n he iht sde of t Fou t Am e e .Rahe , Yor r se o t r c ton t t d tvii s or i he rh ndm nt t r k e td n he e ognii ha s i te ac cr m sa s wihi a dwe lng m a l s n t owne ' r as bl e c ai n ofprva y by icu t nce t n li y es e he rs e ona e xpe t to i c c e tng a rs of i r i n whih i Ke ona y f r s ea e.' 1 I Yo k,t de e ntha rai ik ntuso c s r as bl o e e bl '' d. n r he f nda d i t d a he ma a hi c lr n t lve i i hi home.W he t de e ntl trbe a e nvie not r n nd s hid e o i nsde s n he f nda ae c m dr nk a belge e ,t m a e i td t ad oft polc t r m ove hi beongi fom t u nd li r nt he n nlse he i he i e o e s l ngs r he de e ntshom e The Fit Cic tgr unde ishol ng t ts h gove m e ali r i it f nda ' . fh r ui o d t di ha uc m nt ntuson n o t de e nts hom e wa ç e ona y f es a e'due t t de e nts pe mison f r t he f nda ' s ç as bl or ee bl' r o he f nda ' r s i o he ma a hi c l e t r i i hi hom e.Such pe mi so S c s rl i td a1 t nor a n nd s hidr n o esde n s r s i n s es a iy nvie l he m l ne icd ns o j ito c p n y'I .a 1 3 The d fn n i Y r s o l h ve e p ce t t n i e t f on c u a c . d t 0 0. ' ee da t n o k h ud a x e td ha, whe he be me dr nk a beli r nt hi co- cu ntm i a k polc ofie s t ma a n ca u nd lge e , s oc pa ght s i e fc r o ke lm ie e r i o t hous t kee t pe e The Fit Cic tnot t t had t co- c nt i t d nty nt he e o p he ac . fh r ui ed ha , he oc upa lc a ked t a hort t be i i t de e nts hom e t defnda ' be vi ç oba y he ut iy o nsde he f nda ' , he e nts ha or ç pr bl woul notha a horze t de i t se i i Yor shom e. 1 a 1 d ve ut i d he putes o tp nsde k' ' d. t 029.He e,t e i ' r her s no i c to t tO l r s be vi ,w hie dinl i t hi ne gh s g ve r s t a di i s d ndi a i n ha ve a' ha or l s ptve o s i bor , a i e o m nihe e c a i n ofprva i i ofhi hom e.Atm os , l r c d ha r a ona y e c e t ta xpe t to i cy ns de s t O ve a oul ve e s bl xpe t d ha polceofierm ihtari a hi hom et i r a utt musc. i fc g rve t s o nquie bo he i Howe r Ol r sa tons a ve , ve a' c i , s 8 a dduc d i hi c e n s ompl i ,do nots ant ugges t thee age i a tvii i i t hous t twoul t ha ng d n c i tes nsde he e ha d r nde D e e ntAl r t s e r i o O l r ski c n r s bl f es a e. e r f nda de e e' nt y nt ve a' t he ea ona y or ee bl Ne ,Ol r ha pl d s fce f c st a lge t tt s a c ofhi hom eby De e nt xt ve a s e ufi int a t o le ha he e r h s f nda Al eeewa u r a o a l. v r ha sae t a tes ac wa o h sh me ( mpl. 1 . As d rt s n e s n b e Olea s ttd h t h e r h s f i o . Co t! 4) s h, t s ar h w as pr s ptve y unr s bl unl s O l r ga c e o e ge uc he e c e um i l ea ona e es ve a ve ons nt r xi nt c r um s a es e s e Ol r s c pl i s a es t t he d d not gi co e f r D e e nt ic t nc xi t d. ve a' om a nt t t ha i ve ns nt o f nda Aleeet e trhi ho .1 . ! 1 ,1 . I a di o noe ie tcr u tnc sa p a o t e d rt o n e s me (d ! 4 5) n d t n, xg n ic msa e p e r n h i fc ofOle asc mp an t j tf Dee d n Aleeese ta ei t Ol r ' h me ae v r ' o lit o usiy fn a t d rt ' nrnc no veas o . Fi ly, ef nda scl i t tt y s d be e us f o t w a r ntr quiem e of na l D e nt a m ha he houl xc ed r m he r a e r nt t Fourh Am e e duet t s a c i i ntt a r s e e i ç ti we ls tld t ta he t ndm nt o he e r h nc de o re t xc pton. ç s l ete ha l s a c i i ntt al wf a r s i ata to lexc pton t t wa r ntr quie e oft e r h ncde o a ul r e t s r dii na e i o he ra e r m nt he FourhAme t ndme . Unie St e v Robi on, 4U. 21 224( 973) Unde t se e i nt' td ats . ns 41 S. 8, ' 1 . r hi xc pton, apolceofi rmayse r h t pe s oft a r s e a m a s a c t a e wihi t c r i fce a c he r on he re t e nd y e r h he r a t n he ontol oft ar se I k eealo Unie St e v. he rete.d.s s td ats Johns 846F. 279,28l( h Ci.1 . on, 2d 5t r 988) How e r a di cus e be ow ,O l r ha ade t l s a e a c a m t tD e e ntA l r t s ve , s s s d l ve a s qua e y t t d l i ha f nda de e e' a r s wa i i The e or a t ssa oft c e, hes a c i i ntt a r s e pto t re t s nvald. r f e, t hi t ge he as t e r h nc de o r e t xce i n o t s a c wa r ntr quie e c nnotf r cl e Ol r scli ssncet se e i n de ndso he e r h r a e r m nt n o e os ve a' am i hi xc pto pe n t e se ofalwf ar t Unie St e v He nande ,825F. 846,852( t Ci.1 . he xitnce a ul res. td ats . r z 2d 5h r 987) Vi wi t s f c si t lghtm os fvor bl t Ol r ,t Cour c l e ng he e a t n he i t a a e o ve a he t oncudest thehas ha sae aFo rh Ame d n u lwf ls ac cam u d rRul 1 ( )6 . we e , veamu t ttd u t n me t n a u e rh li n e e 2 b ( ) Ho v r Ol r s a e hi co pl nt t c ea l s a e t f de a c tt i l or s a ut r pr son t t he m nd s m ai o l ry t t he e r l ons iutona t t o y ovi i ha be i vest unl w f s r h t ha vi a ed.2 le he a ul ea c o ve ol t 2vllitit o rsotnafr panif a lat neo p runt t c r pla igd tce ce b fr dimisn a ç llsrc c u t fc fo d litfs te s o p ot i o u e e dn ei in is eo e s sig tE y ca e unls i i cla t tt de e t aei ur bl ort pl ntfsadviet co tt t y a eunwilngoruna e s , e s t s e r ha he f cs r nc a e he ai if s he ur hathe r li bl 9 b. U nl f Sei aw ul zure TheConsiuton pe t aw a r nte sa r tofa i vi li apublcplcei t r i tt i nnis ra ls res n ndi dua n i a f he e s pr ba e c us t be ive t tt s pe thas c o bl a e o le ha he us c omm it d ori c te s omm itng a ofe e.Unie ti n fns td St e v.Sant 427 U. 38,42 (976) Adams v Wilams,407 U. 1 1 - 49 ( 972 ; ats ana, S. 1 ; . li S. 43, 48 1 1 ) Un td Sae v Ca to 1 6 F.d 7 8 7 3 (t Ci.1 9 )(n ba c .t r ba l c u ee it ie tts . sr , 6 3 2 , 3 5h r 9 9 e n ) ç o be a s x ss p whe t t alt off cs a c r um sanc wihi apolc ofi rskno ldge a t m o e n he ot iy a t nd ic t es t n i e fce ' w e t he m nt ofa r s a e s fce f r a r as bl pe s n t c l t tt s pe thad c mit d,or re t r ufi int o e ona e r o o oncude ha he us c om te wasi t pr es ofc n he oc s omm itng,a ofe e. 1 df vai t oft are tdoe notde nd o ti n f ns ' d. d' ' -he ldiy he r s s pe n whehe t s pe a ua l c t r he us ct ct ly omm it d a c i e;t me e f c t tt s pe i lt ra quit d te rm he r a t ha he us ct s a e c te oft ofe e f whi h he i a r se i ir l va t t vai t of t a r t' M ihi v he f ns or c s r e t d s re e nt o he ldiy he res.' c gan . De lipo 4 3U. 3 , 6( 9 9 . Fi p , 4 S. 1 3 1 7 ) l Howe r t Fo t Am e ve , he urh ndme tpr hi t t polc fom m a ng a wa r ntes a nt ç o bis he ie r ki ra l s nd nonc e ua e r i o a s pe ts hom e i or r t m a a r i f ony a r s' u e s ons ns l nty nt us c ' n de o ke outne el r e t' nls e g n cru tn e e s.Pa o v Ne Y r ,4 U. 5 3 5 6 ( 9 0 ; r v fousa a xie t ic msa c s xit ytn . w o k 45 S. 7 , 7 1 8 ) Kik . iin , 5 6U. 6 5 6 8( S. 0 2 ( rc ra (f o ieo fc r n e ete awarn o p o b e 3 S. 3 , 3 U. 2 0 ) pe u im) çpl lc fies e d i r ra t r rba l g h ca epl e ge cic tnce i ode t ma alwf e r i oahome.''Unie St e v us us xi nt rumsa s n r r o ke a ul nty nt ' , td ats . ) Hik 389 F. 51 cs, 3d 4,526 ( h Ci.2004) Exi ntcrumsa smay note us warnte s 5t r . ge ic tnce xc e ra ls arss ofi i dual s pe td ofmi r ofe e .l ca e i vi E norofe elq' t ret ndvi s us ce no fns s n s s nvol ng t mi fns s,' he pr s e umpton ofunr s na e s i awa r nte sa r ti a i vi lshom ewilbed fi ul i ea o bl ne s n ra ls res n n ndi dua ' l d fc t di t rbut' Welh v Wic i 466 U. 740,750 ( 984)(tlti difc tt c i of a o e . ' s . s onsn, S. 1 ç() s fiul o onceve w ar antes hom e ar es t w oul notbe unr r l s r t hat d easonabl under t Fourt A m endm entw hen t e he h he t a nd i amanne t twila d dimis l''Gr Pl nsTr tCo.v. or St e Dean Wit ( Co. o me n r ha l voi s s a.' eat ai us M gan anly ter f , 3 3F.d3 5 3 9(t Ci. 0 2 .I i dsrto ,h Co r fn sia po raet alw Oleab t t a n hi 1 3 0 , 2 5h r 2 0 ) n t icein te u t id t p rp it o lo v r 0h o me d s s oiia pla ig t mett I b la dT mbysa d r, n tl aRue7 a rpl t r so dt teidvd a rgn l e dn s o c he q a n wo l tn ad a d ie l () e y o ep n o h n iiu l Dee d ns q aiidi nt d fn e a dic s dfrh rifaPatI. 4 fn a t' u lfe mmu i ee s , s suse u te nr r IIA.. y 10 u d ryn o fn ei e te l mio . Au siev Do ,7 F.d 3 2,3 ( t Ci.1 8 ) n el ig fe s s x rmey n r' gu tn . e 40 2 2 25 5h r 9 4 ); (e nii t Suprme Cou ts hol ng i Wes as pr hi tng t wa rnte s rcog zng he e r' di n lh o bii he ra ls, n n o e s a e tyit aho t efcu t a ar s f rano jia l o fns) Ho ve, h o c nsn u l nr n o me o fe tae n re t o nalb e fe e . we r t e d x cain o p ia yr c n z d i Pa o d e no e itwh n af ln s s c sa d a t e d pe tto f rv c e og ie n ytn o s t x s e eo y u pe t tn s t h e ope doorofhi r i nceori o he wieac es i et t publc. Font notv.Cor e ,5 F. n s esde s t r s c sbl o he i' ' e mi r 6 3d 669,674 ( h Ci.1 (mphai a d) s alo Unie St e v Sant 4l7 U. 38,4 5t r 995) e ss dde ; ee s td ats . ana, S. 2 ( 976)( di t ta i vi sa ng i t door y ofahous i i aS i plce'a 1 hol ng ha n ndi dual tndi n he wa e s n d c a ' nd publ < e c s b e tt ar s wih u war n p r tig e tyo teho ' s n e u j c o re t to t ra t emi n n r f h me). h t Ol r ha a quae y pl d a cam f unl wf s z e unde t Fourh Am e ve a s de t l e li or a ul eiur r he t ndme .l nt n hi co pl nt Ol r ale t t he was i hi hom e a t tme Defnda Al r e fr t s m ai , ve a lges ha n s t he i e nt de et is arv d.( mpl. 1 )S e i al,Olea sae t a hewa i hi çe e pai . (d ! 7 rie Co t ! 0. p cfc ly v r tts h t s n s d nc d to' 1 . ! , f ' 1 )Though Ol r doe notce rynot t tDefnda Al rt lc d a ar twarnt he 0. ve a s lal e ha e nt deee a ke n res ra , doe sat t thedi notbeiveAl rt pose s d t aut iyt entrhi ho (#.! 1 ) s t e ha d le deee s s e he hort o e s me. f 5. Ol ead e alg t t dd n tp o iec n e t oDe e d n Al eeet e tr sho .1 ! v r o s le e ha he i o r vd o s n t fn a t d rt o n e hi me (d. 1 )Theofens sfrwhih Ol r wasar se aemi . frtofe e,vi ain ofCiyof 4. f e o c vea re td r nor The is fns olto t Se l mu cpa or na sj 42- 15()a j42-1 c re wihi ama mum punihme of ay nii l di nce 1 a nd 16, aris t t xi s nt a fne up t $2, Seay Or jj 17,42- 1 The scond ofe e,vi ai ofTe Pe i o 000. l d. 1 9. e fns olton xas nal Code j 49. pu i it x c to ,i a Cls C mide a r a s be t t a ma i m 02, blc n o iain s as s me no nd u jc o xmu punihme ofafnenott e e d $5 Te PenalCodejj 12. 49. c .Thee fcsgi s nt i o xc e 00. x. 23, 02() s a t ve rs t a pl usbl cli t tDe e ntA l r t c ie o a i e a m ha f nda de e e omm itd a unlw f wa r ntes a r s of te n a ul r a l s re t O l r i hi hom e,w ihout c e a w ihout e ge c r um sa ve a n s t ons nt nd t xi nt ic t nces c i rng t m i r ons de i he no naur ofOl r sofens . t e ve a' f es The Cour c ude t tOl r ha sa e a Fourh Am e t oncl s ha ve a s tt d t ndme unlwf s i r cl m nt a ul ezu e ai unde Rul 1 b)6) Ho r ve amus a nd hi c antt cl ry sae t fdea r e 2( ( . weve,Ol r t me s ompli o eal tt he e r l c tt i orsaut r pr vii t the be ive t unlwf s i ur t ha vi ae a t onsiutonal t t o y o son ha le s he a ul e z e o ve olt d, nd o s c fc l sa ewhehe De e ntAl r t pos e s d an a r s wa r . pe ii aly t t t r f nda de e e s s e re t rant 2. Gunl w f A r s a I pr s nm e ' C l m a ul re t nd m i o nt' ai I t i r uci n t hi c m pl nt Ol r a s rs a c am of E a ul a r s a n he ntod to o s o ai , ve a s e t li ç wf re t nd unl i prs e ' a i tD e enda s.H e a a s t e nd on t s c ai w he he l t r s a e i m i onm nt' ga ns f nt ppe r o xpa hi l m n a e tt s n te Co litta t De e d n svo ae j 1 8 b ça i (i no c td a d h lig h mp an h t he fn a t iltd 9 3 y d kng hm)it uso y n odn t hi t r a ns hi wil wihoutd pr es of lw.'( m he e gai t s l, t ue oc s a ' Compl.! 24( . Ol r doe not t b)) ve a s i ntf whih pr s o oft f de a c tt i orf de a sa ut t s a to ha vi ae de iy c ovii n he e r l onsiuton e r l tt e he e ci ns ve ol td. Be us t phr s ç pr es ofl w' wa us d,t Cour c onl a s et tOl r c am s ca e he a e < due oc s a ' s e he t an y s um ha ve a l i t tDe e nt 'a tons vi a e t Due Pr es Clus oft Foure nt Ame e .Eve ha f nda s ci olt d he oc s a e he te h ndm nt n a s i t t Ol r cli s a vi a i oft Due Pr es Clus i i unc e r whehe t s um ng ha ve a am olton he oc s a e, t s l a t r he vi ai i f ol ton s ounded upo s tntve due pr es orpr edu a duepr es .De e nt a gue n ubsa i oc s oc r l oc s f nda s r t ta a a lofOl r sc am sunde t Foure nt Am e e m us be a l e unde t ha ny nd 1 ve a' l i r he te h ndm nt t nayz d r he m or s cii pr vi i oft Fourh Am e m e . e pe fc o s ons he t nd nt I i t e t t i t c e ofa lge de i tons ofc ran c tt i lrght,t t s nl ha , n he ont xt le d prvai e ti onsiutona i s he de i i mus be a l d unde a s cii co tt i prvaton t nayze r pe fc nsiutonala e m ndme r t rt n t ge r nt ahe ha he ne al due pr e sprncpls oft Foure nt Am e e .For e mpl i Gr oc s i i e he te h ndm nt xn e, n aham v Conno ,t . r he Su e e Co thed t tcli s of e es i f ce i t co e of a a r tori tgaor pr m ur l ha am xc sve or n he nt xt n res nvesi t y s op m us be a l ze unde t Fo t A m e ents d e s bl ne s sanda d' r t rt n t t t na y d r he urh ndm ' d a ona e s t r ' a he ha he r ç ne a i e 'noton of s t ntve d pr e s bec us t Fourh A m e ent t ovi a ç r lz d' i ge ubs a i ue oc s a e he t ndm i pr des n e i i t xt s ce of co tt i xplc t e ual our ns iutonal pr e ton a i t t s s t of phys ca l i r i ot c i ga ns hi or i ly nt us ve 12 goven ntc rme onduc.'490 U. .386,394- ( 989)3TheFit Cic t e e ng t l c of t' S 95 1 . fh rui, xtndi he ogi Gr aham, she dt ta cai f ilgala r tba e o m it ke i ntt m us alobe a l d ha l ha l m or le res s d n sa n de iy t s nayze unde t Fourh Am e e r t rt n t Foure nt Am e e .Bl kwel v Baron,34 r he t ndm nt ahe ha he te h ndm nt ac l . t F.d 298 (t Ci. 1 . Howe r t Fourh Ame 3 5h r 994) ve, he t ndme doe not e e t pr e t nt s xtnd o otc i viuasfom de i to oflbe t t tcontnue patt r ars.Rahe,çlj Fourh ndi d l r prvains i ry ha i s hei re t t r çthe t Am e ndme i i pplc bl t a pr ti ldeti e who was pr ry a r sed a i a ii nt s na i a e o era ane ope l r e t nd s watng til'Br k v Ge ge Count 84 F. 1 1 ( h Ci.1 ) c r.de e 51 U. 948 ra. oo a . or ' y 3d 57, 67 5t r 997, c / nid, 9 S. ( 997 .Suc a i viua 4 rco s t d pr es pr e i ,not prtci a ns 1 ) h n ndi d l % e ure o ue oc s otctons has oe ton gai t unr a ona e s i ur a t r a l w f s i ur has oc r e ' I The ef r t Fou t e h e s bl e z es fe a ul e z e cu r d. d. ' r o e, he r e nt Am e ndme i a a oprae c tt i l pr so f a y ng c le nt s n ppr i t onsiutona ovii n or nalzi hal nges t c i d o ontnue i rs n n a rav l ar s h so c re . e as J n sv Ci o a k o ,2 3 F.d 8 5 mp io me t he ai ret a c u r d S e lo o e . t fl c s n 0 3 7 , d y 880- 1( h Ci.2000)(fimi t l rco tsde alofq lfe i 8 5t r afr ng he owe ur' ni uaiid mmuniyast pli ifs t o antf Fouree h Am e e cl i sw he e a pl ntf ,w ho ha bee unl w f l hel f r ni m ont t nt ndm nt a m r ai i f d n a uly d o ne hs atrar s o afcilyvaldbe h wa rntchalnge hi dee i onduepr e sgr fe ret n a al i nc ra , le d s tnton oc s ounds. ) Ol r s com pl i s ve a' a nt ugges s but doe not s a e w ih cl rt t t he c le s hi pos t, s t t t a iy, ha ha l nge s t a r s de e i a a vi ai ofhi c nsiutonalrght t i ditnc fom a vi a i t t re t t nton s ol ton s o tt i i s hat s si t r ny olton ha m a have occ d durng t eve s l di u t a i l ng hi a r s. The Fourh y uae i he nt ea ng p o nd ncudi s ret t Ame e pr pe l gove st l te cli ,t n t c ndm nt o ry m he at r am t whe he ompli co esst me hod orba i ant nt t he t ss oft a r s a s iur ofape s 'Br z,84 F. a 1 Thef m e cli , hechal nget he re t nd ez e r on. ook ' 3d t 67. or r am t le o c i d dee i a t a r t c n bea yze unde t Fouree h Am e e ' duepr e s ontnue tnton fer res, a nal d r he t nt ndm nts oc s pr e tons O l r s Four e nt A m e e cl i does no f l a a m a t r of l w , but hi ot c i . ve a' te h ndm nt a m t ai s te a s 3TheSuprmeCou thasnotaddr s whet rcl msbr e r esed he ai oughtpurua t t Foure hAme s nt o he tent ndme ' g r e nts uaante ofpr e a duepr e smus bea l edunde t Fourh Ame oc dur l oc s t nayz r he t ndme . Al i v Olve 51 U. 266,271 nt See brght . i n 0 S. (9 4 (oigta p tto rh dn t r u h acam o ap o e u a d eprc s voain bu ta hss b tnie 1 9 ) n t h t eiine a o b o g t li f r c d rl u o es ilto , th t i u sa tv n d ep o escam s o l b a ay e u d rteFo rhAme d n) u r c s li h ud e n lz d n e h u t n me t. 13 co ants f r fo s rousf t ldefc e i s Ol r ha noti ii d t fct i ntf ng mpli ufe s r m e i acua i inc e . ve a s dentfe he a s de iyi t et a u n t r o hspo tar s d tn in a d,n fc,sae ta h ç n e o to j i. h mlwf l au e f i s-re t ee to , n i a t tts h t e K d d u f al' bo ' ( Compl. 23. t! ) The Cou t g a s Ol r l a t a e hi c pl i i or r t cl ry i ntf t r r nt ve a e ve o m nd s om a nt n de o ea l de iy he f de a co tmtona or f de a s aut y pr vii n t t he be ives t unlwf a r s a e r l nsi i l e r l tt or o s o ha le he a ul r e t nd i prs e t ha vi at To t e e t tO l r m a nt i t tt Due Pr s Cl us m i onm nt o ve ol ed. he xt nt ha ve a i a ns ha he oce s a e of t Fo t e h Am e he ur e nt ndm e ha bee vi a e Ol r m us a s s at w he he hi rght t nt s n ol t d, ve a t lo t e t r s i o s t ntveduepr es a / hi rghtt pr e aldue pr es hasbe n vi a e I a ii n, ubsa i oc s nd or s i o oc dur oc s e olt d. n dd to Ol r mus i l f c s a ve a t ncude a t bout hi i prs e t t s fcinty a plusbl a lge is s m ionm nt ha ufi e l nd a i y le t unl w f na ur . a ul t e 3. M alc ous Pr ec i ii os uton O l r a l ges i hi c pl i t tD e e nt vi a e hi c tt i l rght a ns ve a le n s om a nt ha f nda s ol t d s onsiutona i gai t m ai ous pr e uton by a lgi flng,as e tng a pr e utng crm i c r s wihout lci os c i le ng, ii s ri nd os c i i nal ha ge t pr bl ca eors fce e de .De e nt r pond t tOl r ha no consiutonalrght oba e us ufi int vi nce f nda s es ha ve a s tt i i t b fe fo maiiusp os c t n, n tus h scam o aj 1 8 vilto mu tfi frlc o e r e rm lco r e ui a d h , i li f 9 3 o ain s al o a k o ofac nsiutonalrghtt bevi c tdt o h j 1 o tt i i o ndiae hr ug 983. The Fit Cic tha hed t t $ fe t ndi c tt i fh r ui s l ha ç r esa ng onsiutonalrght t be fee fom no i o r r maiiusp o e u in e ss'Ca tl n v Fr go o 3 2F.d 9 9 9 5( t Ci. 0 3 . k al lco r s c to xit. sel o . a z , 5 3 3 , 4 5h r 2 0 ) Lie 1 ' a camsbr li oughtu rj 1 acli frmaii pr e uton mus begr nde 983, am o lcous os c i t ounde i as cii d n pe fc f de a r ght g r n ee by t c tt i or s a ut Al r ght v O lv r 51 U . 266, 271 e rl i ua a t d he onsiuton t t e. b i . i e , 0 S. tt i ght ( 99 . The Fourh Ame 1 4) t ndme pr des r e s f vi ai of consiutonal ri s nt ovi edrs or oltons c m it d s e y d i çt pr t i l e nt of a pr e uton,' i udi a r s , w hie t om t e ol l urng çhe e r a ve s os c i ' ncl ng r e t l he 1 4 Fo te h Am e e r m ansa ia e asa s ceofpr e i n f vi ai ofduepr s ure nt ndm nt e i va lbl our otcto or ol tons oce s rght c i s omm it d durngti .Ca e l 352 F. a 958 59. te i ral stlano, 3d t He e Ol r ha noti ntfe t s cii co tt tonalrghtt tt al ge ma ii us r , ve a s de ii d he pe fc nsiu i i ha he le d lc o pr e uto has i rnge To t e e t t Ol r brngs a c am under t Fouree h os c i n nfi d. he xtnt ha ve a i li he t nt Am e e ,he ha not pr de s fc e f c ua a l tons of t a tons t ke t de i ndm nt s ovi d ufi i nt a t l lega i he c i a n o prve hm o hsd ep o e srg sd rn tilHeo l sae t a,io nJ n r 1 , 01 , fe aj r i f i u r c s iht u ig ra. ny tts h tt l a uay 0 2 0 a tr u y l ti l Ol r was ac ted o al c r . Thi sa e e pr de no i onnai a t t ra, ve a quit n 1 ha ges' s tt m nt ovi s ' nf ton s o he a lge ywr ulbeha o t tc nsiut d ai i pr e uton.' le dl ongf vi r ha o tt es d lcous os c i ' m The Cour wilgr ntOl r l a t a e hi co anti or rt cl ry i ntf t t l a ve a e ve o m nd s mpli n de o ea l de iy he f de a c tt i na or sa ut y pr son t the be ives hi pr e i wihoutpr bl e r l onsiuto l tt or ovii ha le s os cuton t oba e c us t ha vi ae To t e e t tOl r m ant i t tt Due Pr e s Clus oft a e o ve olt d. he xt nt ha ve a i ans ha he oc s a e he Fo te h Am e ure nt ndme hasbe n vi a e Ol r mus as sae whehe hi rg t s tntve nt e olt d, ve a t lo t t t r s i ht o ubsa i due pr es a or hi rg t pr d a due pr s has bee vi a e I a ton,Ol r oc s nd/ s i ht o oce ur l oce s n ol t d. n ddii ve a mus i l f c sa t ncude a t boutt wr ula tonstke pro t a o durng hi ti lt tc tt e he ongf c i a n ir o nd/ r i s ra ha onsiut t uncons iutona c he tt i l onduc ofw hi h he com pl i . t c a ns 4. Qualfe I iid mmuniy t De e nt a gue ne t tOl r f is t al ge f c s whi ove co e t i vi l f nda s r xt ha ve a al o le a t ch r m he ndi dua D e e nt 'qua ii d i m uniy f t e r a o .Fi s , e e nt c e t tO l r doe not f nda s lfe m t or hr e e s ns r t D f nda s ont nd ha ve a s s w t tD e e nt A l r t a Tole tde i hi ofa c e r y e t bls rghtofw hi h a ho ha f nda s de e e nd l t prved m l a l s a i hed i c r s bl ofi i l woul ha known. Se ond, Def nda s c end t t Ol r ha not ea ona e fc a d ve c e nt ont ha ve a s de o t a e t t hi ow n c m nsr t d ha s onduc was cl a l l w f .Fi ly,D ef nda s c ai t t O l r t e r y a ul na l e nt l m ha ve a d e n talg t a Dee a tAle eesa dTo lt' c n u twa o j cieyt e s na ei o s o l e h t fnd n d rt ' n lets o d c s b e tv l mr a o bl n e lghtoft cl ry e tbls 1w a t tme oft al d c tt i lvi ai n. i he ea l sa ihed a t he i he lege onsiutona ol to 15 d Gl v r me to fcaspef r ng ds r t nay fn to g n r l ae s i le fo s o e n n fiil ro mi ic ei r u cins e eal r h ed d r m g o y la lt f c vi da a i of rast i co ibiiy or i l m ges ns a her nductdoesnotvi a ecl ry esa ihe saut r o olt ea l tbls d t t o y r c ns iutona rght of whi h a r as bl pe s w o d ha known.' Har ow v Fiz al o tt i l i s c e ona e r on ul ve ' l . tger d, 4 7 U. 8 0 81 ( 9 2 . Th s sa d r igv s a e r o f r mitk n j dg ns b 5 S. 0 , 8 1 8 ) i tn a d 4 i e mpl o m o sa e u me t' y ç pr t c i ç lbutt pli y i ompee ort ewho kno ngl vi a e t 1w .' De eev. o e tng al he a nl nc tnt hos wi y olt he a '' pr S n e s 5 8F.d28 28 (t Ci. 0 )( u tn Mal y v Brg s 47 U. 3 5 3 3 3 au d r, 8 3 2, 7 5h r 2 09 q o ig l . ig , 5 S. 3 , 4 , 41 e ( 9 6 ) I e mi ig whehe a ofiili e tte t q lfe i nt , c u té o d ts 1 8 ). n xa nn t r n fca s nild o uaiid mmu iy a o r s n ucgj c t t se anayss'outi di Sauce v. z l v. xarCou y 560F.d404, (t he wo-tp l i' lne n ir Kat.Lyte Be nt 3 409 5h Ci.2009 (ii Saucerv Kat 5 U. 1 ( :. Sauce manti d aç ii Sr rof r ) ctng i . z, 33 S. 94 2001 ir i ane ç gd o de r bate ''i a 409, whe e q lfe i muniy wa t be dee m i d by e m i ng frt tl,' d. t r by uaii d m t s o tr ne xn ni is, whe he t f c s a l ge s t r he a t le d how t a ofi i l vi a e a c tt i na r ght a s ond, hat n fc a ol t d ons iuto l i , nd ec whe he t tcons iutonalr g w a c e r y e t bls d a t tm e of t vi a i t r ha tt i i ht s l a l s a i he t he i he ol ton. 53 U . 3 S. 1 4,200- ( 01 ,over e i par b Pe s v Calah 555 U. 223,1 S.Ct 808 9 01 20 ) ruld n t y aron . l an, S. 29 . e ' so n s ( )4 Afert Supr m e Courtsdecii n i Pear on v Calahan,ac tne d no a es 2009 . t he l our e t ddr s . t s t que tonsi t tpa tc a or r 1 S.Ct a 81 he e wo si n ha riul r de . 29 . t 8. W he a de e ntpr ry a s rs a de e e ofquaii i uniy,t bur n f lst n f nda ope l s e t f ns lfed mm t he de al o t pli ift çç m o tae t i pplca lt of t de e e.' Atebe r v.Noc he antf o çde nsr t he na i biiy he f ns '' t ry ona Ge n. 4Dee nt as cam t ,i or t ove c t defns ofqualte i fnda s lo li hat n der o r ome he e e ii d mmuniy,apl nifmus demo tae t aitf t nsr t ta hsa t weece rylwf .De.sMt .oDimisa !6 )Ho v rDee d nsh v mira tec s t y h t i cs r lal a ul( f' n t s s t 0, we e, fn a t a e se d h ae he ct, o e s nv Fe re 1 4F.d3 5( t Ci.1 9 )i o d rt a da u n csayt r po t tepanifs ie S rn o . ri, 3 3 2 5h r 9 8,n r e o d n n e e sr hid rng o h litf' bur n whe c r e wih ade e eofquaii d i de n onfontd t f ns lte mmuniy.Sor ns a tr d t prncpl t tcl msof t e on fi me he i i e ha ai quaiid i lfe mmuniy aer vi d unde at'o- e a l i:trt whet t pl ntf hasaseredavi ai ofa t r e ewe r v stp nayss is, her he ai if s t olton ce ryetbih dc n tmt n lrg ta d,e o d wh te t dee d n' c n u twa o j ci l rao a e f. lal-sa ls e o si i a ih, n s c n , eh rhe fn a ts o d c s be t y e sn bl.# o ve a 327.n Sor ns t pli ifc e t I e on,he antf ontndedt tt c tmtona rg t thadbee vi ae washe irghtt be ha he onsi i l iht ha n oltd r çi o fe fom ilga ar s.' d.a 328.l o de t dee mi whet pl nifsrghtt be feefom unl ular s wa r e r le l re t'1 t n r r o tr ne her aitf ' i o r r awf re t s vi aed,t co wasr quiedt rvi whehe pli ifsbe ora t tmeofherar s w a ce ry lw f . d. olt he urt e r o e ew t r antf' havi t he i re t s la l a ul1 Thus t i r i o t l ul sofpl ntf ' conduc waspa toft cour' frtse oft quaiid i ,he nquiy nt he awf nes ai ifs t r he ts is tp he lfe mmuniy t a yss rt rt as par ebur n i edont pli if He e i i uncla whehe Ol abele shi are t nal i, ahe han e at de mpos he antf. r , t s e r t r ver ive s r s f lud noiea publcit cai t beu awf o t gr mdst pr or o s nd i noxi ton o nl ul n he ot hat obabl c usedi nots ea d uppor a ar s f t n re t or t s o fn e .Co l. !8 1 .Totee e tha Ol earie acam o t st o y teCo r ga t la efr ho e fe s s( mpt! , 7) h xtn t t v r ass li n hi he r ,h u t rn se v o hi t a ndhi co ai a a pa tc a iedf cst twoul s t thi c m o me s mpl nt nd dd riulrz a t ha d how ha s onductatt tmeofhi a r t he i s res wasce rylwf . la l a ul 16 Hop. 4 0F.d2 5 2 3( t Ci. 0 5 ( u tn M c e s nv Ci o u i 3 F.d31 , s , 3 3 4 , 5 5 h r 2 0 ) q oi g cln o . t fcolmba, 05 3 4 y 323( h Ci.2002)(n ba ( rc iml.A pli ifi notrquie t a ii t t dee e 5t r e nc) pe ura ) antf s e r d o ntcpae he fns o q aiidi nt a dEp o i ege trs e iiiy 'i ac mplit Elsv Cr w o d 2 0 f u lfe mmu iy n ç r v d r ae p cfct ' n o an . l . a f r , 0 5 t ' i W L 5 40 , t* ( D. x. a . ,2 0 )( u tn T d v Ha ,7 F.d 4 3 4 6 (t Ci. 25 6 a 4 N. Te M r 3 0 5 q o ig o d . wk 2 3 4 , 4 5h r fs ' t an 1 9 ) ( e c ra ) I ta , a plitf i oblgat d t fl i taly a dthol and pli 9 5 p r u iml. nse d anif s i e o ie nii l e we s t ii sae '' t cli purua t Rul 8()2) I Aferadef ndantans r wih aqualfed ttment'of he am s nt o e a( . d. t i mmuniy de e e a cour ç a i isdi c ei i itt ta pl i iffl a r pl 'purua t t f ns , t ç y, n t s r ton, nss ha m antf ie e y' s nt o Rul 7()t ta ese t quaiidi e a ha ddr s s he lfe mmuniyquesin.Sc tav.Wood,47F. 1427,1 t to hule 3d 433 3 (t Ci.1 ) Thi r pl ç tbet l e t t a sri ofq lse i 4 5h r 995 . s e y ç mus aior d o he s eton uai d mmuniya fil t nd ary e ge is al ga i .' 1 a 1 nga t le tons' d. t 433. A de e e pla d wih pa tc a iy,t n,wilr quie f ns e de t ri ul rt he l e r pa tc aiyfom t pli ifsRul 7 a rpl 1 riulrt r he antf e ( ) e y. d. l t sc s ,t Cour hasnotrquetd aRul 7( )rpl fo Ol r I Pli iffis n hi a e he t e se e a e y r m vea. f antf al t al ge f c s whih ove come q lfe i uniy,t s Cour wil al w hi t a e hi o le a t c r ua i d mm t hi t l lo m o m nd s co antt c et edefc e i s mpli o ur hos i i nc e . The Cou ts fr tt s i t dee m i whehe Pli if has ale d t vi a i of a r ' is a k s o tr ne t r antf l ge he olton co tt ina rght Ol r al st tDef nda s t ough De e ntAl r t s s r h ofhi nsiuto l i . ve a lege ha e nt , hr , f nda de e e' ea c s hom e a a r s,vi a e hi c tt i lrght agans u a uls r h a s z e hi due nd r e t olt d s ons iutona i s i t nlwf ea c nd eiur , s pr es dg s a i t unlw f a r t a i prs e ,and hi rg a i t malcius oc s ht gans a ul res nd m ionm nt s iht gans io pr e uton.Fo t r a ons saed i Pa t 1IA . a llA . s pr t Cour has c ncuded os c i r he e s t t n rs I . 2 nd I . 3, u a, he t o l t tOl r has f ied t sa e a c am f unl wf ar s a i prs ha ve a al o t t l i or a ul r e t nd m ionme a f m ai i us nt nd or lc o pr e uto The Co tne d go no f t r w ih r pe tt t e cl i s a gr nt O l r l ve os c i n. ur e ur he t es c o hes a m , nd a s ve a ea t a e hi co pl nta aleg a ua e f c st tw oul ove c e D ef nda A l r t s a o m nd s m ai nd l e deq t a t ha d r om e nt de e e' nd D e e ntTole t s def ns ofqua ii d i m uniy.A s f O l r s c a m ofunl w f s a c a f nda l t' e e lf e m t or ve a' l i a ul e r h nd 17 s iur t Co tha c ncude t tOl r ha a quae y ale d a vi a i ofhi Fourh ez e, he ur s o l d ha ve a s de t l l ge ol ton s t Am e ndme rght.Se Pa tIIA. ,s pr nt i s e r I . 1 u a. Ne ,t Cour mus c i rwhe he t vi a i ofOl a' Fourh Am e xt he t t onsde t r he olton ver s t ndme rg nt i ht a ans u lwf lsa c a d s iu ewa o j ci ey u r ao a e gv n t e ce ry e tb ih d g i t na u e r h n ez r s b e tv l n e s n bl i e h lal sa ls e 1w a t t o h sar s. t S p e Co r h ssae ,d j er lv n , ip stv iq r a the i f i ret As he u r me u t a ttd dth ee a t d s o iie n uiy me l i dee mi ng whe he arghti clary e t bls d i wheheri woul be cla t ar a ona e n t r ni t r i s e l sa ihe s t t d e r o e s bl o sc rt th sc nd twa u lwf li t est to h c n r ntd'S ce ,5 3U. a 2 2 f e ha i o uc s n a ' n h i in e o f o e . au ir 3 S. t 0 u ua ' (mphassadde .<f c our oft rghtmus bes fce l ce rt tar a ona eofii e i d) ç he ont s he i r t ufiinty la ha e s bl fcal woul undesandt twha hei doi vi aest trght'I ( i Ande s v.Cr i on, d rt ha t s ng olt ha i . d. quotng ' r on eght 4 3U. 6 5 6 0( 9 7) S h n c n u tn ti iq i çthec nr lc nc p i t a o dar 8 S. 3 , 4 1 8 ).d e o d cig h s n u l gj e ta o e t s h t f fi W y wa i :The 1w c n be cla l esa ihe l s t notbl fct l ditncto bewee t m ng' a a e ry tbls d de pie a e a ua si i ns t n he pr c de s r i d on a t c e t n bef r t Cour , s l a t pr or de i i ns ga e e nt ele nd he as s he o e he t o ong s he i c so ve r a o bl wa ni t tt co uc t n a is vi aed co tt i e s na e r ng ha he nd t he t s ue olt nsiutonalrght ''Lyte v Be i s.' l . xar Cof y F x,5 0 F.d 4 4 41 ( t Ci.2 0 )( u t Kin y v c c ,3 7 F.d 3 7 3 0 l e . 6 3 0 , 7 5h r 0 9 q oi n e .Fc v r 6 3 3 , 5 nl ng ( t Ci. 0 4 (n b ncl W h n q aiid i nt i r ie i amoin t d s s ,i i t 5h r 2 0 ) e a l. e u lfe mmu iy s as d n t o imis t s he o dee d n ' c n u ta o ti d i t epe dn st ti e a n d f ro jci r a o a ln s. fn a ts o d c s u l n h la ig ha s x mie o b e tve e s n b e e s ne Be en v. leir 51 U. 299,309(996 . hr s Pelte , 6 S. 1 ) l 2009,whe De e nt Al r t e n n f nda de e e ncountr Ol r a hi hom e i wa c e ry e ed ve a t s , t s lal e t bls t ta i vi sa ihed ha n ndi dualhad a r s na e e ea o bl xpeca i ofprva i t i home a t ta tton i cy n her nd ha w a r ntes s a c of a hom e was pr s ptve y unr s na e a e c e or e ge ra l s e r h e um i l ea o bl bs nt ons nt xi nt cicum s ances. See Ari r t zona v. H i cks, 480 U . 321; M enchaca- ruia, 587 F. at 289; S. cast t 3d Fontnot 56 F. a 67 Rihar 99 F. 244;Yo k,895 F. a 1 e , 3d t 4; c d, 4 2d r 2d t 029.Furhe ,i wa c e ry t r t s lal e t bls d a t tm e ofOl r s a r s t ta a r s ofi vi ua a hi hom e c tt e a sa ihe t he i ve a' re t ha n re t ndi d l t s onsiutd n 18 e pton t t r l t ta polc ofi r may pe f m a wa r nte s a r s of i vi ua i a xce i o he u e ha ie fce ror r a ls r e t ndi d l n publc pl c Se K i k 536 U . a 638;Pa o 445 U . a 576; Unie St e v H i k 389 i a e. e r , S. t yt n, S. t t d at s . c s, F.d a 526.Ase ry as 1 3 t al 984,t Fit Cic tha r c ni e t t çi t a e ofe g he fh r ui d e og z d ha , çn he bs nce xi ent cr m sa es t polce may no e e a hous wihouta wa r ntorcons ntt m a a are t icu tnc , he i t ntr e t ra e o ke n r s f ran nalbl o fns . Au u tn , 4 F.da 3 (ii Wes , 6 U. a 7 0 . o o jia e fe e' g si e 7 0 2 t 25 ct ' ng lh 4 6 S. t 5 ) De e nt a nc t r e ntt oress fnda s dva e wo elva he i ugge tng t Def nda Al r t sbe vi si hat e nt de ee' ha or wa r as bl i lg oft cla l esa ihe lw a t tme ofs a c ofOl r sho e a s e ona e n iht he e ry tbls d a t he i erh ve a' m nd Ol r sa r t Fis,De e nt a guet tt s r h ofOl r sho ew a i i ntt al wf ve a' res. r t f nda s r ha he ea c ve a' m s nc de o a ul a r s,a t r or Defnda Al r t s c re t nd he ef e e nt de ee' onduc wa r s bl gve t l sa ng lgal t s ea ona e i n he ong-t ndi e r e t tpolce ofi er m a c ul ha i fc s y onduc s r he i de t lwf a r t .Se Unied St e v t ea c s nci nt o a ul ress e t ats . Robi on,41 U. 218 ( ) l or rf t s ac i i ntt ar tdocrnet a y,t ns 4 S. 1973 . n de or he e rh ncde o res ti o ppl he ars is l mus be lwf .Unie St e v.Her an z,825 F. 8 852 ( h Ci.1 . ret tef t a ul td ats n de 2d 46, 5t r 987) Se o De e nt co t t tDe e ntAl r t ' a rva a Ol r sho e wa a oprat c nd, f nda s nt nd ha f nda de e e s ri l t ve a' m s ppr it gi n t Fit Cic ts r cogn to t t S ve he fh r ui' e ii n ha < k a t l ' pr e e i a t e s na e knoc nd ak' oc dur s t a o bl r i s i tve t ...t g i a oc nve tga i ool o a n n cupa ' c e t s r h orw he ofi e sr s na y s pe t nts ons nt o ea c n fc r ea o bl us c ci na a tviy'Unie St e v Jone 239F. 71 720(t Ci. ) rmi l ci t ' td ats . s, 3d 6, 5h r 2001. Ac ptng t c ce i he ompli ' we lpl de f ct a tue a viwi t m i t lg m os ants l- ea d a s s r nd e ng he n he i ht t f vor bl t Ol r ,De enda ssilha r s d sgnii a que to a t t r a ona e s of a a e o ve a f nt tl ve aie i fc nt si ns s o he e s bl ne s D e e nt A l r t s a i f nda de e e' ctons a O l r s hom e gi n t i e pl be wee t cl a l t ve a' ve he nt r ay t n he e r y e t bls d 1w r ga di wa r ntr quie e s f s a c a s i e i t home,on t one sa ihe a e r ng r a e r m nt or e r h nd ezur s n he he ha a t c s 1 w e t bls ng t r s bl nes of s a c s i de t a r t a t nd, nd he a e a s a i hi he ea ona e s e r he nci nt o r es nd he ç ç k a t k' pr dur ,on t o he .A lhough O l r ha s a e a c a m f a vi a i of knoc nd al ' oce e he t r t ve a s t t d l i or ol ton hi c tt i lrght a ns u a uls a c a s i e De e nt ha outi d a s rous s onsiutona i s gai t nlwf e r h nd ezur , f nda s ve lne ei 19 de e e of qualfe i t t c r c e i ng De e nt Al r e' aci ns e n t ug t y f ns i d mm miy ha a t rzi f nda de et s to , ve ho h he ma ha vo ae Ol r ' c n ttto lrg t,a no o j ciey un e s n bl gve te y ve iltd veas o siuina ih s s t b e tv l ra o a e i n h c e ry esa ihed 1w a t tme ofhi a r s . l a l tbls a t he i s re t The Cour w ilalow O l r t o r uniy t t ior hi pl a ngs t t de e e of t l l ve a he ppo t t o a l s e di o he f ns quaiid i niyi aRul 7()rpl a alges fce a plusbl fct t twoul s w lfe mmu t n e a e y nd le ufiint nd a i e a s ha d ho t t Def nda s a i w e e c ea l unr s na e de pie t e s e e oft s a c i i nt ha e nt ' ctons r l ry ea o bl , s t he xi t nc he e r h nc de t a r ta knoc a t l docrne . o res nd k nd ak ti s 5. Supe vi or Li lt ofPolce C hi fJo Tole t r s y abiiy i e hn lt I hi co ant Ol r al s Polc Chi J l Tolet vi a e hi f de a n s mpl i , ve a lege ie ef om lt olt d s e r l c tt tonal rght a com m it d s a e 1 w t t . D e e nt s e di m i s of a 1 c ai s ons iu i i s nd te t t a or s f nda s e k s s al 1 lm a i tDe e nt Tolet a gung t tOl r s c gans f nda lt, r i ha ve a' ompli has f ie t i iy a pe s ant al d o dentf ny r onal i ve e by De e ntTole ti t f t gi ng rs t t sc nvol m nt f nda lt n he acs vi ie o hi ompl nt Ol r r s ai . ve a e pondst t ha De e ntTolets nc ine hi ar s by alowi t de e i n a pr ec i ofOl r t go f nda l t a to d s r e t l ng he t nto nd os uton ve a o f wa d,mz t r by i iil ac or r d he e mplc ty knowldg ng t tt Ciy of Se y ha a polcy ofa r si e i ha he t al d i r e tng i vi l f t ki phot a ofpolc ofi e s ndi dua s or a ng ogr phs i e fc r . Unde Se to 1 r ci n 983,s r ior ofi i sa eno la ef t a tonsofs bor na e on upe v s y fcal r t ibl or he c i u di t s at or ofvi rousla lt he y cai ibiiy.Thomps v Upshu Count 245F. 447,459 ( h Ci.2001 on . r y, 3d 5t r ) ( i Tho dn v.Bet 8 F. 298,303 ( h Ci.1 . I ta t çmic uc oft quotng mpl s l, 28 2d 5t r 987) nse d,he ç sond t he s bo di t m us be a fr a i l lnkedt t a i n o i c i oft s pe vs . Sout d v u r nae t fim tvey i o he cto r na ton he u r ior' ' har . F x Bd O i n Ju tc ,1 4F.d 5 9, 5 ( t Ci.1 9 )(iigDo v T y o I d p.S h c . . fcrmial sie 1 3 3 5 0 5h r 9 7 ctn e . a lr n e c . Di . 1 F.d 443,453 ( t ci.1 st, 5 3 5h r 994)( ba ) Supe vs y la lt ma atc onl i a en ncl. r ior ibiiy y ta h y f s pe vi o y ofi i a fnna i l pa tc pa es i a a t t vi a e t c tt i n, or u r sr f c al f i tve y r i i t n n c hat ol t s he ons iuto i e n sa u c nsi to a p lc t tc u e teplitf ij r Ba e v Pun l 7 F.d mplme t n n o tt in l oiy ha a s s h anifs nu y. k r . ta, 5 3 u 20 1 0 1 ( t Ci.1 9 )( iigM o il v t o ie Oa ,F x,9 7 F.d 9 4 9 9 ( t Ci. 9 , 99 5h r 9 6 ctn ule .Ci fL v k c . 7 2 2 , 2 5h r y 1 2).l ot rwor ,s r s y la lt ma exitçe nwihoutovetpes na patcpai 99 ) n he ds upe vior ibiiy y s çve t r ro l rii ton i t ofe i a ti s r s y ofi i si e e a polc s de i e t tt polc dte f n he f nsve c f upe vior fcal mplm nt i y o fcint ha he iy is l i ar pudi ton ofc tt i lrg s a i Ehemovi f r oft co tt i vi ai '' s e ai onsiutona i ht ' nd s t ng o ce he nsiutonal olton.' T o isv Bet 8 F.d 2 8 3 4 (t Ci.1 7 (uoig Gr n safv Cï o r r 7 7 h mpkn . l, 28 2 9 , 0 5h r 98 ) q tn a d tf . l fBo ge , 6 y F.d 1 ,1 9 1 0( t Ci.1 8 ) c r. e id 48 U. 91 ( 9 7 2 61 6 , 7 5h r 9 5 , c /d ne , 0 S. 6 1 8 :. l t s c s ,Ol r doe notal e t tDef nda Tolet wa pe s l i ve i hi n hi a e ve a s leg ha e nt l t s r onaly nvol d n s a r s.I t a he sats i hi Re po e t Def nda s M oton t Dim is t the has s d r e t nse d, t e n s s ns o e nt ' i o s s , ha ue D e e ntTole tunde t t or t tTole tover a a polcy t t a l e polce ofi r i f nda lt r he he y ha lt sw i ha low d i fce s n t Ciy ofSe l t a r ti vi l f t ki phot a ofpolc ofi r ,a t ts h a he t ay o res ndi duas or a ng ogr phs ie fce s nd ha uc polc ba e on a e r ous unde sa ng of t l w ,i unc tt i l How e r Ol r s i y, s d n r one r t ndi he a s ons iutona . ve , ve a' co a ntdoe notc an a m e i n oft st or nora f c st woul s mpli s ont i ny nto hi he y, ny a t hat d uppor a cli t am a i tDe e nt Tole tba e upon t s t or Bec us t s c e i now a t m o i t gans f nda lt s d hi he y. a e hi as s t he ton o dim is pha e t Cour a knowldge t tpr di pr of a unc tt i s s s , he t c e s ha ovi ng oof n onsiutonalpolc or iy Defnda Tolets a tons t t 1 d t t vi ai of Ol r s c tt i na rg s i e nt lt' ci ha e o he olton ve a' onsiuto l i ht s e e ngl difc tf a pl i if who hasno s r e ofpr di c r e de t the m a xc edi y fi ul or antf, ou c e- s ove y vi nce ha y pr oduce t s ppo ts h a cli .Howe ,Ol r m us s tf t atl s some f c st tale o u r uc am ver ve a t e orh ea t a t ha lge t e se e of polc how s he xit nc i y, uch a polc i u onsiutona, a how De e nt Tolet iy s nc tt i l nd f nda lt i e e e s h a polc Thi Ol r ha no done.The Cour al w sOl r la t a e mplm nt d uc iy. s ve a s t t lo ve a e ve o m nd hi co pl ntt a r s t sde i inc s m ai o dd e s hi fce y. 6. M uni palLi lt oft Ci y ofSeal ci abiiy he t y D e e nt a gue nextt t Ol r f i t a l ge f c s w hi h s f nda s r ha ve a a l o le a t c uppor a cl i a ns t t a m gai t he Ciy of Seay. A l lgo r ntm a be s d u r Se ton 1 ççf i i alege t ha t l oca ve mne y ue nde c i 983 çi t s l d o ve 21 c us d a c tt i l t t t ough a polc s a e e , or na e, r ul tons or de s on a e onsiutona or hr i y t t m nt di nc eg a i , ci i o fcal a o e a d p o l ae by ta b d so fc r. Za no v t o Wihi Fal, fiily d ptd n r mu g td h t o y' fies' r w .Ci f c t l ' y a s 61 F.d 1 ,1 6 ( t Ci.2 1 )(uoi Ci o . usv Prpr ti,4 5 U. 1 2 1 4 3 61 6 5h r 0 0 q tng t fstLo i . a onk 8 S. 1 , 21 y ( 9 8) Mu iia la ii ma as atc wh r tec n tu ina v oai no c r pu s a tt 1 8 ). n cp lib ly y lo ta h e e h o si to l i lto c u s ru n o t t agovenme alc t t tha notrc i d f ma a oval I (ii M onelv.Ne Yor r nt usom ha s e eve or l ppr . d. ctng l w k Cï De 'o c S r s, 6U. 6 8 6 0( 9 8) Toe tbls mu cp lla iiy aplitf / p t fso . e v.43 S. 5 , 9 1 7 ). sa ih nii a ib l , an if y t mus pr ve tle e e nt :a polcy a r a ofi a polc nd a vi ai n ofc tt i na t o lr e l me s i m ke , n fcil iy,a ol to onsiuto l rght whos movi f cei t polcyo cusom.1 ( ainsomitd) i s e ng or s he i r t d. quotto te . A polc m a a i e i m a f ms A pl ntf m a t ove t e se ofa m u cpa i y y rs n ny or . ai if y d pr he xit nce nii l polc t ough,i e ala,t a tonsoft muni i iy' lgil tvebody ora i vi lw ih i y hr ntr i he ci he cpalt s e sai n ndi dua t fn l e ii n k n a t o iy' De i ev M a c ne , 6 F.d 1 6 1 0( t Ci. 0 )(iig i a d cso ma i g u h rt . vl . r a tl 5 7 3 5 , 7 5h r 20 9 ctn ' l Pe au v Ci o Ci cn a i 47 U. 4 9 48 ,4 3 8 ( 9 6 A p lc ma as be mb r . t f n in t, 5 S. 6 , 0 8 - 4 1 8 :. y oiy y lo e t bls d by s sa ihe howi a tç r itnt wi pr d pr ci e ofct of al ore oye ,whi h, ng tpe sse , des ea a tc iy sci s mpl es c at h no a horze by ofii ly a e a pr lhoug t ut i d fc a l dopt d nd omul t d polc i s common a wel ga e iy, s o nd l stldast c tt eac t t tfil rpr e smunii polc ''1 ( i Be tv ete o onsiut usom ha ary e esnt cpal iy.' d. quotng nnet . Civo l l, 3 F.d8 ,8 2( t Ci.1 8 )(nb n l. t fsi l 7 5 2 61 6 5h r 9 4 e a c ) . de Ne ,a pl i ifm us s w t t polc ises t fom t dec son ora qui s nc of xt antf t ho hat he iy ir uls r he ii c e ce e temu cpa ofie o bo ywi fn lp lc ma ig a to iy o e t s b e tmatro t e h nii l fc r r d t ia o iy kn uh rt v r he u j c te f h h o fn ig poiy ' Pees n,5 8 F.d a 8 7 (n ena q o ainso te ) Th s aplitf fe dn lc .' tro 8 3 t 4 itr l u tto mi d . u , an if ' t m us s t how t t polc w aspr ul t d by t m uni palt spolc a r The e i no <d hat he i y om ga e he ci iy' i ym ke . r s dde fco'fna polc ki a hort ' I (iai omit . a t i l iyma ng ut iy.' d. cttons ted) Fi ly,apli ifm us s nal antf t how t tt polc w a t m ovi f r e be nd t r e nt ha he iy s he ng o c hi he elva vi a i ofc tt i lrght . çl ot rw or ,a pl ntf m us s ol ton onsiutona i s in he ds ai if t how di e tca a i ' i a r c us ton,' d. t 22 8 (iai omit ) me ni St r mus beadie tc us llnk'bewen t polc a t 48 cttons ted , a ng ç hee t ç rc a a i t e he iy nd he vi ai ' 1 (uoi Pi r k, F. a 580) olton. d. q tng otows i237 3d t . ' Ol r ha nota quael pld t e e nt esa ihi a muni i polc orc us ton ve a s de t y e he l me s tbls ng cpal iy a ai i hi c n s ompl nt l hi Res e t Def nda s M oto t Dimi s Ol r saes t he ai . n s pons o e nt ' i n o s s , ve a t t hat bei ve t t t Ciy of Se y ha a polcy t t s nctoned Defnda Al r t ' unl wf le s ha he t al s i ha a i e nt de e e s a ul c onduc- ie,t a r s ofOl r ba e on t m itke a s t .. he r e t ve a s d he sa n s umpton t ttki aphot r ph of i ha a ng og a apolc ofi rwa ilga . o ve ,Ol r mus s c f i hi c i e fce s le l H we r ve a t pe iy, n s ompl nt t polc t t1 t ai ,he i y ha ed o t d prva i of hi co tt i he e i ton s ns iutonal rght a ho t polc ca e t vi a i of hi i s nd w he i y us d he ol ton s c tt i ons iutonalr g s W ih r s c t t polcy,O l r m us eihe pl a f ct s pori t i ht . t e pe t o he i ve a t t r e d a s up tng he e se ofa ofi a polc pr m ul t d by t muni i iy ora d usom orpolc 'i t xitnce n fci l iy o ga e he cpalt G t c iy' n he f r of çç r itnt wi s ea pr ci e of ciy ofii l o e oyee ,whih,alhough not om çpe sse de pr d a tc t fc a s r mpl s c t a horze by ofii ly ado e a pr m ul a e polc i s c ut i d fc a l ptd nd o g t d i y, s o ommon a wels tld a t nd l ete s o c nsi t a c t m t a fil rp e e t mu iia p lc .' 1 (uoi We se v Ci o o tt e uso h t ary e r sn s ncp l o iy ' d. q t u ' ng b tr . t f y Houson,735F. 838,841( t Ci.1 ) I t polc t tOl r i ntfesi hi c ant t 2d 5h r 984). f he iy ha ve a de ii n s ompli i fcily c tt i l Ol r m us s s a a l onsiutona, ve a t how t t polcy was d om ul t d wih dei r t hat he i ç pr ga e t lbe ae i fe e t t ç wn o obvi c eq nc 't tc tt i na vi ai woul r s t' ndif r nce o he kno r ous ons ue es ha onsiuto l ol tons d e ul. ' Pito k v Ci o Ho so ,2 7 F.d 5 7 5 9 ( t Ci.2 01 ( u tn #J o Co ' o or ws i . t f u t n 3 3 6 , 7 5h r 0 ) q o ig . f mm r f y s sr Count v. own,5 U. 397,407( 997) ycn y Sr 20 S. 1 . W ih r pe t t t polc a r Ol r ale s i hi c pl nt t t J l Tole t a t es c o he i ym ke , ve a l ge n s om ai ha o m l t, s Polc Chi ff t Ciy ofSeay,c e td t polce de rme ' polcest t1d t Ol r s i e e or he t l r ae he i pa t nts i i ha e o ve a' ars.( mpl.!25. Ol r hasalge s fcintfcsrgadi Defnda Toletsposton ret Co t ) vea le d ufi e a t e r ng e nt lt' ii w ihi t polce de rm ent t s a e a c a m t t D ef nda Tole t pos es e d i polcy t n he i pa t o tt l i ha e nt l t s s d d nal i f m a ng a hor t ' ove t polc of a r s i i vi l f t ki phot r phs of polc ki ut iy' r he i y r e tng ndi dua s or a ng og a ie ofi e s. Co tal wsOl r l a t a e hi c fc r The ur lo ve a e ve o m nd s ompli t sa e acli a i tt Ciy ant o t t am gans he t ofSeay. l B. St e L a C l m s at w ai Fi l t Defnda smovet dim isOl r ' sa e lw c am sagans t i vi ua naly, he e nt o s s ve a s tt a l i i t he ndi d l de e nt,Al r t a Tolet a wel ast sa e l w c am sagans t Ciy of Seay.The f nda s de ee nd l t, s l he tt a l i i t he t l Cou t iladdr s ea h a g e i t n. rw l e s c r um nt n ur 1. St e L a Cl i sA gai tI vi at w a m ns ndi dualD e e f ndant A l re e a T ole t s de t nd lt Defnda sa guet tOl r scli sa i tDe e nt Al r t a Toleta eba r d e nt r ha ve a' am gans f nda s de e e nd l t r re b t Te a To tCli Ac (d y he x s r ams t t TTCA' .Te Ci Prc & Re Co e j 1 . e s q ' x. v. a . ) m. d 01001 t e . Spe ii ly,Dee nt poi t j 1 .06() whih sae :dl as ti fl unde t sc ptr cfcal fnda s nt o 011 e , c tts df ui s ied r hi ha e a i tbot a gove nme a uni a a ofis e oye s t e oyee s li m e a ey be gans h r nt l t nd ny t mpl e , he mpl s hal m dit l dimis d ont flng ofamoton byt govenme a uni. Te Ci Prc.& Rem.Code j s se he ii i he r ntl t' x. v. a ' 1 . e.Theef e Dee nt ague,t Cour mus dimis Ol r s cams ag ns 01106() r or , fnda s r he t t s s ve a' li ai t Dee nt Al r t a Toletbe a eOl r hasas s dt CiyofSe ya j 1 .06() fnda s de ee nd lt c us vea lo ue he t al nd 011 e ba s Ol r fom pr e ng on hi cli s a ns bo h gove n e a e oye a t r ve a r oc edi s am gai t t r m nt l mpl es nd he gove m e a uni is f m nt l t tel. D ef nda s a e c r t l M isi Cons .I p.Sc D i t v Gar a,253 S. . 653, e nt r or ec . n s on ol nde h. s . . ci W 3d 6 7( x. 0 8 ,heTe a S p e Co r c nfr dt t h r a h o j 1 .0 ()e tn e t 5 Te 2 0 ) t x s u rme u t o ime ha t t e c f 011 6e x e d d o i ude i e i l t t t t a e not ot r s c r d by t TTCA .5 The Cour not t t ncl nt ntona ors ha r he wi e ove e he t es ha Ol r ha alege t tt i vi De e nt Al r t a Tolet empl esoft Ciy of ve a s l d ha he ndi dual f nda s de ee nd lt, oye he t 6Prort Gar a,teFit Cic ih ditr ee teTT a dhedta j1 11 6e ddn t ppyt itnin l i o ci h fh rut a neprtd h CA n l h t 0 .0 () i o a l o ne to a trsSe Te Ci Prc & Re Co 91 .5 ( )(x igfo tec t ec a trcamsç rsn o t f ot. e x, v. a . m. de 010 72 e dudn rm h ni h p e li t iig u o r a a sutb tey flei rsn n , ra yoh ritnin ltr '; a ousv Er l4 3F.d41 , 2 (t Ci. sa l, atr, as mp io me t o n te ne to a oflMe d r . me, 8 3 7 4 4 5h r 2 0 )Ho ve, fe Ga ca teFit Cic t e iie teish ligi Me do r, x iil dsv we i, n 0 7 . we ratr r i,h fh ruirvstd h t odn n a us e pl t ia o d ta d cy h l ta çh ee t no r me isprvso si j1 .0 a pge)t sae1w itnin lo t li a ansa ed h ti e lci f e de o iin n 011 6 p lis o tt a ne to a tr cams g i t t o g v rme tl nta di e ly e . Bu tsv Ma tn Cl , 9 F.d45 , 3(t Ci. 01 ) o en na u i n t mpo e s' so . rii ub 5 9 3 8 46 5h r 2 0 . s ' 24 Se l c ay, omm it d t f l ng i e i l t t : te pa s a s ul a bat r f le te he olowi nt ntona ors r s s , s a t nd te y, a s i ionme ,a maii pr e uton.( mpl.!26. Ol r ha ale d t t Def nt mprs nt nd lcous os c i Co t ) vea s lge hat he enda CiyofSe l c t ay, ommitdt s mei e ina trs (#. TheCiyofSe l ha mo dt dimis te he a ntnto l o t.f ) t ay s ve o s s t i vi Dee nt Al rt a Tolet Theef e unde t saut y pr son of j he ndi dual fnda s deee nd lt. r or, r he tt or ovii 1 .0 ()a d rlva tTe sa d Fi Cic tp e e e t t Co r mus d s s t sae1w 011 6 e n ee n xa n hh rui rc d n ,he u t t imis he tt a cli sagans De e nt Al r t a Tolet am i t f nda s de e e nd l t. 2. St e Law Cl m s Agai tC iy ofSe y at ai ns t al De e nt a gue t Ol r s cli s a i tt Ciy of Seay a s a e ba r by t f nda s r hat ve a' am gans he t l lo r red he TTCA.Se to 1 021 pr de a lm ie wai rt a ol egove nme a i muniy fo t 4 ci n 01. ovi s i t d ve o bs ut r nt l m t r m ol camsi tr ea e s u eo p bil -wn d v hce , r mie dee t, n ij re aii gfo li n h e r a : s f u lcyo e e ils p e ss fcs a d nu is rsn r m c tonso us ofpr ry. Br ondii r e ope t own v.M ont gomey Ca/ Ho p.D i 905 S. .2d 481 48 r y. s st, W , 3 ( x.App. Beaz Te - l mont1 .Furhe,s ci 1 . s ciialye udest pos i lt ofa 995) t r e ton 01057 pe fc l xcl he sbiiy wave ofgo m me a i uniy i s t br i r ve nt l mm t n uis oughtf i e i n t t c or nt nto ors omm it d by gove nm e te r nt e ly e . x Ci. a . Re Co e j 1 .5 4 ) Ga t rv I gl,7 F.d20 , 0( t mpo e s Te . v Prc & m. d 010 7 2 ; nhe . n e 5 3 7 21 5h Ci.1 .TheCour notst tOl r ha alge t tt Ciy ofSe y,aongwih t ot r r 996) t e ha ve a s le d ha he t al l t he he D e e nt , c m it t f l i i e i f nda s om ted he olow ng nt ntonal t t : tes s a s ul a ba t r f l e or s r pas , s a t nd te y, a s i ionme ,a maiiuspr e uton.Compl. 26. mprs nt nd lco os c i ( t! )TheCiyca bela ef da ge t nnot ibl or ma s unls t s t t a e noti e i e s he e ors r ntntonala f lunde a sa ut y wave ofi uniy. The Cour nd al r tt or i r mm t t c l oncudes t t Ol a ha f l d t i c t , i hi c pli , how t Ciy ha wa ve is ha ver s aie o ndi a e n s om a nt he t s i d t i u t u ra oft t eewa ve c t gores a how t s t t a e uni e i .Ol r mm niy nde ny he hr i r a e i , nd he e ors r ntntonal ve m us r pl a t s c a m t a l ge s f c e f t t t e t bls a w a ve of gove mue al t e e d hi l i o le uf i i nt ac s ha s a i h i r r nt i niyunde t TTCA a s cf ho t cli aenotbardby j 1 . ordr t s mmu t r he nd pe iy w he ams r re 01057, op hee c amsa i tt Ciy. l i gans he t I 1 . V C O N CLU SI N O Fo t r s sae i t s or r Defnda ' M oto t Dimis ( r he eaons ttd n hi de , e nts in o s s Doc.No.5) i s GRANTED I PART a DENI I PART W I OUT PREJUDI N nd ED N TH CE.Ol r ssae 1 w ve a' t t a cli s a i t De e nt Al r t a Tole t a e DI I am gans f nda s de e e nd lt r SM SSED. Ol r mus a e hi ve a t m nd s pla ngst sae acam f rlt unde Rul 1 b)6) a a tonaly mus fl aRul 7() e di o tt li or eif r e 2( ( , nd ddii l t ie e a r pl t ior d t t l i dua De e nt 'q lfedi uniy de e e.Ol ai or r d t fl e y a l e o he nd vi l f nda s uaii mm t f ns ver s de e o ie hi a nde c antt tc e t dei e esi ntfe heea hi Rul 7()r pl wihi s me d ompli ha ur s he fcinci de iid r nd s e a e y t n t nt ( )da fo t dat oft sOr r we y 20 ys r m he e hi de,Hemus ma aloft c ngesouti d a t ke l he ha lne bove. Pli ifma a ndhi pl di i onedoc nta fl aRul 7()rpl i a he ,orhe antf y me s ea ngs n ume nd ie e a e y n not r m a do bot i one doc e .l t Co ts tsi sis l t tOl r ha sa e a cli a i t y h n um nt f he ur aife t e f ha ve a s tt d am gans De e f ndant a a quae y a e s d t def ns of quai d i muniy, i m a t n or r s nd de tl ddr s e he e e lse m t t y he de lm ie dic r on t qualfe and s r gn i u t cai s l Ol r f is t c e t i td s ove y he ii d ove ei mm niy l m . f ve a a l o ur he def csi hi pl a ngs t Cour wildimi st c s e t n s e di , he t l s s he a e. I I SO O R D ERED . T S JC SGNEDaHo s nTea,ntite dyo Dee t,00 I t ut , xso hsh / a f cmbr2 1. o C I T . LI CEI SON UNI TED STA TES DI STRI J CT UDGE
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